{"id":1091,"date":"2009-11-01T17:15:39","date_gmt":"2009-11-01T19:15:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/?p=1091"},"modified":"2018-02-24T08:11:27","modified_gmt":"2018-02-24T11:11:27","slug":"uvod-do-japonske-abecedy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/alfabeto-japones-introducao\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00davod do japonsk\u00e9 abecedy"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"c0799bc3a0e94be098a47dd4bca28a45\" data-index=\"2\" style=\"float: none; margin:0px;\">\n<script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-0652292147574552\"\r\n     crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script>\r\n<!-- Ads responsivo Inicio Post CAJap -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:block\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-0652292147574552\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"3298668993\"\r\n     data-ad-format=\"auto\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script>\n<\/div>\n<p>O <strong>Japonsk\u00e1 abeceda<\/strong> lze rozd\u011blit do t\u0159\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed <strong>hiragana<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>katakana<\/strong>\u00a0e\u00a0<strong>kanjis<\/strong>. Hiragana a katakana jsou dv\u011b fonetick\u00e9 japonsk\u00e9 abecedy zalo\u017een\u00e9 na zvuc\u00edch. Zat\u00edmco kand\u017ei jsou ideogramy, japonsk\u00e9 symboly, kter\u00e9 p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed my\u0161lenky a jsou \u0161iroce pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny v tetov\u00e1n\u00ed, samolepk\u00e1ch apod.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-1093 size-full\" title=\"\u00davod do japonsk\u00e9 abecedy\" src=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2009\/11\/introducao-alfabeto-japones.jpg\" alt=\"\u00davod do japonsk\u00e9 abecedy\" width=\"110\" height=\"110\" srcset=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2009\/11\/introducao-alfabeto-japones.jpg 110w, https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2009\/11\/introducao-alfabeto-japones-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2009\/11\/introducao-alfabeto-japones-65x65.jpg 65w, https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2009\/11\/introducao-alfabeto-japones-125x125.jpg 125w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 110px) 100vw, 110px\" \/>C\u00edlem tohoto \u010dl\u00e1nku je podat p\u0159ehled o uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed a \u010dlen\u011bn\u00ed japonsk\u00e9 abecedy a tak\u00e9 povrchn\u011b p\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017eit funkci jednotliv\u00fdch japonsk\u00fdch abeced.<\/p>\n<h2>Japonsk\u00e1 abeceda v hiragan\u011b<\/h2>\n<p>Hiragana (\u5e73\u4eee\u540d) je jednou z fonetick\u00fdch abeced japonsk\u00e9ho jazyka. Pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se k z\u00e1pisu slov, kter\u00e1 poch\u00e1zej\u00ed z Japonska. Hiraganu lze tak\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edt jako n\u00e1hradu japonsk\u00fdch ideogram\u016f, zejm\u00e9na v p\u0159\u00edpadech, kdy ur\u010dit\u00e9 slovo nem\u00e1 zastoupen\u00ed kand\u017ei nebo je zastoupen\u00ed kand\u017ei natolik neobvykl\u00e9, \u017ee existuje mo\u017enost, \u017ee p\u0159\u00edjemce zpr\u00e1vy ideogram nezn\u00e1.<\/p>\n<p>Japonsk\u00e1 abeceda v <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/hiragana-tabela-complete\/\">hiragana<\/a> se v japonsk\u00e9 gramatice pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 ve slovesn\u00fdch fr\u00e1z\u00edch, koncovk\u00e1ch p\u0159\u00eddavn\u00fdch jmen, \u010d\u00e1stic\u00edch a v mnoha dal\u0161\u00edch situac\u00edch. Hiragana se tak\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 k z\u00e1pisu doslovn\u00e9 v\u00fdslovnosti kand\u017ei, pokud se p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1, \u017ee p\u0159\u00edjemce kand\u017ei nezn\u00e1. V takov\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b se hiragana zobrazuje jako mal\u00e1 p\u00edsmena na vrcholu kand\u017ei a naz\u00fdv\u00e1 se \"a\".\u00a0<strong>furigana<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h2>Japonsk\u00e1 abeceda v katakan\u011b<\/h2>\n<p>O <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/katakana-tabela-complete\/\">katakana (\u7247\u4eee\u540d)<\/a> je japonsk\u00e1 abeceda pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e1 spole\u010dn\u011b s hiraganou. Jej\u00ed vyn\u00e1lez je p\u0159ipisov\u00e1n mnichovi Kukai o Kobo Daishi. Chcete-li se dozv\u011bd\u011bt v\u00edce o p\u016fvodu japonsk\u00e9 abecedy, p\u0159e\u010dt\u011bte si \u010dl\u00e1nek\u00a0<a title=\"P\u016fvod japonsk\u00e9 abecedy\" href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/abeceda-japonskeho-puvodu\/\">P\u016fvod japonsk\u00e9 abecedy<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s hiraganou m\u00e1 katakana v\u00edce geometrick\u00fdch (\u010dtvercov\u00fdch) tah\u016f a byla zam\u00fd\u0161lena jako jednoduch\u00e1 forma p\u00edsma zalo\u017een\u00e1 na \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fdch znac\u00edch.<\/p>\n<p>Katakana je nejen fonetickou japonskou abecedou, ale pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se i pro z\u00e1pis slov ciz\u00edho p\u016fvodu, kter\u00e1 se d\u00edky jazykov\u00fdm v\u00fdp\u016fj\u010dk\u00e1m dostala do japon\u0161tiny nebo se v Japonsku stala b\u011b\u017en\u00fdmi.<\/p>\n<p>Dal\u0161\u00edm velmi \u010dast\u00fdm pou\u017eit\u00edm katakany je p\u0159epis jmen. Kdy\u017e \u010dlov\u011bk pot\u0159ebuje napsat sv\u00e9 jm\u00e9no v japon\u0161tin\u011b, obvykle pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 japonskou abecedu katakanu k p\u0159episu hl\u00e1sek jmen do japon\u0161tiny.<br \/>\n<div class=\"message_box warning\"><p>Mnoho lid\u00ed m\u00e1 tendenci zam\u011b\u0148ovat p\u0159epis jmen do japon\u0161tiny se z\u00e1pisem jmen v kand\u017ei. Je to proto, \u017ee lid\u00e9 maj\u00ed tendenci se domn\u00edvat, \u017ee jm\u00e9no ciz\u00ed osoby m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt naps\u00e1no v kand\u017ei, ale japonsk\u00e1 gramatika to nedovoluje.<\/p><\/div><\/p>\n<h2>Japonsk\u00e1 abeceda v kand\u017ei<\/h2>\n<p>Kand\u017ei (\u6f22\u5b57) jsou znaky \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu, poch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed z dynastie Chan, kter\u00e9 se v japonsk\u00e9m p\u00edsmu pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed vedle kan (hiragana a katakana); m\u00edsto fon\u00e9m\u016f vyjad\u0159uj\u00ed my\u0161lenky.<\/p>\n<p>Kand\u017ei je velmi po\u010detn\u00e9. P\u0159edstavte si, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00e9 slovo v portugal\u0161tin\u011b je zn\u00e1zorn\u011bno kresbou. A te\u010f to vyn\u00e1sobte tis\u00edcem! Pro p\u0159edstavu, po\u010det kand\u017ei se v Japonsku rozrostl natolik, \u017ee ministerstvo \u0161kolstv\u00ed muselo v roce 1981 vybrat mal\u00fd po\u010det z\u00e1kladn\u00edch kand\u017ei, kter\u00e9 by m\u011bly b\u00fdt mezi obyvatelstvem v\u0161eobecn\u011b zn\u00e1m\u00e9. Tento soubor symbol\u016f japonsk\u00e9ho p\u00edsma se stal zn\u00e1m\u00fdm jako d\u017e\u00f3d\u017e\u00f3 kand\u017ei a m\u00e1 seznam 1 945 ideogram\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm probl\u00e9mem p\u0159i u\u010den\u00ed japon\u0161tiny je kand\u017ei. Krom\u011b toho, \u017ee je jich mnoho, maj\u00ed tak\u00e9 r\u016fzn\u00e9 zp\u016fsoby \u010dten\u00ed a r\u016fzn\u00e9 v\u00fdznamy. Jedno kand\u017ei m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt v z\u00e1vislosti na kontextu v\u00edce ne\u017e 14 v\u00fdznam\u016f (nap\u0159. sloveso kakeru - sednout si) a m\u016f\u017ee se tak\u00e9 \u010d\u00edst r\u016fzn\u00fdmi zp\u016fsoby. Japonsk\u00e9 p\u00edsmo je tak\u00e9 slo\u017eit\u00e9 a slova lze tvo\u0159it jednoduch\u00fdmi i slo\u017een\u00fdmi kand\u017ei.<\/p>\n<p>Navzdory t\u00e9to obt\u00ed\u017enosti m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt japonsk\u00e9 p\u00edsmo velmi kompaktn\u00ed. Pouze se t\u0159emi ideogramy \u9032(shin - vyv\u00edjet se) \u5316(ka - zm\u011bna) \u8ad6(ron - teorie) m\u016f\u017eeme \u0159\u00edci \"Teorie evoluce\", \u010d\u00edm\u017e se v\u00fdrazn\u011b sn\u00ed\u017e\u00ed po\u010det japonsk\u00fdch p\u00edsmen.<\/p>\n<p>A <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/japonske-systemy-psani\/\">Japonsk\u00e1 logika psan\u00ed<\/a> je velmi jednoduch\u00fd. Pokud za zemi p\u0159id\u00e1me ideogram \"osoba\", znamen\u00e1 to, \u017ee osoba poch\u00e1z\u00ed z dan\u00e9ho m\u00edsta; pokud za \"b\u00edl\u00fd\", jde o osobu b\u00edl\u00e9 pleti; pokud za \"\u010derven\u00fd\", jde o osobu \u010derven\u00e9 pleti. Pokud p\u0159id\u00e1me \"osoba\" za \"zlo\u010din\", zlo\u010dinec; \"osoba\" za \"venku\", cizinec, cizinec atd.<br \/>\n<div class=\"message_box announce\"><p>Japonsk\u00e9 p\u00edsmo pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed kand\u017ei nen\u00ed odporn\u00e9 monstrum, kter\u00e9 si vytvo\u0159ili ze sv\u00fdch pot\u00ed\u017e\u00ed, ale jen paradigma, kter\u00e9 je t\u0159eba rozb\u00edt na\u0161\u00edm foneticko-kulturn\u00edm pozad\u00edm. Nau\u010dit se kand\u017ei nen\u00ed t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9, chce to jen trochu cviku a odhodl\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p><\/div><\/p>\n\n<div style=\"font-size: 0px; height: 0px; line-height: 0px; margin: 0; padding: 0; clear: both;\"><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Japonskou abecedu lze rozd\u011blit na t\u0159i \u010d\u00e1sti: hiraganu, katakanu a kand\u017ei. Hiragana a katakana jsou dv\u011b fonetick\u00e9 japonsk\u00e9 abecedy zalo\u017een\u00e9 na zvuc\u00edch. Zat\u00edmco kand\u017ei jsou ideogramy; japonsk\u00e9 symboly, kter\u00e9 p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed my\u0161lenky a<\/p>","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":239,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[46,47,48],"tags":[16],"class_list":["post-1091","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-alfabeto-japones","category-alfabeto-japones-hiragana","category-alfabeto-japones-katakana","tag-alfabeto-japones","resize-featured-image"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1091","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/18"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1091"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1091\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/239"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1091"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1091"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1091"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}