{"id":1098,"date":"2009-11-01T17:21:51","date_gmt":"2009-11-01T19:21:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/?p=1098"},"modified":"2026-08-08T19:54:53","modified_gmt":"2026-08-08T22:54:53","slug":"abeceda-japonstina-hiragana-e-katakana","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/alfabeto-japones-hiragana-e-katakana\/","title":{"rendered":"Japonsk\u00e1 abeceda: tabulka hiragana a katakana"},"content":{"rendered":"

Vol\u00e1n\u00ed Japonsk\u00e1 abeceda<\/strong> zahrnuje dv\u011b sady fonetick\u00fdch znak\u016f: hiragana<\/strong> a katakana<\/strong>. Tyto dv\u011b sady obecn\u011b p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed stejn\u00e9 zvuky, ale pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed se v r\u016fzn\u00fdch kontextech. Tato str\u00e1nka shroma\u017e\u010fuje z\u00e1kladn\u00ed tabulky, p\u0159epis a hlavn\u00ed pravidla \u010dten\u00ed kana.<\/p>\n\n

V technick\u00e9m smyslu nejsou hiragana a katakana abecedy jako latinka. Jsou to syst\u00e9my kana<\/em>: ka\u017ed\u00fd znak obvykle p\u0159edstavuje m\u00f3ru, rytmickou jednotku japon\u0161tiny. Term\u00edn \u201cjaponsk\u00e1 abeceda\u201d z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 u\u017eite\u010dn\u00fd jako vyhled\u00e1vac\u00ed v\u00fdraz a jako po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed vysv\u011btlen\u00ed, pokud je tento rozd\u00edl jasn\u00fd.<\/p>\n\n

Pokud je\u0161t\u011b nev\u00edte, jak se kana a kand\u017ei objevuj\u00ed spole\u010dn\u011b, za\u010dn\u011bte p\u0159ehledem Japonsk\u00e9 syst\u00e9my psan\u00ed<\/a>. Zde je d\u016fraz na prohl\u00ed\u017een\u00ed a porozum\u011bn\u00ed hiragan\u011b a katakan\u011b vedle sebe.<\/p>\n\n

Pro historick\u00fd kontext si p\u0159e\u010dt\u011bte p\u016fvod japonsk\u00e9 abecedy<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n

Jak\u00fd je rozd\u00edl mezi hiraganou a katakanou?<\/h2>\n\n

O hiragana<\/strong> se objevuje v \u010d\u00e1stic\u00edch, gramatick\u00fdch koncovk\u00e1ch, slovech \u010dasto psan\u00fdch bez kand\u017ei a podp\u016frn\u00fdch \u010dten\u00edch naz\u00fdvan\u00fdch furigana<\/em>. . katakana<\/strong> je b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 u v\u00fdp\u016fj\u010dek z jin\u00fdch jazyk\u016f, ciz\u00edch jmen, onomatopoick\u00fdch v\u00fdraz\u016f, technick\u00fdch term\u00edn\u016f a zv\u00fdraz\u0148ovac\u00edch efekt\u016f.<\/p>\n\n

Pro prohl\u00ed\u017een\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00e9 sady samostatn\u011b viz \u00fapln\u00e1 tabulka hiragana<\/a> a a \u00fapln\u00e1 tabulka katakany<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n

Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed tabulka hiragany a katakany<\/h2>\n\n

Tradi\u010dn\u00ed po\u0159ad\u00ed n\u00e1sleduje samohl\u00e1sky a, i, u, e, o<\/em>. Pot\u00e9 n\u00e1sleduj\u00ed \u0159\u00e1dky tvo\u0159en\u00e9 kombinac\u00ed t\u011bchto samohl\u00e1sek se souhl\u00e1skami. Mezery v tabulce ozna\u010duj\u00ed zvuky, kter\u00e9 nejsou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed modern\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00ed sady.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
\u0158\u00e1dek<\/th>P\u0159epis<\/th>Hiragana<\/th>Katakana<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
\u010clenov\u00e9<\/td>a, i, u, e, o<\/td>\u3042 \u3044 \u3046 \u3048 \u304a<\/td>\u30a2 \u30a4 \u30a6 \u30a8 \u30aa<\/td><\/tr>\n
K<\/td>ka, ki, ku, ke, ko<\/td>\u304b \u304d \u304f \u3051 \u3053<\/td>\u30ab \u30ad \u30af \u30b1 \u30b3<\/td><\/tr>\n
S<\/td>sa, shi, su, se, so<\/td>\u3055 \u3057 \u3059 \u305b \u305d<\/td>\u30b5 \u30b7 \u30b9 \u30bb \u30bd<\/td><\/tr>\n
T<\/td>ta, chi, tsu, te, to<\/td>\u305f \u3061 \u3064 \u3066 \u3068<\/td>\u30bf \u30c1 \u30c4 \u30c6 \u30c8<\/td><\/tr>\n
N<\/td>na, ni, nu, ne, no<\/td>\u306a \u306b \u306c \u306d \u306e<\/td>\u30ca \u30cb \u30cc \u30cd \u30ce<\/td><\/tr>\n
H<\/td>ha, hi, fu, he, ho<\/td>\u306f \u3072 \u3075 \u3078 \u307b<\/td>\u30cf \u30d2 \u30d5 \u30d8 \u30db<\/td><\/tr>\n
M<\/td>ma, mi, mu, me, mo<\/td>\u307e \u307f \u3080 \u3081 \u3082<\/td>\u30de \u30df \u30e0 \u30e1 \u30e2<\/td><\/tr>\n
Y<\/td>ya, yu, yo<\/td>\u3084 \u3086 \u3088<\/td>\u30e4 \u30e6 \u30e8<\/td><\/tr>\n
R<\/td>ra, ri, ru, re, ro<\/td>\u3089 \u308a \u308b \u308c \u308d<\/td>\u30e9 \u30ea \u30eb \u30ec \u30ed<\/td><\/tr>\n
W<\/td>wa, o<\/td>\u308f \u3092<\/td>\u30ef \u30f2<\/td><\/tr>\n
N fin\u00e1ln\u00ed<\/td>n<\/td>\u3093<\/td>\u30f3<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n

Neexistuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd modern\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00ed kana odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed \u201cwu\u201d. Historick\u00e9 tvary \u3090\/\u30f0 (wi<\/em>) a \u3091\/\u30f1 (we<\/em>) tak\u00e9 nejsou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed sou\u010dasn\u00e9 ka\u017edodenn\u00ed tabulky. \u3092\/\u30f2 se p\u0159episuje jako wo<\/em> v n\u011bkter\u00fdch metod\u00e1ch psan\u00ed, ale v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 japon\u0161tin\u011b se obvykle vyslovuje o<\/em> kdy\u017e funguje jako \u010d\u00e1stice.<\/p>\n\n

Jak vyslovovat kana<\/h2>\n\n

P\u0159epis (r\u00f3mad\u017ei) pom\u00e1h\u00e1 na za\u010d\u00e1tku, ale nereprodukuje v\u00fdslovnost. Pou\u017e\u00edvejte zvuk a skute\u010dn\u00e1 slova, abyste si ka\u017ed\u00fd znak spojili se zvukem. \u010cty\u0159i \u010dten\u00ed si zaslou\u017e\u00ed pozornost: \u3057 je shi<\/em>, \u3061 je chi<\/em>, \u3064 je tsu<\/em> a \u3075 je fu<\/em>, s jemn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm t\u0159en\u00edm ne\u017e b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 \u201cf\u201d v portugal\u0161tin\u011b.<\/p>\n\n

\u0158ada R \u2014 \u3089, \u308a, \u308b, \u308c, \u308d \u2014 pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 rychl\u00fd dotyk jazyka, odli\u0161n\u00fd od siln\u00e9ho R a L v portugal\u0161tin\u011b. Zvuk \u3093 se m\u011bn\u00ed podle n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edho zvuku; nau\u010dte se ho ve slovech.<\/p>\n\n

A Ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed tabulka kana Irodori od Japan Foundation<\/a>, obsahuje z\u00e1kladn\u00ed znaky, kombinace a p\u0159\u00edklady s dlouh\u00fdmi samohl\u00e1skami a zdvojen\u00fdmi souhl\u00e1skami. Byla pou\u017eita k ov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed tvar\u016f a p\u0159episu na t\u00e9to str\u00e1nce.<\/p>\n\n

Dakuten a handakuten: modifikovan\u00e9 zvuky<\/h2>\n\n

Znak \u309b se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 dakuten<\/strong> a modifikuje n\u011bkter\u00e9 \u0159ady. Mal\u00fd krou\u017eek \u309c je handakuten<\/strong> a vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed \u0159adu P. Nejsou to grafick\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edzvuky jako v portugal\u0161tin\u011b; jsou to zna\u010dky, kter\u00e9 m\u011bn\u00ed zvukovou hodnotu kana.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
Transformace<\/th>P\u0159epis<\/th>Hiragana<\/th>Katakana<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
K \u2192 G<\/td>ga, gi, gu, ge, go<\/td>\u304c \u304e \u3050 \u3052 \u3054<\/td>\u30ac \u30ae \u30b0 \u30b2 \u30b4<\/td><\/tr>\n
S \u2192 Z<\/td>za, ji, zu, ze, zo<\/td>\u3056 \u3058 \u305a \u305c \u305e<\/td>\u30b6 \u30b8 \u30ba \u30bc \u30be<\/td><\/tr>\n
T \u2192 D<\/td>da, ji, zu, de, do<\/td>\u3060 \u3062 \u3065 \u3067 \u3069<\/td>\u30c0 \u30c2 \u30c5 \u30c7 \u30c9<\/td><\/tr>\n
H \u2192 B<\/td>ba, bi, bu, be, bo<\/td>\u3070 \u3073 \u3076 \u3079 \u307c<\/td>\u30d0 \u30d3 \u30d6 \u30d9 \u30dc<\/td><\/tr>\n
H \u2192 P<\/td>pa, pi, pu, pe, po<\/td>\u3071 \u3074 \u3077 \u307a \u307d<\/td>\u30d1 \u30d4 \u30d7 \u30da \u30dd<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n

V sou\u010dasn\u00e9 standardn\u00ed v\u00fdslovnosti \u3058 a \u3062 obvykle zn\u011bj\u00ed jako ji<\/em>, zat\u00edmco \u305a a \u3065 obvykle zn\u011bj\u00ed jako zu<\/em>. To neznamen\u00e1, \u017ee jsou z\u00e1pisy zam\u011bniteln\u00e9: ka\u017ed\u00e9 slovo si zachov\u00e1v\u00e1 sv\u016fj z\u00e1pis. Tvary s \u3062 a \u3065 jsou m\u00e9n\u011b \u010dast\u00e9 a vyskytuj\u00ed se ve specifick\u00fdch slovech a v ur\u010dit\u00fdch morfologick\u00fdch kombinac\u00edch.<\/p>\n\n

J\u00f3on: kombinace s mal\u00fdmi \u3083, \u3085 a \u3087<\/h2>\n\n

O j\u00f3on<\/strong> kombinuje kana ze sloupce I s mal\u00fdm \u3083, \u3085 nebo \u3087. \u010cten\u00ed tvo\u0159\u00ed jedinou sekvenci, nikoli dv\u011b samostatn\u00e9 slabiky. Srovnej \u304d\u3084 (kiya<\/em>) s \u304d\u3083 (kya<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
Skupina<\/th>Hiragana<\/th>Katakana<\/th>P\u0159epis<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
K<\/td>\u304d\u3083 \u304d\u3085 \u304d\u3087<\/td>\u30ad\u30e3 \u30ad\u30e5 \u30ad\u30e7<\/td>kya, kyu, kyo<\/td><\/tr>\n
S<\/td>\u3057\u3083 \u3057\u3085 \u3057\u3087<\/td>\u30b7\u30e3 \u30b7\u30e5 \u30b7\u30e7<\/td>sha, shu, sho<\/td><\/tr>\n
T<\/td>\u3061\u3083 \u3061\u3085 \u3061\u3087<\/td>\u30c1\u30e3 \u30c1\u30e5 \u30c1\u30e7<\/td>cha, chu, cho<\/td><\/tr>\n
N<\/td>\u306b\u3083 \u306b\u3085 \u306b\u3087<\/td>\u30cb\u30e3 \u30cb\u30e5 \u30cb\u30e7<\/td>nya, nyu, nyo<\/td><\/tr>\n
H<\/td>\u3072\u3083 \u3072\u3085 \u3072\u3087<\/td>\u30d2\u30e3 \u30d2\u30e5 \u30d2\u30e7<\/td>hya, hyu, hyo<\/td><\/tr>\n
M<\/td>\u307f\u3083 \u307f\u3085 \u307f\u3087<\/td>\u30df\u30e3 \u30df\u30e5 \u30df\u30e7<\/td>mya, myu, myo<\/td><\/tr>\n
R<\/td>\u308a\u3083 \u308a\u3085 \u308a\u3087<\/td>\u30ea\u30e3 \u30ea\u30e5 \u30ea\u30e7<\/td>rya, ryu, ryo<\/td><\/tr>\n
G<\/td>\u304e\u3083 \u304e\u3085 \u304e\u3087<\/td>\u30ae\u30e3 \u30ae\u30e5 \u30ae\u30e7<\/td>gya, gyu, gyo<\/td><\/tr>\n
J<\/td>\u3058\u3083 \u3058\u3085 \u3058\u3087<\/td>\u30b8\u30e3 \u30b8\u30e5 \u30b8\u30e7<\/td>ja, ju, jo<\/td><\/tr>\n
B<\/td>\u3073\u3083 \u3073\u3085 \u3073\u3087<\/td>\u30d3\u30e3 \u30d3\u30e5 \u30d3\u30e7<\/td>bya, byu, byo<\/td><\/tr>\n
P<\/td>\u3074\u3083 \u3074\u3085 \u3074\u3087<\/td>\u30d4\u30e3 \u30d4\u30e5 \u30d4\u30e7<\/td>pya, pyu, pyo<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n

\u3063, \u30c3 a zdvojen\u00e9 souhl\u00e1sky<\/h2>\n\n

Mal\u00e9 \u3063 nebo \u30c3 ozna\u010duje kr\u00e1tkou pauzu p\u0159ed n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed souhl\u00e1skou. V p\u0159episu do latinky se tato souhl\u00e1ska obvykle zdvojuje. Tak\u017ee \u304d\u3063\u3066 je kitte<\/em> (\u201czn\u00e1mka\u201d) a \u30ab\u30c3\u30d7 je kappu<\/em> (\u201chrnek\u201d nebo \u201c\u0161\u00e1lek\u201d). Mal\u00e9 znam\u00e9nko je t\u0159eba odli\u0161it od \u3064\/\u30c4 v norm\u00e1ln\u00ed velikosti.<\/p>\n\n

Jak vyj\u00e1d\u0159it dlouh\u00e9 samohl\u00e1sky<\/h2>\n\n

V hiragan\u011b lze dlouhou samohl\u00e1sku zapsat r\u016fzn\u00fdmi zp\u016fsoby podle slova. Dlouh\u00e9 E se \u010dasto zapisuje pomoc\u00ed \u3044 a dlouh\u00e9 O \u010dasto pomoc\u00ed \u3046, ale existuj\u00ed v\u00fdjimky, kter\u00e9 je t\u0159eba se nau\u010dit se z\u00e1pisem slova. Nap\u0159\u00edklad \u305b\u3093\u305b\u3044 (sensei<\/em>) obsahuje dlouh\u00e9 E a \u304c\u3063\u3053\u3046 (gakk\u014d<\/em>) obsahuje dlouh\u00e9 O.<\/p>\n\n

V katakan\u011b se \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1rka \u30fc: \u30b3\u30fc\u30d2\u30fc (k\u014dh\u012b<\/em>, \u201ck\u00e1va\u201d) a \u30b1\u30fc\u30ad (k\u0113ki<\/em>, \u201cdort\u201d). Neignorujte d\u00e9lku: kr\u00e1tk\u00e1 a dlouh\u00e1 samohl\u00e1ska mohou rozli\u0161ovat slova.<\/p>\n\n

V jak\u00e9m po\u0159ad\u00ed studovat hiraganu a katakanu?<\/h2>\n\n

Kurzy p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed hiraganu jako prvn\u00ed, ale to nen\u00ed pravidlo. Marugoto<\/a> uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee po\u0159ad\u00ed mezi hiraganou a katakanou se m\u016f\u017ee li\u0161it, a doporu\u010duje spojovat psan\u00ed, mluven\u00ed a zn\u00e1mou slovn\u00ed z\u00e1sobu.<\/p>\n\n

    \n
  1. Nau\u010dte se p\u011bt samohl\u00e1sek a rozpoznejte rytmus ka\u017ed\u00e9 mory.<\/li>\n
  2. Studujte jeden \u0159\u00e1dek po druh\u00e9m, \u010dt\u011bte a pi\u0161te kr\u00e1tk\u00e1 slova.<\/li>\n
  3. Procvi\u010dujte hiraganu a katakanu, ani\u017e byste se spol\u00e9hali pouze na r\u00f3mad\u017ei.<\/li>\n
  4. P\u0159idejte dakuten, handakuten, j\u014don, \u3063\/\u30c3 a dlouh\u00e9 samohl\u00e1sky.<\/li>\n
  5. Opakujte s audiem, \u010dten\u00edm a psan\u00edm v re\u00e1ln\u00fdch v\u011bt\u00e1ch.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n

    O Pr\u016fvodce studiem hiragany a katakany<\/a> organizuje podrobn\u00e9 lekce. Pot\u00e9 pou\u017eijte bezplatn\u00fd kurz japon\u0161tiny pro za\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edky<\/a> k integraci \u010dten\u00ed, slovn\u00ed z\u00e1soby, gramatiky a praxe.<\/p>\n\n

    \u010cast\u00e9 chyby na za\u010d\u00e1tku<\/h2>\n\n