{"id":1614,"date":"2009-11-11T06:18:45","date_gmt":"2009-11-11T08:18:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/?p=1614"},"modified":"2018-03-06T17:46:06","modified_gmt":"2018-03-06T20:46:06","slug":"japonske-poradi-slov","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/ordem-das-palavras-em-japones\/","title":{"rendered":"Po\u0159ad\u00ed slov v japon\u0161tin\u011b"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"c0799bc3a0e94be098a47dd4bca28a45\" data-index=\"2\" style=\"float: none; margin:0px;\">\n<script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-0652292147574552\"\r\n     crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script>\r\n<!-- Ads responsivo Inicio Post CAJap -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:block\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-0652292147574552\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"3298668993\"\r\n     data-ad-format=\"auto\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script>\n<\/div>\n<p><em>Zjist\u011bte to nyn\u00ed\u00a0<strong>po\u0159ad\u00ed slov v japon\u0161tin\u011b <\/strong>a u\u017e se nenechte zm\u00e1st!<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Znalost z\u00e1klad\u016f tvorby fr\u00e1z\u00ed nebo v\u011bt v japon\u0161tin\u011b n\u00e1m umo\u017e\u0148uje st\u00e1t se plynulej\u0161\u00edmi a vytv\u00e1\u0159et vlastn\u00ed v\u011bty podle na\u0161ich pot\u0159eb. K tomu je t\u0159eba v\u011bd\u011bt, jak uspo\u0159\u00e1dat slova a pou\u017e\u00edvat spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 gramatick\u00e9 prost\u0159edky, abyste byli schopni vyj\u00e1d\u0159it to, co chcete, aby v\u00e1m rozum\u011bl ka\u017ed\u00fd rodil\u00fd mluv\u010d\u00ed japon\u0161tiny.<\/p>\n<h2>Po\u0159ad\u00ed slov v japon\u0161tin\u011b<\/h2>\n<p>Pokud to nedok\u00e1\u017eeme, bude obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 se vyj\u00e1d\u0159it, sd\u011blit, co chceme, a z\u00e1rove\u0148 bude nemo\u017en\u00e9 porozum\u011bt jak\u00e9mukoli sd\u011blen\u00ed v japon\u0161tin\u011b. Prvn\u00edm krokem ke znalosti jazyka je tedy poznat, jak jsou slova uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1na ve v\u011bt\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n<h2>Ale co je to v\u011bta?<\/h2>\n<p>Fr\u00e1ze nebo v\u011bta je jednodu\u0161e uspo\u0159\u00e1dan\u00fd sled slov. Stejn\u00e1 posloupnost slov n\u00e1m umo\u017e\u0148uje \u010dinit prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed, kl\u00e1st ot\u00e1zky, vyjad\u0159ovat my\u0161lenky, vzn\u00e1\u0161et po\u017eadavky, vyjad\u0159ovat sv\u016fj n\u00e1zor atd.<\/p>\n<p>V portugal\u0161tin\u011b v\u011bta obvykle za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 velk\u00fdm p\u00edsmenem a kon\u010d\u00ed te\u010dkou, a\u0165 u\u017e jde o te\u010dku, vyk\u0159i\u010dn\u00edk, otazn\u00edk nebo jin\u00e9 znam\u00e9nko, kter\u00e9 se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 k ozna\u010den\u00ed konce v\u011bty.<\/p>\n<p>V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/\">Japonsk\u00fd jazyk<\/a>Proto\u017ee neexistuj\u00ed velk\u00e1 ani mal\u00e1 p\u00edsmena, za\u010d\u00e1tek v\u011bty nen\u00ed nijak ozna\u010den. V b\u011b\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00edch textech jsou odstavce ozna\u010deny mezerou mezi nimi a n\u011bkdy maj\u00ed tak\u00e9 \u0159\u00e1dkov\u00e9 odr\u00e1\u017eky.<\/p>\n<p>V japon\u0161tin\u011b se konec v\u011bty ozna\u010duje symbolem \"\u3002\" nebo jednodu\u0161e \".\" jako na\u0161e te\u010dka.<\/p>\n<p>V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b vyk\u0159i\u010dn\u00edk\u016f a t\u00e1zac\u00edch slov neexistuj\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 specifick\u00e1 ozna\u010den\u00ed podobn\u00e1 na\u0161im \"?\" a \"!\". V japon\u0161tin\u011b jsou tyto zna\u010dky nepovinn\u00e9 a nepou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed se v\u017edy.<\/p>\n<p><strong>P\u0159\u00edklady:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"Tanaka-san wa nihonjin. Pan Tanaka Japanese be.\">\u305f\u304b\u306a\u3055\u3093\u306f\u65e5\u672c\u4eba\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/acronym>\u00a0( Pan Tanaka Japonec b\u00fdt. )<\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"Amanda-chan wa amerikajin desu ka. | Miss American Amanda be?\">\u30a2\u30de\u30f3\u30c0\u3061\u3083\u3093\u306f\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u4eba\u3067\u3059\u304b\uff1f<\/acronym>\u00a0(Sle\u010dna Amanda American be. )<\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"Nihongo ga hanasemasen yo. Japonci neum\u00ed mluvit!\">\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u304c\u8a71\u305b\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3088\uff01<\/acronym>\u00a0( Japonci neum\u00ed mluvit! )<\/p>\n<h2>Porovn\u00e1n\u00ed v\u011bt v portugal\u0161tin\u011b a japon\u0161tin\u011b<\/h2>\n<p>V portugal\u0161tin\u011b lze v\u0161echny b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 v\u011bty rozd\u011blit na t\u0159i \u010d\u00e1sti: podm\u011bt, sloveso a p\u0159edm\u011bt. Krom\u011b toho je v portugal\u0161tin\u011b nejlogi\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed uspo\u0159\u00e1dat v\u011btu tak, \u017ee na prvn\u00edm m\u00edst\u011b je podm\u011bt, pak sloveso a nakonec p\u0159edm\u011bt nebo p\u0159\u00edsudek.<\/p>\n<p><strong>P\u0159\u00edklady:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>P\u0159edm\u011bt + sloveso + p\u0159edm\u011bt<\/p>\n<p>Sushi j\u00edm ka\u017ed\u00fd den<\/p>\n<p>S\u00e1ra nos\u00ed \u010derven\u00e9 br\u00fdle<\/p>\n<p>Marcos m\u00e1 modr\u00e9 auto<\/p>\n<p>Podle portugalsk\u00e9 gramatiky se v\u011bta st\u00e1le d\u011bl\u00ed na dv\u011b \u010d\u00e1sti: podm\u011bt a p\u0159\u00edsudek. Domn\u00edv\u00e1m se, \u017ee toto je v portugal\u0161tin\u011b nejb\u011b\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed d\u011blen\u00ed v\u011bt.<\/p>\n<p>P\u0159edm\u011bt je hlavn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed v\u011bty. Obvykle je tvo\u0159en podstatn\u00fdm jm\u00e9nem nebo z\u00e1jmenem. Krom\u011b toho je to prvn\u00ed p\u0159edm\u011bt, kter\u00fd se nach\u00e1z\u00ed v b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 v\u011bt\u011b.<\/p>\n<p>Predik\u00e1t je v\u0161e, co se \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 nebo zmi\u0148uje o subjektu. Obecn\u011b se predik\u00e1t skl\u00e1d\u00e1 ze slovesa a dopl\u0148ku, kter\u00e9 spole\u010dn\u011b vyjad\u0159uj\u00ed n\u011bco d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9ho o p\u0159edm\u011btu v\u011bty.<\/p>\n<p>V japon\u0161tin\u011b jsou v\u011bty uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1ny trochu jinak. V jednoduch\u00fdch v\u011bt\u00e1ch nejprve najdeme podm\u011bt v\u011bty, pak p\u0159edm\u011bt a nakonec sloveso. T\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem m\u016f\u017eeme pozorovat m\u00edrnou inverzi v z\u00e1kladn\u00edm po\u0159ad\u00ed japonsk\u00fdch v\u011bt, kter\u00e9 tvo\u0159\u00ed tzv. po\u0159ad\u00ed SOV (subjekt + objekt + sloveso).<\/p>\n<p><strong>P\u0159\u00edklady:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Podm\u011bt + p\u0159edm\u011bt + sloveso<\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"Watashi wa mainichi sushi o taberu. Sushi j\u00edm ka\u017ed\u00fd den.\">\u79c1\u306f\u6bce\u65e5\u3059\u3057\u3092\u98df\u3079\u308b\u3002<\/acronym>( Sushi j\u00edm ka\u017ed\u00fd den. )<\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"Ok\u0101san ga pan o kaimashita. | Moje maminka koupila chleba.\">\u304a\u6bcd\u3055\u3093\u304c\u30d1\u30f3\u3092\u8cb7\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/acronym>\u00a0(M\u00e1ma koupila chleba.)<\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"Kanojo wa eiga o mimashita. | She film watch.\">\u5f7c\u5973\u306f\u6620\u753b\u3092\u898b\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/acronym>\u00a0( D\u00edv\u00e1 se na film. )<\/p>\n<h2>Dal\u0161\u00ed pozn\u00e1mky k japonsk\u00fdm fr\u00e1z\u00edm<\/h2>\n<p>Existuj\u00ed i dal\u0161\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 poznatky o organizaci a slo\u017een\u00ed <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/japonska-slovni-zasoba\/\">Japonsk\u00e9 fr\u00e1ze<\/a>. Tyto zvl\u00e1\u0161tnosti je t\u0159eba m\u00edt na pam\u011bti, kdykoli mluv\u00edte nebo <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/napsat-japonska-okna\/\">psan\u00ed v japon\u0161tin\u011b<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1. Na konci v\u011bty nenajdeme v\u017edy vlastn\u00ed sloveso, ale jak\u00e9si pomocn\u00e9 sloveso neboli zdvo\u0159ilostn\u00ed pomocn\u00e9 sloveso, kter\u00e9 p\u0159eb\u00edr\u00e1 v\u00fdznam slovesa.<\/p>\n<p><strong>P\u0159\u00edklad:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"Yamada-san nihonjin desu. Pan Yamada Japanese be.\">\u5c71\u7530\u3055\u3093\u306f\u65e5\u672c\u4eba<span style=\"color: #ff9900\">\u3067\u3059<\/span>\u3002<\/acronym><\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"desu | ser\">\u3067\u3059<\/acronym>\u00a0je zdvo\u0159ilostn\u00ed pomocn\u00fd v\u00fdraz, kter\u00fd p\u0159eb\u00edr\u00e1 v\u00fdznam slovesa. V na\u0161em p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b m\u00e1 v\u00fdznam slovesa b\u00fdt v japon\u0161tin\u011b.<\/p>\n<p>2. Logick\u00e9 po\u0159ad\u00ed slov nen\u00ed pevn\u00e9 pro prvky, kter\u00e9 nejsou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed posloupnosti SOV (podm\u011bt + p\u0159edm\u011bt + sloveso), jako jsou p\u0159\u00edslovce \u010dasu nebo m\u00edsta. V takov\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech se tyto prvky mohou objevit p\u0159ed nebo t\u011bsn\u011b za p\u0159edm\u011btem v\u011bty.<\/p>\n<p>3. Modifik\u00e1tory nebo kvalifik\u00e1tory, stejn\u011b jako p\u0159\u00eddavn\u00e1 jm\u00e9na, stoj\u00ed v\u017edy p\u0159ed modifikovan\u00fdm prvkem. P\u0159\u00eddavn\u00e1 jm\u00e9na se tedy v\u017edy objevuj\u00ed p\u0159ed podstatn\u00fdmi jm\u00e9ny, kter\u00fdm p\u0159isuzuj\u00ed n\u011bjakou vlastnost.<\/p>\n<p><strong>P\u0159\u00edklady:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"Kare wa mainichi uchi de shinbun o takusan yomimasu. \u010cte noviny ka\u017ed\u00fd den.\">\u5f7c\u306f\u6bce\u65e5\u5bb6\u3067\u65b0\u805e\u3092\u6ca2\u5c71\u8aad\u307f\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/acronym><\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"Shinbun wa teeburu no ue ni ga arimasu. | Top table newspaper in estar.\">\u65b0\u805e\u306f\u30c6\u30fc\u30d6\u30eb\u306e\u4e0a\u306b\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/acronym><\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"Kanojo wa honya de hon o kaimashita. | Ona knihkupectv\u00ed jeden koupil.\">\u5f7c\u5973\u306f\u672c\u5c4b\u3067\u672c\u3092\u8cb7\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/acronym><\/p>\n<h2>Ne\u00fapln\u00e9 v\u011bty<\/h2>\n<p>V japon\u0161tin\u011b, stejn\u011b jako v jin\u00fdch sv\u011btov\u00fdch jazyc\u00edch, se ve v\u011bt\u00e1ch pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed implicitn\u00ed prvky. Jin\u00fdmi slovy, v\u011btu je mo\u017en\u00e9 pochopit, ani\u017e bychom pou\u017eili jej\u00ed kontext jako z\u00e1klad nebo dopln\u011bk sd\u011blovan\u00e9ho sd\u011blen\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>V japonsk\u00fdch v\u011bt\u00e1ch se podm\u011bt nebo \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed t\u00e9ma v\u011bty obvykle vynech\u00e1v\u00e1 v situac\u00edch, kdy je tento prvek ji\u017e jasn\u011b zm\u00edn\u011bn nebo je zcela z\u0159ejm\u00fd. Nap\u0159:<\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"Kore wa nan desu ka? Co to m\u00e1 b\u00fdt?\">\u3053\u308c\u306f\u4f55\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/acronym><\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"Kore wa hon desu. Tato kniha bude.\">\u3053\u308c\u306f\u672c\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/acronym>( Gramaticky o\u010dek\u00e1van\u00e1 odpov\u011b\u010f )<\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"Hon desu. | Book be.\">\u672c\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/acronym>\u00a0(Nejpou\u017e\u00edvan\u011bj\u0161\u00ed odpov\u011b\u010f)<\/p>\n<p>Dal\u0161\u00ed \u010dastou formou ne\u00fapln\u00fdch v\u011bt je vynech\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1jmena \"vy\". Japonci toto z\u00e1jmeno rad\u011bji vynech\u00e1vaj\u00ed, proto\u017ee i bez n\u011bj jsou v\u011bty jasn\u011b srozumiteln\u00e9 z kontextu. Krom\u011b toho pro Japonce nen\u00ed z\u00e1jmeno \"vy\" nebo \"vy\" p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 zdvo\u0159il\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"Anata wa nani o kaimashita ka. | Co jste si koupili?\">\u3042\u306a\u305f\u306f\u4f55\u3092\u8cb7\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u304b\u3002<\/acronym>\u00a0(Gramaticky o\u010dek\u00e1van\u00e1 v\u011bta)<\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"Nani o kaimashita ka. | Co jste si koupili?\">\u4f55\u3092\u8cb7\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u304b\u3002<\/acronym>\u00a0(Nejpou\u017e\u00edvan\u011bj\u0161\u00ed fr\u00e1ze)<\/p>\n<p>P\u0159esto\u017ee se jim \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 ne\u00fapln\u00e9 v\u011bty, pro Japonce jsou \u00fapln\u00e9. Jejich filozofie se z\u0159ejm\u011b \u0159\u00edd\u00ed p\u0159\u00edslov\u00edm: \"K dobr\u00e9mu porozum\u011bn\u00ed sta\u010d\u00ed p\u016fl slova (nebo v\u011bty).\" To je pro Japonce velmi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n<div style=\"font-size: 0px; height: 0px; line-height: 0px; margin: 0; padding: 0; clear: both;\"><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Nau\u010dte se nyn\u00ed japonsk\u00fd slovosled a u\u017e se nenechte zm\u00e1st! Znalost z\u00e1klad\u016f tvorby fr\u00e1z\u00ed nebo v\u011bt v japon\u0161tin\u011b n\u00e1m umo\u017en\u00ed st\u00e1t se plynulej\u0161\u00edmi a vytv\u00e1\u0159et vlastn\u00ed v\u011bty od nuly.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":85,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[49],"tags":[2,3],"class_list":["post-1614","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-curso-de-japones-gratis","tag-idioma-japones","tag-nihongo","resize-featured-image"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1614","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/18"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1614"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1614\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/85"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1614"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1614"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1614"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}