{"id":1107,"date":"2009-11-15T17:44:53","date_gmt":"2009-11-15T19:44:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/?p=1107"},"modified":"2026-08-08T20:39:48","modified_gmt":"2026-08-08T23:39:48","slug":"jak-pouzivat-japonskou-abecedu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/como-usar-o-alfabeto-japones\/","title":{"rendered":"Kdy pou\u017e\u00edvat hiraganu, katakanu a kanji p\u0159i psan\u00ed v japon\u0161tin\u011b"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hiragana, katakana a kand\u017ei se objevuj\u00ed spole\u010dn\u011b, proto\u017ee ka\u017ed\u00fd syst\u00e9m pln\u00ed v japonsk\u00e9m p\u00edsmu jin\u00e9 funkce. V praxi hiragana zaznamen\u00e1v\u00e1 gramatick\u00e9 prvky a oh\u00fdban\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti slov, katakana je b\u011b\u017en\u00e1 u v\u00fdp\u016fj\u010dek, ciz\u00edch jmen a ur\u010dit\u00fdch expresivn\u00edch efekt\u016f, a kand\u017ei soust\u0159e\u010fuje velkou \u010d\u00e1st lexik\u00e1ln\u00ed informace.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tyto funkce jsou tendencemi pou\u017eit\u00ed, ne pevn\u00fdmi kategoriemi. Slovo se m\u016f\u017ee objevit s r\u016fzn\u00fdmi z\u00e1pisy v z\u00e1vislosti na kontextu, publiku nebo po\u017eadovan\u00e9m efektu. Tento pr\u016fvodce ukazuje, jak rozpoznat nejb\u011b\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed volbu, ani\u017e by opakoval <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/abeceda-japonstina-hiragana-e-katakana\/\">kompletn\u00ed tabulky hiragany a katakany<\/a> ani p\u0159ehled <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/uvod-do-japonske-abecedy\/\">t\u0159\u00ed syst\u00e9m\u016f japonsk\u00e9ho p\u00edsma<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Rychl\u00e1 odpov\u011b\u010f: kter\u00fd syst\u00e9m pou\u017e\u00edt?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><thead><tr><th>Syst\u00e9m<\/th><th>Nejb\u011b\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pou\u017eit\u00ed<\/th><th>P\u0159\u00edklad<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Hiragana<\/td><td>\u010c\u00e1stice, gramatick\u00e9 koncovky a slova obvykle psan\u00e1 kana<\/td><td>\u306f, \u3092, \u3053\u308c<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Katakana<\/td><td>V\u00fdp\u016fj\u010dky, ciz\u00ed jm\u00e9na, technick\u00e9 term\u00edny, zvuky a stylistick\u00e9 zv\u00fdrazn\u011bn\u00ed<\/td><td>\u30b3\u30fc\u30d2\u30fc, \u30de\u30ea\u30a2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Kanji<\/td><td>Lexik\u00e1ln\u00ed ko\u0159eny mnoha podstatn\u00fdch jmen, sloves a p\u0159\u00eddavn\u00fdch jmen<\/td><td>\u65e5\u672c, \u98f2\u3080, \u65b0\u3057\u3044<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">U\u017eite\u010dn\u00fdm ment\u00e1ln\u00edm pravidlem je sledovat funkci ve v\u011bt\u011b. Kana p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed zvuky; kand\u017ei tak\u00e9 pom\u00e1haj\u00ed nazna\u010dit v\u00fdznam a vizu\u00e1ln\u011b odd\u011blit slova v jazyce, kter\u00fd obvykle nepou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 mezery mezi slovy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Kdy pou\u017e\u00edt hiraganu<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hiragana neslou\u017e\u00ed pouze pro \u201cjaponsk\u00e1 slova\u201d. Objevuje se hlavn\u011b tam, kde mus\u00ed b\u00fdt gramatika viditeln\u00e1 a kde konven\u010dn\u00ed z\u00e1pis preferuje kana.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Gramatick\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stice<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u010c\u00e1stice jako \u306f, \u304c, \u3092, \u306b a \u3067 se p\u00ed\u0161\u00ed hiraganou. Ukazuj\u00ed vztahy jako t\u00e9ma, podm\u011bt, p\u0159edm\u011bt, sm\u011br, m\u00edsto a prost\u0159edek. N\u011bkter\u00e9 maj\u00ed v t\u00e9to funkci zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed v\u00fdslovnost: \u306f se vyslovuje <em>wa<\/em>, \u3092 se obvykle vyslovuje <em>o<\/em> a \u3078, kdy\u017e je \u010d\u00e1stic\u00ed, se \u010dte <em>e<\/em>. Pro studium t\u011bchto rozd\u00edl\u016f s p\u0159\u00edklady viz pr\u016fvodce <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/zakladni-castice-v-japonstine\/\">z\u00e1kladn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1stice v japon\u0161tin\u011b<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Okurigana a oh\u00fdb\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">U mnoha sloves a p\u0159\u00eddavn\u00fdch jmen kand\u017ei nese lexik\u00e1ln\u00ed z\u00e1klad a hiragana ukazuje ohebnou \u010d\u00e1st, naz\u00fdvanou <em>okurigana<\/em>. Porovnejte:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>\u98df\u3079\u307e\u3059\uff08\u305f\u3079\u307e\u3059\uff09\u2014 j\u00edst;<\/li><li>\u98df\u3079\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff08\u305f\u3079\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff09\u2014 jedl jsem;<\/li><li>\u65b0\u3057\u3044\uff08\u3042\u305f\u3089\u3057\u3044\uff09\u2014 nov\u00fd.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pas\u00e1\u017e v hiragan\u011b se m\u011bn\u00ed podle \u010dasu, tvaru nebo koncovky, zat\u00edmco kand\u017ei zachov\u00e1v\u00e1 \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed informaci slova. Japonsk\u00e1 agentura pro kulturn\u00ed z\u00e1le\u017eitosti udr\u017euje <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bunka.go.jp\/kokugo_nihongo\/sisaku\/joho\/joho\/kijun\/naikaku\/okurikana\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed pokyny pro okuriganu<\/a>, kter\u00e9 se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed jako reference pro modern\u00ed psan\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Slova obvykle psan\u00e1 kana<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">N\u011bkter\u00e1 slova se \u010dasto p\u00ed\u0161\u00ed hiraganou, i kdy\u017e existuje forma s kand\u017ei. To m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt z d\u016fvodu konvence, frekvence, \u010ditelnosti nebo vhodnosti pro publikum. \u3053\u308c, \u307e\u3060 a \u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044 jsou b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edklady. Znalost mo\u017en\u00e9ho kand\u017ei tedy neznamen\u00e1, \u017ee je p\u0159irozenou volbou v ka\u017ed\u00e9 v\u011bt\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hiragana se tak\u00e9 m\u016f\u017ee objevit jako furigana, men\u0161\u00edm p\u00edsmem, k ozna\u010den\u00ed \u010dten\u00ed kand\u017ei. Ve v\u00fdukov\u00fdch materi\u00e1lech a textech ur\u010den\u00fdch konkr\u00e9tn\u00edm \u010dten\u00e1\u0159\u016fm tento prost\u0159edek umo\u017e\u0148uje p\u0159edstavit znaky, ani\u017e by se skr\u00fdvala jejich v\u00fdslovnost.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Kdy pou\u017e\u00edt katakanu<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Katakana je velmi spojov\u00e1na s ciz\u00edmi slovy, ale jej\u00ed pou\u017eit\u00ed je \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed. Pravopis sleduje zvuky dostupn\u00e9 v japon\u0161tin\u011b a ust\u00e1lenou formu slova, nikoli doslovnou kopii p\u016fvodn\u00edho pravopisu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">P\u0159ejat\u00e1 slova, ciz\u00ed jm\u00e9na a m\u00edsta<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Slova p\u0159evzat\u00e1 z jin\u00fdch jazyk\u016f se \u010dasto objevuj\u00ed v katakan\u011b: \u30b3\u30fc\u30d2\u30fc (<em>k\u014dh\u012b<\/em>, k\u00e1va), \u30c6\u30fc\u30d6\u30eb (<em>t\u0113buru<\/em>, st\u016fl) a \u30d0\u30b9 (<em>basu<\/em>, autobus). Ciz\u00ed osobn\u00ed a zem\u011bpisn\u00e1 jm\u00e9na se tak\u00e9 obvykle p\u0159episuj\u00ed t\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem, ale pravopis by m\u011bl n\u00e1sledovat v\u00fdslovnost a preferovanou formu dan\u00e9 osoby, pokud existuje. \u010cl\u00e1nek o <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/jak-napsat-sve-jmeno-v-japonstine\/\">jak napsat sv\u00e9 jm\u00e9no v japon\u0161tin\u011b<\/a> vysv\u011btluje tento proces podrobn\u011bji.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed japonsk\u00e9 pokyny se v\u00fdslovn\u011b zab\u00fdvaj\u00ed psan\u00edm p\u0159ejat\u00fdch slov, toponym a ciz\u00edch antroponym v katakan\u011b, v\u010detn\u011b kombinac\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch k p\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017een\u00ed zvuk\u016f, kter\u00e9 nejsou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed tradi\u010dn\u00edho invent\u00e1\u0159e. Referenc\u00ed je str\u00e1nka <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bunka.go.jp\/kokugo_nihongo\/sisaku\/joho\/joho\/kijun\/naikaku\/gairai\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u201cPravopis ciz\u00edch slov\u201d Agentury pro kulturn\u00ed z\u00e1le\u017eitosti<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Zvuky, technick\u00e9 term\u00edny a d\u016fraz<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Katakana m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159edstavovat onomatopoie a mimika, jako \u30c9\u30ad\u30c9\u30ad pro zrychlen\u00fd tep. To neznamen\u00e1, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00fd zvukov\u00fd efekt mus\u00ed b\u00fdt ps\u00e1n katakanou: hiragana se tak\u00e9 objevuje a volba m\u016f\u017ee zm\u011bnit vizu\u00e1ln\u00ed dojem nebo t\u00f3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Syst\u00e9m je tak\u00e9 b\u011b\u017en\u00fd ve v\u011bdeck\u00fdch n\u00e1zvech, ur\u010dit\u00fdch technick\u00fdch kategori\u00edch, reklam\u011b, na cedul\u00edch a pro stylistick\u00e9 zv\u00fdrazn\u011bn\u00ed. P\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s kurz\u00edvou pom\u00e1h\u00e1 pouze jako p\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017een\u00ed: katakana m\u00e1 sv\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed pou\u017eit\u00ed a automaticky nenahrazuje ve\u0161ker\u00e9 zv\u00fdrazn\u011bn\u00ed, kter\u00e9 by bylo v portugal\u0161tin\u011b provedeno kurz\u00edvou.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Kdy pou\u017e\u00edt kand\u017ei<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kand\u017ei se objevuje v mnoha plnov\u00fdznamov\u00fdch slovech, zejm\u00e9na u podstatn\u00fdch jmen a z\u00e1klad\u016f sloves a p\u0159\u00eddavn\u00fdch jmen. \u65e5\u672c znamen\u00e1 Japonsko, \u98f2 ve \u98f2\u307f\u307e\u3059 nese v\u00fdznam p\u00edt a \u65b0 ve \u65b0\u3057\u3044 se pod\u00edl\u00ed na slov\u011b \u201cnov\u00fd\u201d. Znaky pom\u00e1haj\u00ed \u010dten\u00e1\u0159i rozpoznat slova, v\u00fdznamy a vizu\u00e1ln\u00ed hranice ve v\u011bt\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To nevytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed pravidlo \u201cpou\u017e\u00edvat kand\u017ei co nejv\u00edce\u201d. Skute\u010dn\u00fd pravopis z\u00e1vis\u00ed na slov\u011b, konvenci, publiku a m\u00e9diu. Vz\u00e1cn\u00e9 znaky nebo m\u00e1lo p\u0159edv\u00eddateln\u00e9 \u010dten\u00ed mohou dostat furiganu nebo b\u00fdt nahrazeny kanou, kdy\u017e to vy\u017eaduje srozumitelnost.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Seznam d\u017e\u00f3j\u00f3 kand\u017ei slou\u017e\u00ed jako reference pro pou\u017eit\u00ed znak\u016f v sou\u010dasn\u00e9m spole\u010densk\u00e9m \u017eivot\u011b, nikoli jako katalog v\u0161eho, co existuje, ani jako univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed po\u0159ad\u00ed pro studium. Ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed formulace je v <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bunka.go.jp\/kokugo_nihongo\/sisaku\/joho\/joho\/kijun\/naikaku\/kanji\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">seznamu kand\u017ei pro b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 pou\u017eit\u00ed Agentury pro kulturn\u00ed z\u00e1le\u017eitosti<\/a>. Pro u\u010den\u00ed znak\u016f v kontextu slov a \u010dten\u00ed pou\u017eijte <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/kanji\/\">kompletn\u00edho pr\u016fvodce japonsk\u00fdmi kand\u017ei<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Jak se v\u0161echny t\u0159i objevuj\u00ed ve stejn\u00e9 v\u011bt\u011b<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pod\u00edvejte se na jednoduchou v\u011btu:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>\u79c1\u306f\u30b3\u30fc\u30d2\u30fc\u3092\u98f2\u307f\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/p><p>\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306f\u30b3\u30fc\u30d2\u30fc\u3092\u306e\u307f\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/p><p><em>Watashi wa k\u014dh\u012b o nomimasu.<\/em><\/p><p>Piji k\u00e1vu.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>\u79c1<\/strong> e <strong>\u98f2<\/strong> jsou kand\u017ei a nesou lexik\u00e1ln\u00ed informaci;<\/li><li><strong>\u306f<\/strong>, <strong>\u3092<\/strong> e <strong>\u307f\u307e\u3059<\/strong> jsou v hiragan\u011b a ukazuj\u00ed gramatick\u00e9 vztahy a flexi;<\/li><li><strong>\u30b3\u30fc\u30d2\u30fc<\/strong> je v katakan\u011b, proto\u017ee je to p\u0159ejat\u00e9 slovo za\u010dlen\u011bn\u00e9 do japon\u0161tiny.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u011bta jasn\u011b ukazuje, pro\u010d syst\u00e9my mezi sebou nesout\u011b\u017e\u00ed. Ka\u017ed\u00fd p\u0159isp\u00edv\u00e1 ke \u010dten\u00ed. M\u00edsto snahy vybrat jedinou \u201cabecedu\u201d se student u\u010d\u00ed rozpozn\u00e1vat funkci ka\u017ed\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Co d\u011blat, kdy\u017e nezn\u00e1te kand\u017ei<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Naps\u00e1n\u00ed slova v hiragan\u011b m\u016f\u017ee umo\u017enit jeho p\u0159e\u010dten\u00ed, ale to nezaru\u010duje, \u017ee v\u011bta bude stejn\u011b p\u0159irozen\u00e1 nebo snadno interpretovateln\u00e1. Bez mezer m\u016f\u017ee dlouh\u00e1 sekvence kany skr\u00fdt hranice mezi slovy a vytvo\u0159it nejednozna\u010dnost.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pro studium rad\u011bji konzultujte pravopis pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd ve slovn\u00edc\u00edch a skute\u010dn\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edkladech. P\u0159i psan\u00ed vstupn\u00ed metoda navrhuje konverze na kand\u017ei, ale je t\u0159eba potvrdit, zda znak odpov\u00edd\u00e1 zam\u00fd\u0161len\u00e9mu slovu. Ve v\u00fdukov\u00fdch materi\u00e1lech je furigana lep\u0161\u00ed alternativou ne\u017e vyh\u00fdbat se v\u0161emu kand\u017ei.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u010cast\u00e9 chyby p\u0159i v\u00fdb\u011bru p\u00edsma<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Zach\u00e1zet se t\u0159emi syst\u00e9my jako s ekvivalentn\u00edmi abecedami.<\/strong> Hiragana a katakana jsou slabi\u010dn\u00e9 abecedy (mora); kand\u017ei funguje jinak.<\/li><li><strong>P\u0159episovat ciz\u00ed pravopis p\u00edsmeno po p\u00edsmenu.<\/strong> Katakana p\u0159edstavuje zvukovou adaptaci a \u0159\u00edd\u00ed se konven\u010dn\u00edmi tvary.<\/li><li><strong>Pou\u017e\u00edvejte katakanu pouze pro anglick\u00e1 slova.<\/strong> V\u00fdp\u016fj\u010dky mohou poch\u00e1zet z r\u016fzn\u00fdch jazyk\u016f, krom\u011b jmen, zvuk\u016f a stylistick\u00fdch pou\u017eit\u00ed.<\/li><li><strong>Vynucovat kand\u017ei tam, kde je forma kany p\u0159irozen\u011bj\u0161\u00ed.<\/strong> Existence znaku neznamen\u00e1, \u017ee je jeho pou\u017eit\u00ed povinn\u00e9.<\/li><li><strong>Memorovat znaky mimo slova.<\/strong> \u010cten\u00ed a v\u00fdznamy jsou jasn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, kdy\u017e se u\u010d\u00ed ve slovn\u00ed z\u00e1sob\u011b a v\u011bt\u00e1ch.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Jak procvi\u010dovat v\u00fdb\u011br ka\u017ed\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Za\u010dn\u011bte zvl\u00e1dnut\u00edm rozpozn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed kany a postupujte ke kand\u017ei v u\u017eite\u010dn\u00fdch slovech. <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/abeceda-japonstina-hiragana-katakana-studijni-prirucka\/\">Pr\u016fvodce studiem hiragany a katakany<\/a> organizuje po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed praxi, zat\u00edmco <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/kurz-japones-gratis-studium-pruvodce\/\">bezplatn\u00fd pl\u00e1n pro za\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edky<\/a> ukazuje, kde se psan\u00ed za\u0159azuje do celkov\u00e9ho po\u0159ad\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">P\u0159i \u010dten\u00ed kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 v\u011bty si v duchu ozna\u010dte: \u201cgramatika v hiragan\u011b\u201d, \u201cv\u00fdp\u016fj\u010dka nebo efekt v katakan\u011b\u201d a \u201clexik\u00e1ln\u00ed z\u00e1klad v kand\u017ei\u201d. Pot\u00e9 potvr\u010fte v\u00fdjimky. Japan Foundation doporu\u010duje spojovat u\u010den\u00ed psan\u00fdch forem se slovy, kter\u00e1 student ji\u017e sly\u0161el a zn\u00e1, jak vysv\u011btluje ve sv\u00fdch <a href=\"https:\/\/marugoto.jpf.go.jp\/en\/teacher\/qateaching\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">v\u00fdukov\u00fdch pokynech Marugoto<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Co sledovat p\u0159i p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00edm \u010dten\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A\u017e p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u011b naraz\u00edte na japonskou v\u011btu, nesna\u017ete se hned v\u0161e p\u0159elo\u017eit. Nejprve identifikujte t\u0159i typy p\u00edsma a zeptejte se, jakou funkci ka\u017ed\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st pln\u00ed. Tento zvyk prom\u011bn\u00ed \u201csm\u011bs\u201d v mapu: hiragana odhaluje gramatiku, katakana signalizuje slovn\u00ed druhy a opakuj\u00edc\u00ed se efekty a kand\u017ei zv\u00fdraz\u0148uje j\u00e1dra v\u00fdznamu.<\/p>\n\n\n<div id=\"rank-math-faq\" class=\"rank-math-block\">\n<div class=\"rank-math-list\">\n<div id=\"faq-question-5ae8e55788237\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Je mo\u017en\u00e9 ps\u00e1t v\u0161e v hiragan\u011b?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>Hiragana dok\u00e1\u017ee reprezentovat v\u00fdslovnost japonsk\u00fdch slov, ale psan\u00ed cel\u00e9 v\u011bty pouze s n\u00edm m\u016f\u017ee sn\u00ed\u017eit \u010ditelnost a vytvo\u0159it nejednozna\u010dnosti. Konven\u010dn\u00ed psan\u00ed kombinuje hiraganu, katakanu a kand\u017ei.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-9b6f89aa497cf\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Jsou ciz\u00ed jm\u00e9na v\u017edy ps\u00e1na katakanou?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>Ciz\u00ed jm\u00e9na se obvykle p\u0159episuj\u00ed do katakany podle v\u00fdslovnosti a zvuk\u016f dostupn\u00fdch v japon\u0161tin\u011b. Pokud existuje ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed nebo preferovan\u00fd pravopis dan\u00e9 osoby, m\u011bl by b\u00fdt respektov\u00e1n.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-b9897b7f984eb\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Jsou onomatopoie v\u017edy ps\u00e1ny v katakan\u011b?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>Ne. Onomatopoie a mimick\u00e1 slova se mohou objevit v katakan\u011b nebo hiragan\u011b. Volba z\u00e1vis\u00ed na konvenci, kontextu a po\u017eadovan\u00e9m vizu\u00e1ln\u00edm \u010di expresivn\u00edm efektu.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-28b4bc416cce5\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Mus\u00ed b\u00fdt ka\u017ed\u00e9 slovo japonsk\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu naps\u00e1no v hiragan\u011b?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>Ne. Mnoho slov japonsk\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 kand\u017ei, hiraganu nebo kombinaci oboj\u00edho. P\u0159irozen\u00fd pravopis z\u00e1vis\u00ed na slov\u011b, konvenci a publiku.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-423c322b574e2\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Je lep\u0161\u00ed se nejd\u0159\u00edve nau\u010dit katakanu nebo kand\u017ei?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>Pro za\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edky je u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 zvl\u00e1dnout hiraganu a katakanu brzy a za\u010d\u00edt s kand\u017ei postupn\u011b v r\u00e1mci slov a v\u011bt. Nen\u00ed nutn\u00e9 \u010dekat, a\u017e dokon\u010d\u00edte v\u0161echna kana, abyste poznali prvn\u00ed kand\u017ei.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Zjist\u011bte, kdy pou\u017e\u00edvat hiraganu, katakanu a kanji, jak se tyto t\u0159i syst\u00e9my vyskytuj\u00ed v jedn\u00e9 v\u011bt\u011b a jak\u00e9 volby pom\u00e1haj\u00ed p\u0159edch\u00e1zet chyb\u00e1m v japonsk\u00e9m psan\u00ed.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":1101,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[46,47,48,49],"tags":[16,2],"class_list":["post-1107","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-alfabeto-japones","category-alfabeto-japones-hiragana","category-alfabeto-japones-katakana","category-curso-de-japones-gratis","tag-alfabeto-japones","tag-idioma-japones","resize-featured-image"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1107","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/18"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1107"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1107\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4391,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1107\/revisions\/4391"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1101"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1107"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1107"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1107"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}