{"id":1729,"date":"2009-11-15T09:19:47","date_gmt":"2009-11-15T11:19:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/?p=1729"},"modified":"2026-08-02T15:03:38","modified_gmt":"2026-08-02T18:03:38","slug":"basic-particles-%d0%bd%d0%b0-%d1%8f%d0%bf%d0%be%d0%bd%d1%81%d0%ba%d0%b8","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/bg\/particulas-basicas-em-japones\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0438 \u0432 \u044f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u044f \u0435\u0437\u0438\u043a: \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u306f, \u304c, \u3092, \u306b \u0438 \u3067"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u0422\u0435 <strong>\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u044f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438<\/strong> \u0441\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u044f\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434 \u0434\u0443\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438, \u0437\u0430 \u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0430\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u0430\u0441\u044f\u0442 \u043a\u044a\u043c \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u0438\u0437\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0442\u043e. \u0422\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442 \u0434\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0430, \u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0434\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0447\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435, \u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u044a\u0440\u0437\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0441\u044a\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043d\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0430 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u043c\u044f\u0441\u0442\u043e, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0430, \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/p>\n\n<p>\u041d\u0435 \u0441\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u0434\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u044f\u043a\u0430 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0430, \u0441\u044f\u043a\u0430\u0448 \u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u043e\u0433 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0443\u0433\u0430\u043b\u0441\u043a\u0438\u044f \u0435\u0437\u0438\u043a. \u0415\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u044a\u0449\u0430 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u0435\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u0430 \u0438\u0437\u0431\u043e\u0440\u044a\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0449\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"caj-learning-box\">\n<p><strong>\u0412 \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0440\u044a\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0449\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0437\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0432\u043e \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0430\u0442 \u044f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0438;<\/li>\n<li>\u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u306f, \u304c, \u3092, \u306b, \u3067, \u306e, \u3068, \u3078 \u0438 \u3082;<\/li>\n<li>\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u201e\u306f\u201c \u0438 \u201e\u304c\u201c, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u201e\u306b\u201c \u0438 \u201e\u3067\u201c;<\/li>\n<li>\u043a\u0430\u043a \u0434\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043f\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u043d\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f;<\/li>\n<li>\u043a\u043e\u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0448\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0439-\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0449\u0430\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u043b\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n<h2>\u041a\u0430\u043a\u0432\u043e \u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u201e\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0438\u201c \u043d\u0430 \u044f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438?<\/h2>\n\n<p>\u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0438\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0438\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u044f\u0442 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434 \u0434\u0443\u043c\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u0434\u0443\u043c\u0438. \u0422\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438: \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0434\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u044a\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0438 \u0432\u0440\u044a\u0437\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043c\u0443 \u0441 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0443\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0442\u043e.<\/p>\n\n<p>\u0412\u0438\u0436\u0442\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u0437\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430:<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 + \u306f + \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0430<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">\u0410\u0437 \u0441\u044a\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442.<\/span><br \/>\n\u0427\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0435: <em>\u0410\u0437 \u0441\u044a\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442<\/em><br \/>\n\u0420\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0436\u0438: <em>\u0410\u0437 \u0441\u044a\u043c \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043a.<\/em><br \/>\n\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434: \u0410\u0437 \u0441\u044a\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442.<\/p>\n\n<p>\u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u306f \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430, \u0447\u0435 \u79c1, \u201c\u0430\u0437\u201d, \u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043b\u043e\u0433\u044a\u0442, \u0437\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0449\u0435 \u0441\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438 \u0442\u0432\u044a\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u0422\u0430\u0437\u0438 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0435 \u043f\u043e-\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0430, \u043e\u0442\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435 \u306f \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e \u201c\u0441\u044a\u043c\u201d \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0435, \u0447\u0435 \u0442\u044f \u0432\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0433\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0430.<\/p>\n\n<p>\u0410\u043a\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043e\u0449\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0430, \u043f\u044a\u0440\u0432\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435 <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/bg\/%d0%be%d1%81%d0%bd%d0%be%d0%b2%d0%bd%d0%b0-%d1%8f%d0%bf%d0%be%d0%bd%d1%81%d0%ba%d0%b0-%d0%b3%d1%80%d0%b0%d0%bc%d0%b0%d1%82%d0%b8%d0%ba%d0%b0\/\">\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u044f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430<\/a>. \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u043f\u043e-\u043b\u0435\u0441\u043d\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043f\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0435\u0448 \u0441\u044a\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0438 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0443\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u0438\u0437\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0442\u043e.<\/p>\n\n<h2>\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0441\u044f\u0442 \u306f, \u3092 \u0438 \u3078, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0430 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0438<\/h2>\n\n<p>\u0422\u0440\u0438 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0439\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0444\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0441\u044f\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d \u043e\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u044a\u0449\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430:<\/p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u306f<\/strong> \u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0430 <em>\u0445\u0430<\/em>, \u043d\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0441\u044f <em>wa<\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u3092<\/strong> \u043e\u0431\u0438\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0441\u044f <em>o<\/em> \u0432 \u0441\u044a\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0435\u0437\u0438\u043a;<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u3078<\/strong> \u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0430 <em>\u0442\u043e\u0439<\/em>, \u043d\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0441\u044f <em>e<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>\u041f\u0438\u0441\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f. \u0413\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0435 \u0442\u0430\u0437\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0442\u043e.<\/p>\n\n<h2>\u0422\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0441 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u044f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0438<\/h2>\n\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0430<\/th>\n<th>\u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f<\/th>\n<th>\u041c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u306f (<em>wa<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td>\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u044a\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442<\/td>\n<td><span lang=\"ja\">\u0410\u0437 \u0441\u044a\u043c \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u043d\u043e (<em>ga<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td>\u0418\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u044f \u0434\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0444\u043e\u043a\u0443\u0441<\/td>\n<td><span lang=\"ja\">\u0413-\u043d \u0422\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430 \u0449\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0439\u0434\u0435.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u3092 (<em>o<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td>\u041e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043f\u044a\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f<\/td>\n<td><span lang=\"ja\">\u041f\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u043d\u0438 (<em>\u043d\u0438<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td>\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0447\u0432\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435, \u0441\u044a\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b<\/td>\n<td><span lang=\"ja\">\u041e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0449\u0435.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0438 (<em>\u043e\u0442<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td>\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0447\u0432\u0430 \u043c\u044f\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u043e, \u043a\u044a\u0434\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u044a\u0440\u0448\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435\u0442\u043e, \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e<\/td>\n<td><span lang=\"ja\">\u0429\u0435 \u0443\u0447\u0430 \u0432 \u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0449\u0435.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u306e (<em>\u043d\u0430<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td>\u0421\u0432\u044a\u0440\u0437\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u044a\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043d\u0438 \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f<\/td>\n<td><span lang=\"ja\">\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306e\u672c<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u3068 (<em>\u043a\u044a\u043c<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td>Indica companhia, lista completa ou cita\u00e7\u00e3o<\/td>\n<td><span lang=\"ja\">\u53cb\u9054\u3068\u8a71\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u3078 (<em>e<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td>Aponta a dire\u00e7\u00e3o de um movimento<\/td>\n<td><span lang=\"ja\">\u65e5\u672c\u3078\u884c\u304d\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u3082 (<em>\u043c\u043e<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td>Acrescenta \u201ctamb\u00e9m\u201d ou \u201cnem\u201d em negativas<\/td>\n<td><span lang=\"ja\">\u79c1\u3082\u5b66\u751f\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<!--Ads10-->\n\n<h2>Como usar as part\u00edculas b\u00e1sicas em japon\u00eas<\/h2>\n\n<h3>\u306f (wa): o t\u00f3pico da conversa<\/h3>\n\n<p>\u306f apresenta aquilo sobre o que vamos falar. Tamb\u00e9m pode criar contraste entre dois elementos.<\/p>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">\u4eca\u65e5\u306f\u6691\u3044\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n\u0427\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0435: <em>\u304d\u3087\u3046 \u306f \u3042\u3064\u3044 \u3067\u3059<\/em><br \/>\n\u0420\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0436\u0438: <em>Ky\u014d wa atsui desu.<\/em><br \/>\nTradu\u00e7\u00e3o: Hoje est\u00e1 quente.<\/p>\n\n<p>O t\u00f3pico \u00e9 \u4eca\u65e5, \u201choje\u201d. A frase comenta que, quanto a hoje, o tempo est\u00e1 quente. Para estudar outras fun\u00e7\u00f5es e contrastes, veja a li\u00e7\u00e3o completa sobre <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/bg\/%d1%87%d0%b0%d1%81%d1%82%d0%b8%d1%86%d0%b0%d1%82%d0%b0-wa\/\">\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0430 WA<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<h3>\u304c (ga): identifica\u00e7\u00e3o e foco<\/h3>\n\n<p>\u304c frequentemente identifica o elemento que responde a uma pergunta ou apresenta uma informa\u00e7\u00e3o nova. Dependendo da constru\u00e7\u00e3o, tamb\u00e9m marca o elemento associado a exist\u00eancia, capacidade, prefer\u00eancia ou percep\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">\u3060\u308c\u304c\u6765\u307e\u3059\u304b\u3002\u7530\u4e2d\u3055\u3093\u304c\u6765\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n\u0427\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0435: <em>\u3060\u308c \u304c \u304d\u307e\u3059 \u304b\u3002\u305f\u306a\u304b\u3055\u3093 \u304c \u304d\u307e\u3059<\/em><br \/>\n\u0420\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0436\u0438: <em>Dare ga kimasu ka? Tanaka-san ga kimasu.<\/em><br \/>\nTradu\u00e7\u00e3o: Quem vem? O senhor Tanaka vem.<\/p>\n\n<p>Na resposta, \u304c destaca \u7530\u4e2d\u3055\u3093 como a pessoa identificada. A explica\u00e7\u00e3o detalhada est\u00e1 no artigo sobre <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/bg\/particula-ga-and-its-functions\/\">\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0430 GA \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<h3>\u3092 (o): o objeto de uma a\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h3>\n\n<p>\u3092 marca o objeto direto de muitos verbos transitivos: aquilo que a pessoa l\u00ea, bebe, compra, estuda ou faz.<\/p>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">\u6bce\u671d\u3001\u30b3\u30fc\u30d2\u30fc\u3092\u98f2\u307f\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n\u0427\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0435: <em>\u307e\u3044\u3042\u3055\u3001\u30b3\u30fc\u30d2\u30fc \u3092 \u306e\u307f\u307e\u3059<\/em><br \/>\n\u0420\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0436\u0438: <em>Maiasa, k\u014dh\u012b o nomimasu.<\/em><br \/>\nTradu\u00e7\u00e3o: Todas as manh\u00e3s, eu bebo caf\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n<p>\u30b3\u30fc\u30d2\u30fc \u00e9 aquilo que recebe diretamente a a\u00e7\u00e3o de \u98f2\u307f\u307e\u3059, \u201cbeber\u201d.<\/p>\n\n<h3>\u306b (ni): destino, tempo, exist\u00eancia e destinat\u00e1rio<\/h3>\n\n<p>\u306b tem v\u00e1rias fun\u00e7\u00f5es. Para come\u00e7ar, memorize quatro associa\u00e7\u00f5es \u00fateis:<\/p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>destino:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u65e5\u672c\u306b\u884c\u304d\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span> \u2014 Vou ao Jap\u00e3o;<\/li>\n<li><strong>hor\u00e1rio espec\u00edfico:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043c \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043c \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0430.<\/span> \u2014 Acordo \u00e0s sete;<\/li>\n<li><strong>lugar de exist\u00eancia:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u673a\u306e\u4e0a\u306b\u672c\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span> \u2014 H\u00e1 um livro sobre a mesa;<\/li>\n<li><strong>destinat\u00e1rio:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u53cb\u9054\u306b\u30e1\u30fc\u30eb\u3092\u9001\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span> \u2014 Envio um e-mail a um amigo.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>Esses usos compartilham uma ideia de ponto de chegada, refer\u00eancia ou localiza\u00e7\u00e3o. H\u00e1 outras fun\u00e7\u00f5es, por isso vale avan\u00e7ar depois para o guia espec\u00edfico da <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/bg\/particle-ni-in-japan\/\">part\u00edcula NI<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<h3>\u3067 (de): lugar da a\u00e7\u00e3o e meio<\/h3>\n\n<p>\u3067 indica onde uma a\u00e7\u00e3o acontece ou qual meio \u00e9 usado para realiz\u00e1-la.<\/p>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">\u56f3\u66f8\u9928\u3067\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3092\u52c9\u5f37\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n\u0427\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0435: <em>\u3068\u3057\u3087\u304b\u3093 \u3067 \u306b\u307b\u3093\u3054 \u3092 \u3079\u3093\u304d\u3087\u3046\u3057\u307e\u3059<\/em><br \/>\n\u0420\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0436\u0438: <em>Toshokan de nihongo o benky\u014d shimasu.<\/em><br \/>\nTradu\u00e7\u00e3o: Estudo japon\u00eas na biblioteca.<\/p>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">\u96fb\u8eca\u3067\u4f1a\u793e\u306b\u884c\u304d\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n\u0427\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0435: <em>\u3067\u3093\u3057\u3083 \u3067 \u304b\u3044\u3057\u3083 \u306b \u3044\u304d\u307e\u3059<\/em><br \/>\n\u0420\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0436\u0438: <em>Densha de kaisha ni ikimasu.<\/em><br \/>\nTradu\u00e7\u00e3o: Vou \u00e0 empresa de trem.<\/p>\n\n<p>No primeiro exemplo, \u3067 marca o lugar da a\u00e7\u00e3o de estudar. No segundo, marca o meio de transporte. Veja mais exemplos no artigo sobre <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/bg\/%d1%87%d0%b0%d1%81%d1%82%d0%b8%d1%86%d0%b0-%d0%bd%d0%b0-%d0%b2-%d1%8f%d0%bf%d0%be%d0%bd%d1%81%d0%ba%d0%b8\/\">a part\u00edcula DE<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<h3>\u306e (no): rela\u00e7\u00e3o entre substantivos<\/h3>\n\n<p>\u306e liga dois substantivos. \u00c0s vezes indica posse, mas tamb\u00e9m pode mostrar origem, tipo, conte\u00fado ou outra rela\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c\u306f\u6bcd\u306e\u8eca\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n\u0427\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0435: <em>\u3053\u308c \u306f \u306f\u306f \u306e \u304f\u308b\u307e \u3067\u3059<\/em><br \/>\n\u0420\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0436\u0438: <em>Kore wa haha no kuruma desu.<\/em><br \/>\nTradu\u00e7\u00e3o: Este \u00e9 o carro da minha m\u00e3e.<\/p>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306e\u672c<\/span>, por sua vez, significa \u201clivro de japon\u00eas\u201d. N\u00e3o se trata de um livro que pertence ao idioma; \u306e classifica o conte\u00fado do livro.<\/p>\n\n<h3>\u3068 (to): companhia e lista completa<\/h3>\n\n<p>\u3068 pode ligar participantes de uma a\u00e7\u00e3o ou itens de uma lista apresentada como completa naquele contexto.<\/p>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">\u53cb\u9054\u3068\u6620\u753b\u3092\u898b\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n\u0427\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0435: <em>\u3068\u3082\u3060\u3061 \u3068 \u3048\u3044\u304c \u3092 \u307f\u307e\u3057\u305f<\/em><br \/>\n\u0420\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0436\u0438: <em>Tomodachi to eiga o mimashita.<\/em><br \/>\nTradu\u00e7\u00e3o: Assisti a um filme com um amigo.<\/p>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">\u30d1\u30f3\u3068\u725b\u4e73\u3092\u8cb7\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n\u0427\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0435: <em>\u30d1\u30f3 \u3068 \u304e\u3085\u3046\u306b\u3085\u3046 \u3092 \u304b\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f<\/em><br \/>\n\u0420\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0436\u0438: <em>Pan to gy\u016bny\u016b o kaimashita.<\/em><br \/>\nTradu\u00e7\u00e3o: Comprei p\u00e3o e leite.<\/p>\n\n<p>Outro uso importante \u00e9 marcar o conte\u00fado de uma fala ou pensamento. Ele \u00e9 apresentado com mais contexto na li\u00e7\u00e3o sobre <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/bg\/%d1%87%d0%b0%d1%81%d1%82%d0%b8%d1%86%d0%b0%d1%82%d0%b0-%d0%b4%d0%be-%d0%b2-%d1%8f%d0%bf%d0%be%d0%bd%d1%81%d0%ba%d0%b8%d1%8f-%d0%b5%d0%b7%d0%b8%d0%ba\/\">a part\u00edcula TO<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<h3>\u3078 (e): dire\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h3>\n\n<p>\u3078 aponta a dire\u00e7\u00e3o geral de um deslocamento. \u00c9 comum com verbos como \u884c\u304f, \u201cir\u201d, \u6765\u308b, \u201cvir\u201d, e \u5e30\u308b, \u201cvoltar\u201d.<\/p>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">\u6765\u5e74\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u3078\u884c\u304d\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n\u0427\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0435: <em>\u3089\u3044\u306d\u3093\u3001\u306b\u307b\u3093 \u3078 \u3044\u304d\u307e\u3059<\/em><br \/>\n\u0420\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0436\u0438: <em>Rainen, Nihon e ikimasu.<\/em><br \/>\nTradu\u00e7\u00e3o: No ano que vem, vou ao Jap\u00e3o.<\/p>\n\n<p>Nesse uso, \u306b tamb\u00e9m pode marcar o destino. \u3078 chama mais aten\u00e7\u00e3o para a dire\u00e7\u00e3o do movimento. A li\u00e7\u00e3o sobre <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/bg\/%d1%8f%d0%bf%d0%be%d0%bd%d1%81%d0%ba%d0%b0%d1%82%d0%b0-%d1%87%d0%b0%d1%81%d1%82%d0%b8%d1%86%d0%b0-%d0%b8\/\">a part\u00edcula japonesa E<\/a> aprofunda essa nuance.<\/p>\n\n<h3>\u3082 (mo): inclus\u00e3o<\/h3>\n\n<p>\u3082 acrescenta algu\u00e9m ou algo a uma informa\u00e7\u00e3o j\u00e1 estabelecida e costuma corresponder a \u201ctamb\u00e9m\u201d.<\/p>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">\u30de\u30ea\u30a2\u3055\u3093\u306f\u5b66\u751f\u3067\u3059\u3002\u79c1\u3082\u5b66\u751f\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n\u0427\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0435: <em>\u30de\u30ea\u30a2\u3055\u3093 \u306f \u304c\u304f\u305b\u3044 \u3067\u3059\u3002\u308f\u305f\u3057 \u3082 \u304c\u304f\u305b\u3044 \u3067\u3059<\/em><br \/>\n\u0420\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0436\u0438: <em>Maria-san wa gakusei desu. Watashi mo gakusei desu.<\/em><br \/>\nTradu\u00e7\u00e3o: Maria \u00e9 estudante. Eu tamb\u00e9m sou estudante.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Diferen\u00e7a entre \u306f e \u304c<\/h2>\n\n<p>A compara\u00e7\u00e3o entre \u306f e \u304c n\u00e3o se resolve com a regra \u201ct\u00f3pico versus sujeito\u201d em todas as frases. Para um iniciante, a distin\u00e7\u00e3o mais \u00fatil \u00e9 observar o foco da mensagem:<\/p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u306f<\/strong> estabelece uma moldura: \u201cquanto a X&#8230;\u201d;<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u304c<\/strong> identifica ou destaca X dentro daquela informa\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>Compare:<\/p>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">\u0410\u0437 \u0441\u044a\u043c \u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0446.<\/span><br \/>\nQuanto a mim, sou brasileiro.<\/p>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">\u3060\u308c\u304c\u30d6\u30e9\u30b8\u30eb\u4eba\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002\u79c1\u304c\u30d6\u30e9\u30b8\u30eb\u4eba\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><br \/>\nQuem \u00e9 brasileiro? Eu sou a pessoa brasileira.<\/p>\n\n<p>No segundo caso, \u79c1\u304c responde diretamente a \u3060\u308c, \u201cquem\u201d. O contexto explica a escolha melhor do que uma tradu\u00e7\u00e3o isolada.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Diferen\u00e7a entre \u306b e \u3067<\/h2>\n\n<p>Quando as duas part\u00edculas indicam lugar, olhe para o significado do verbo:<\/p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u306b<\/strong> costuma marcar onde algu\u00e9m ou algo est\u00e1, existe ou chega;<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u3067<\/strong> costuma marcar onde uma a\u00e7\u00e3o acontece.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">\u56f3\u66f8\u9928\u306b\u5b66\u751f\u304c\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><br \/>\nH\u00e1 estudantes na biblioteca.<\/p>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">\u5b66\u751f\u306f\u56f3\u66f8\u9928\u3067\u52c9\u5f37\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><br \/>\nOs estudantes estudam na biblioteca.<\/p>\n\n<p>A biblioteca \u00e9 o lugar de exist\u00eancia no primeiro exemplo e o cen\u00e1rio da a\u00e7\u00e3o de estudar no segundo.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Erros comuns de brasileiros<\/h2>\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Procurar uma tradu\u00e7\u00e3o fixa:<\/strong> part\u00edculas organizam rela\u00e7\u00f5es gramaticais; uma equival\u00eancia em portugu\u00eas pode mudar conforme a frase.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tratar \u306f como sujeito em todos os casos:<\/strong> \u306f apresenta o t\u00f3pico e tamb\u00e9m cria contraste.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Trocar \u306b por \u3067:<\/strong> observe se o verbo expressa exist\u00eancia, destino ou uma a\u00e7\u00e3o realizada no local.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pronunciar \u306f, \u3092 e \u3078 como kana isolado:<\/strong> como part\u00edculas, elas s\u00e3o lidas <em>wa<\/em>, <em>o<\/em> e <em>e<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Decorar listas sem frases:<\/strong> pratique cada part\u00edcula junto com verbos e situa\u00e7\u00f5es recorrentes.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Repetir pronomes desnecessariamente:<\/strong> o japon\u00eas costuma omitir informa\u00e7\u00f5es recuper\u00e1veis pelo contexto.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2>Exemplo em uma situa\u00e7\u00e3o real<\/h2>\n\n<p><strong>A:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u3053\u3067\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3092\u52c9\u5f37\u3057\u307e\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n<em>Doko de nihongo o benky\u014d shimasu ka?<\/em><br \/>\nOnde voc\u00ea estuda japon\u00eas?<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>B:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u5bb6\u3067\u52c9\u5f37\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002\u571f\u66dc\u65e5\u306b\u56f3\u66f8\u9928\u3078\u884c\u304d\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n<em>Ie de benky\u014d shimasu. Doy\u014dbi ni toshokan e ikimasu.<\/em><br \/>\nEstudo em casa. Aos s\u00e1bados, vou \u00e0 biblioteca.<\/p>\n\n<p>No di\u00e1logo, \u3067 marca o local da a\u00e7\u00e3o de estudar, \u3092 marca o objeto \u201cjapon\u00eas\u201d, \u306b marca o tempo e \u3078 aponta a dire\u00e7\u00e3o do deslocamento.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Exerc\u00edcios sobre part\u00edculas japonesas<\/h2>\n\n<p>Complete com \u306f, \u304c, \u3092, \u306b, \u3067, \u306e, \u3068, \u3078 ou \u3082. Mais de uma resposta pode ser poss\u00edvel em outro contexto, mas escolha a op\u00e7\u00e3o mais natural para a leitura proposta.<\/p>\n\n<ol>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u6bce\u671d\u3001\u516d\u6642\uff08\u3000\uff09\u8d77\u304d\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span> \u2014 Acordo \u00e0s seis todas as manh\u00e3s.<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u30ab\u30d5\u30a7\uff08\u3000\uff09\u30b3\u30fc\u30d2\u30fc\uff08\u3000\uff09\u98f2\u307f\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span> \u2014 Bebo caf\u00e9 na cafeteria.<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c\u306f\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\uff08\u3000\uff09\u8f9e\u66f8\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span> \u2014 Este \u00e9 um dicion\u00e1rio de japon\u00eas.<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u3060\u308c\uff08\u3000\uff09\u6765\u307e\u3057\u305f\u304b\u3002<\/span> \u2014 Quem veio?<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u53cb\u9054\uff08\u3000\uff09\u4eac\u90fd\uff08\u3000\uff09\u884c\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/span> \u2014 Fui a Kyoto com um amigo.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<details>\n<summary><strong>Ver respostas<\/strong><\/summary>\n<ol>\n<li>\u306b: marca o hor\u00e1rio espec\u00edfico.<\/li>\n<li>\u3067 \/ \u3092: \u3067 marca o local da a\u00e7\u00e3o; \u3092 marca aquilo que \u00e9 bebido.<\/li>\n<li>\u306e: liga \u65e5\u672c\u8a9e e \u8f9e\u66f8.<\/li>\n<li>\u304c: identifica a pessoa procurada pela pergunta.<\/li>\n<li>\u3068 \/ \u306b ou \u3078: \u3068 marca companhia; \u306b marca o destino, e \u3078 tamb\u00e9m \u00e9 poss\u00edvel quando a dire\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 enfatizada.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/details>\n\n<h2>\u0427\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438 \u0432\u044a\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438<\/h2>\n\n<div id=\"rank-math-faq\" class=\"rank-math-block\">\n<div class=\"rank-math-list\">\n<div id=\"faq-question-168ebbc6cc42b\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">\u041a\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043e \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u044f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>\u041d\u044f\u043c\u0430 \u0435\u0434\u043d\u043e-\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e \u0437\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0435\u0449\u0438, \u0442\u044a\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442 \u0434\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0438 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0431\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0438. \u0417\u0430\u043f\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0439-\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0449\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0448\u0438\u0440\u044f\u0432\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0430\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u0438, \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-c789efc05db6f\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">\u0418\u043c\u0430 \u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u043d\u0430 \u044f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0438?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>\u041d\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u0442\u044f\u0445 \u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442 \u0441\u043c\u0438\u0441\u044a\u043b, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u0437\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u044a\u044e\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0443\u0433\u0430\u043b\u0441\u043a\u0438\u044f \u0435\u0437\u0438\u043a, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u044f\u043c\u0430\u0442 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434. \u041d\u0430\u0439-\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435 \u0435 \u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u0438 \u0442\u044f\u0445\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u043c\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u044a\u043b\u043d\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-0556588d03dd1\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">\u041a\u0430\u043a\u0432\u0430 \u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u201e\u306f\u201c \u0438 \u201e\u304c\u201c?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>\u041a\u0430\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e, \u201e\u306f\u201c \u0432\u044a\u0432\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e \u201e\u304c\u201c \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d. \u0422\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u0438\u0437\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-e60e9d9c5037a\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">\u041a\u043e\u0433\u0430 \u0434\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0435 \u201e\u306b\u201c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u201e\u3067\u201c, \u0437\u0430 \u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0447\u0438\u043c \u043c\u044f\u0441\u0442\u043e?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>\u0418\u0437\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u201e\u306b\u201c \u0441 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043b\u0438, \u0438\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0437\u044f\u0432\u0430\u0449\u0438 \u0441\u044a\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435; \u0438\u0437\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u201e\u3067\u201c \u0437\u0430 \u043c\u044f\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u043e, \u043a\u044a\u0434\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u044a\u0440\u0448\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435\u0442\u043e. \u0421\u043c\u0438\u0441\u044a\u043b\u044a\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-efc82ef95734a\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">\u0412\u044a\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043b\u0438 \u0435 \u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043d\u0430\u0442 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0442\u0435?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>\u0412 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0435\u0437\u0438\u043a \u043d\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0438 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442 \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u044a\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0440\u044a\u0437\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0435 \u044f\u0441\u043d\u0430. \u0417\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0435\u0449\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0435 \u043f\u043e-\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435 \u043f\u044a\u0440\u0432\u043e \u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0442 \u043f\u044a\u043b\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430 \u0438 \u0435\u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434 \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043f\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0438.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>\u0421\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0430\u0449\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u044a\u043f\u043a\u0430<\/h2>\n\n<p>Agora escolha uma dupla que costuma causar d\u00favida e estude-a em contexto. Comece por \u306f e \u304c ou por \u306b e \u3067, releia os exemplos e crie tr\u00eas frases pr\u00f3prias para cada fun\u00e7\u00e3o. Depois, aplique as part\u00edculas ao guia de <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/bg\/%d0%ba%d0%b0%d0%ba-%d0%b4%d0%b0-%d1%81%d1%8a%d1%81%d1%82%d0%b0%d0%b2%d1%8f%d0%bc%d0%b5-%d0%b8%d0%b7%d1%80%d0%b5%d1%87%d0%b5%d0%bd%d0%b8%d1%8f-%d0%bd%d0%b0-%d1%8f%d0%bf%d0%be%d0%bd%d1%81%d0%ba%d0%b8\/\">\u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u0435 \u0441\u044a\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u044f\u0442 \u0438\u0437\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u044f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0435\u0437\u0438\u043a<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<p>As part\u00edculas no fim da senten\u00e7a, como \u306d e \u3088, cumprem outro papel: expressam a atitude do falante e administram a intera\u00e7\u00e3o. Elas s\u00e3o explicadas separadamente no artigo sobre <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/bg\/%d1%8f%d0%bf%d0%be%d0%bd%d1%81%d0%ba%d0%b8-%d0%be%d0%ba%d0%be%d0%bd%d1%87%d0%b0%d0%bd%d0%b8%d1%8f-%d0%bd%d0%b0-%d0%b8%d0%b7%d1%80%d0%b5%d1%87%d0%b5%d0%bd%d0%b8%d1%8f\/\">part\u00edculas para o final de frases<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Fonte e crit\u00e9rio de revis\u00e3o<\/h2>\n\n<p>As fun\u00e7\u00f5es e os contrastes deste guia foram conferidos na <a href=\"https:\/\/www.irodori.jpf.go.jp\/assets\/data\/Grammar_all.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">compila\u00e7\u00e3o oficial de notas gramaticais do Irodori<\/a>, material da Japan Foundation que apresenta part\u00edculas em situa\u00e7\u00f5es comunicativas e mostra, entre outros pontos, a diferen\u00e7a entre \u306b e \u3067 conforme o significado do verbo. A fonte foi verificada em 1\u00ba de agosto de 2026.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0434\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0438 \u0432 \u044f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u044f \u0435\u0437\u0438\u043a \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u201e\u306f\u201c \u0438 \u201e\u304c\u201c, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u201e\u306b\u201c \u0438 \u201e\u3067\u201c, \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0430\u0449\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u044a\u043f\u043a\u0438.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":4376,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[49,74],"tags":[69,27,71,2,3],"class_list":["post-1729","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-curso-de-japones-gratis","category-particulas-em-japones","tag-curso-japones-gratis","tag-gramatica","tag-gramatica-japonesa","tag-idioma-japones","tag-nihongo","resize-featured-image"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/bg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1729","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/bg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/bg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/bg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/18"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/bg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1729"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/bg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1729\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4375,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/bg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1729\/revisions\/4375"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/bg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4376"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/bg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1729"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/bg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1729"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/bg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1729"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}