{"id":1637,"date":"2009-11-07T12:05:47","date_gmt":"2009-11-07T14:05:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/?p=1637"},"modified":"2018-03-08T19:16:36","modified_gmt":"2018-03-08T22:16:36","slug":"zakladni-japonska-gramatika","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/gramatica-japonesa-fundamental\/","title":{"rendered":"Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed japonsk\u00e1 gramatika"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"c0799bc3a0e94be098a47dd4bca28a45\" data-index=\"2\" style=\"float: none; margin:0px;\">\n<script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-0652292147574552\"\r\n     crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script>\r\n<!-- Ads responsivo Inicio Post CAJap -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:block\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-0652292147574552\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"3298668993\"\r\n     data-ad-format=\"auto\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script>\n<\/div>\n<p><em>Zjist\u011bte v\u00edce o\u00a0<strong>z\u00e1kladn\u00ed japonsk\u00e1 gramatika<\/strong> pro studenty nihongo!<\/em><\/p>\n<p>V dne\u0161n\u00edm \u010dl\u00e1nku se sezn\u00e1m\u00edme se z\u00e1klady japonsk\u00e9ho jazyka a pochop\u00edme, jak tvo\u0159it jednoduch\u00e9 v\u011bty.<\/p>\n<h2>Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed japonsk\u00e1 gramatika<\/h2>\n<p>Dne\u0161n\u00ed obsah v\u00e1m tak\u00e9 pom\u016f\u017ee l\u00e9pe pochopit v\u0161e, co jsme se ji\u017e nau\u010dili v p\u0159edchoz\u00edch \u010dl\u00e1nc\u00edch. Ne\u010dekejte v\u0161ak \u017e\u00e1dnou velkou hloubku. Jedn\u00e1 se o velmi z\u00e1kladn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st japonsk\u00e9ho jazyka a postupem \u010dasu budeme na\u0161e gramatick\u00e9 znalosti je\u0161t\u011b prohlubovat.<\/p>\n<p class=\"orange\">Naje\u010fte na japonsk\u00e1 p\u00edsmena a zobrazte jejich v\u00fdslovnost a p\u0159eklad.<\/p>\n<h2>Japonsk\u00e1 gramatika a \u010d\u00e1stice<\/h2>\n<p>Vol\u00e1n\u00ed\u00a0<em>\u010d\u00e1stice<\/em>jsou <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/abeceda-japonstina-hiragana-katakana-studijni-prirucka\/\">slabiky japonsk\u00e9 abecedy<\/a> se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 k ozna\u010den\u00ed slov ve v\u011bt\u011b nebo te\u010dky. V japonsk\u00e9 gramatice hraj\u00ed velmi d\u016fle\u017eitou roli, proto\u017ee ozna\u010duj\u00ed funkci ka\u017ed\u00e9ho slova ve v\u011bt\u011b.<\/p>\n<p>\u010c\u00e1stice tedy ur\u010duj\u00ed, kter\u00e9 slovo je podm\u011btem v\u011bty, kter\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edm\u00fdm nebo nep\u0159\u00edm\u00fdm p\u0159edm\u011btem, kter\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st v\u011bty je p\u0159\u00edsudkem atd. V japonsk\u00e9 gramatice nemaj\u00ed \u010d\u00e1stice specifick\u00fd p\u0159eklad, v mnoha p\u0159\u00edpadech dokonce nemaj\u00ed ani p\u0159eklad, ale pokud jsou p\u0159elo\u017eeny, hraj\u00ed obecn\u011b podobnou roli jako na\u0161e p\u0159edlo\u017eky, \u010dleny a spojky.<\/p>\n<p>Dal\u0161\u00edm d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm jevem v japonsk\u00e9 gramatice je skute\u010dnost, \u017ee \u010d\u00e1stice maj\u00ed jin\u00fd zvuk ne\u017e p\u0159i psan\u00ed. N\u011bkter\u00e9 slabiky mohou p\u0159i pou\u017eit\u00ed jako \u010d\u00e1stice zm\u011bnit sv\u016fj zvuk. To je p\u0159\u00edpad \u010d\u00e1stic\u00a0<acronym title=\"wa\">\u306f<\/acronym>\u00a0e\u00a0<acronym title=\"e\">\u3078<\/acronym>Ve skute\u010dnosti se p\u00ed\u0161\u00ed se slabikami HA a HE, ale \u010dtou se jako WA a E.<\/p>\n<p>Nebojte se, pokud te\u010f moc nerozum\u00edte, \u010dasem to bude snaz\u0161\u00ed a nau\u010d\u00edte se v\u00edce o japonsk\u00e9 gramatice.<\/p>\n<h3>Sezn\u00e1men\u00ed s \u010d\u00e1stic\u00ed WA a standardem\u00a0<strong>A\u00a0<acronym title=\"wa\">\u306f<\/acronym>\u00a0B\u00a0<acronym title=\"desu | Slovo podobn\u00e9 slovesu ser v portugal\u0161tin\u011b.\">\u3067\u3059<\/acronym><\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>V japon\u0161tin\u011b se velmi \u010dasto vyskytuj\u00ed v\u011bty, ve kter\u00fdch se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1stice\u00a0<acronym title=\"wa\">\u306f<\/acronym>. Obvykle ozna\u010duje, \u017ee slovo p\u0159ed n\u00edm je t\u00e9matem nebo hlavn\u00edm p\u0159edm\u011btem v\u011bty. Pojem t\u00e9matu v portugal\u0161tin\u011b neexistuje, proto se t\u00e9ma <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/zakladni-japonska-slovni-zasoba-pro-zacatecniky\/\">Japonsk\u00e9 fr\u00e1ze<\/a> se \u010dasto dost\u00e1v\u00e1 do pozice subjektu ve voln\u00e9m p\u0159ekladu z japon\u0161tiny do portugal\u0161tiny.<\/p>\n<p>A <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/zakladni-castice-cast-1-%e3%81%af-a-%e3%81%8c-2\/\">wa \u010d\u00e1stice<\/a> se tak\u00e9 hojn\u011b pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 k vytvo\u0159en\u00ed\u00a0<strong>A\u00a0<acronym title=\"wa\">\u306f<\/acronym>\u00a0B\u00a0<acronym title=\"desu | Slovo podobn\u00e9 slovesu ser v portugal\u0161tin\u011b.\">\u3067\u3059<\/acronym><\/strong>\u00a0(A je B), p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e v\u00fdchoz\u00ed\u00a0<strong>A<\/strong>\u00a0je hlavn\u00edm t\u00e9matem v\u011bty,\u00a0<strong>B<\/strong>\u00a0o \u010dem mluv\u00edme\u00a0<strong>A<\/strong>\u00a0e\u00a0<acronym title=\"desu | Slovo podobn\u00e9 slovesu ser v portugal\u0161tin\u011b.\">\u3067\u3059<\/acronym>\u00a0je slovo podobn\u00e9 portugalsk\u00e9mu slovesu ser. Pomoc\u00ed tohoto vzoru m\u016f\u017eeme vytvo\u0159it mnoho r\u016fzn\u00fdch v\u011bt, jako nap\u0159.:<\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"kare wa sensei desu - je to u\u010ditel\">\u5f7c<span class=\"orange\">\u306f<\/span>\u5148\u751f<span class=\"blue\">\u3067\u3059<\/span>\u3002<\/acronym><\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"kanojo wa nihonjin dewa arimasen - Nen\u00ed Japonka.\">\u5f7c\u5973<span class=\"orange\">\u306f<\/span>\u65e5\u672c\u4eba<span class=\"blue\">\u3067\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093<\/span>\u3002<\/acronym><\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"watashi wa edoarudo desu | eu-wa-eduardo-ser.\">\u79c1<span class=\"orange\">\u306f<\/span>\u30a8\u30c9\u30a2\u30eb\u30c9<span class=\"blue\">\u3067\u3059<\/span>\u3002<\/acronym><\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Ve v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00fdch v\u011bt\u00e1ch,\u00a0<acronym title=\"desu | Slovo podobn\u00e9 slovesu ser v portugal\u0161tin\u011b.\">\u3067\u3059<\/acronym>\u00a0m\u00e1 v\u00fdznam odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed slovesu ser a\u00a0<acronym title=\"dewa arimasen - neb\u00fdt\">\u3067\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093<\/acronym>\u00a0m\u00e1 z\u00e1porn\u00fd v\u00fdznam, n\u011bco jako \"neb\u00fdt\" nebo \"nen\u00ed\". Krom\u011b toho se v n\u011bm vyskytuje slabika\u00a0<acronym title=\"wa\">\u306f<\/acronym>\u00a0najdete na adrese\u00a0<acronym title=\"dewa arimasen - neb\u00fdt\">\u3067\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093<\/acronym>\u00a0je \u010d\u00e1stice. Proto se \u010dte jako wa, a ne ha.<\/p>\n<p>V japon\u0161tin\u011b existuj\u00ed i dal\u0161\u00ed slova, kter\u00e1 tuto \u010d\u00e1stici pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed ve sv\u00e9m slo\u017een\u00ed. Jako nap\u0159. slova\u00a0<acronym title=\"konnichiwa - Dobr\u00fd den nebo Dobr\u00e9 odpoledne\">\u3053\u3093\u306b\u3061\u306f<\/acronym>\u00a0e\u00a0<acronym title=\"konbanwa - Dobr\u00fd ve\u010der\">\u3053\u3093\u3070\u3093\u306f<\/acronym>.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>V mnoha p\u0159\u00edpadech, kdy je hlavn\u00ed t\u00e9ma ve v\u011bt\u011b ji\u017e jasn\u011b vyj\u00e1d\u0159eno, Japonci vynech\u00e1vaj\u00ed ob\u011b \u010d\u00e1stice.\u00a0<acronym title=\"wa\">\u306f<\/acronym>\u00a0jako samotn\u00e9 t\u00e9ma. Nap\u0159\u00edklad:<\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"kanojo wa sensei desu - Je to u\u010ditelka.\">\u5f7c\u5973<span class=\"orange\">\u306f<\/span>\u5148\u751f<span class=\"blue\">\u3067\u3059<\/span>\u3002<\/acronym><\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"nihonjin dewa arimasen - (Nen\u00ed) Japonka.\">\u65e5\u672c\u4eba<span class=\"blue\">\u3067\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093<\/span>\u3002<\/acronym><\/p>\n<p>V\u0161imn\u011bte si, \u017ee ob\u011b v\u011bty hovo\u0159\u00ed o stejn\u00e9m t\u00e9matu \"Ona\", a proto\u017ee ve druh\u00e9 v\u011bt\u011b je t\u00e9ma ji\u017e jasn\u011b zn\u00e1m\u00e9, lze ho vynechat, ani\u017e by to po\u0161kodilo porozum\u011bn\u00ed v\u011bt\u00e1m. Dal\u0161\u00ed v\u011bc, kter\u00e1 stoj\u00ed za zm\u00ednku, je, \u017ee sloveso se v japon\u0161tin\u011b obvykle objevuje na konci v\u011bty<br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h2>Japonsk\u00e1 gramatika a japonsk\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky<\/h2>\n<p>Podle japonsk\u00e9 gramatiky spo\u010d\u00edvaj\u00ed z\u00e1klady tvorby t\u00e1zac\u00edch v\u011bt v japon\u0161tin\u011b ve spr\u00e1vn\u00e9m pou\u017eit\u00ed \u010d\u00e1stic.\u00a0<span title=\"ka\"><acronym title=\"ka\">\u304b<\/acronym><\/span>, kter\u00fd se p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1 na konec v\u011bty, jako by to byl n\u00e1\u0161 otazn\u00edk.<span id=\"more-562\"><\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p>V hovorov\u00e9m jazyce na\u0161i orient\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159\u00e1tel\u00e9 \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed pro polo\u017een\u00ed ot\u00e1zky v japon\u0161tin\u011b \u010d\u00e1stici\u00a0<span title=\"v\"><acronym title=\"v\">\u306e<\/acronym><\/span>\u00a0(v z\u00e1vislosti na oblasti Japonska) m\u00edsto \u010d\u00e1stice\u00a0<acronym title=\"ka\">\u304b<\/acronym>nebo jednodu\u0161e nepou\u017e\u00edvat \u010d\u00e1stice a charakterizovat t\u00e1zac\u00ed v\u011btu intonac\u00ed hlasu.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Z tohoto d\u016fvodu si mus\u00edme b\u011bhem konverzace uv\u011bdomit, kdy je v\u011bta v\u00fdrokem a kdy se Japonci ptaj\u00ed. Nap\u0159\u00edklad:<\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"kare wa nihonjin desu. Je to Japonec.\">\u5f7c\u306f\u65e5\u672c\u4eba\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/acronym>\u00a0- Kladn\u00e1 v\u011bta v japon\u0161tin\u011b.<br \/>\n<acronym title=\"kare wa nihonjin desu ka? Je to Japonec?\">\u5f7c\u306f\u65e5\u672c\u4eba\u3067\u3059\u304b\uff1f<\/acronym>\u00a0- Form\u00e1ln\u00ed t\u00e1zac\u00ed v\u011bta.<br \/>\n<acronym title=\"kare wa nihonjin desu no? Je to Japonec?\">\u5f7c\u306f\u65e5\u672c\u4eba\u3067\u3059\u306e\uff1f<\/acronym>\u00a0- Neform\u00e1ln\u00ed t\u00e1zac\u00ed v\u011bta.<br \/>\n<acronym title=\"kare wa nihonjin desu? Je to Japonec?\">\u5f7c\u306f\u65e5\u672c\u4eba\u3067\u3059\uff1f<\/acronym>\u00a0- Zcela neform\u00e1ln\u00ed fr\u00e1ze. T\u00e1zac\u00ed v\u011btu pozn\u00e1te pouze podle intonace hlasu nebo znaku ?.<\/p>\n<p>V\u0161imn\u011bte si, \u017ee jsem pou\u017eil otazn\u00edky ? pouze proto, abych usnadnil rozli\u0161en\u00ed mezi t\u00e1zac\u00edmi a kladn\u00fdmi v\u011btami, proto\u017ee podle japonsk\u00e9 gramatiky je jejich pou\u017eit\u00ed nepovinn\u00e9. Pokud jde o texty a knihy, Japonci obecn\u011b p\u00ed\u0161\u00ed form\u00e1ln\u00edm zp\u016fsobem. D\u00edky tomu je snadn\u00e9 rozli\u0161it mezi ot\u00e1zkami a v\u00fdroky.<\/p>\n<h3>Jak odpov\u00eddat na ot\u00e1zky v japon\u0161tin\u011b<\/h3>\n<p>Nejz\u00e1kladn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm zp\u016fsobem, jak odpov\u011bd\u011bt na ot\u00e1zky v japon\u0161tin\u011b, je pou\u017e\u00edt slova\u00a0<acronym title=\"hai | ano\">\u306f\u3044<\/acronym>\u00a0nebo\u00a0<acronym title=\"iie | ne\">\u3044\u3044\u3048<\/acronym>a pot\u00e9 p\u0159idejte odpov\u011b\u010f pomoc\u00ed\u00a0<acronym title=\"desu | ser\">\u3067\u3059<\/acronym>\u00a0v p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9m tvaru. Pod\u00edvejte se na p\u0159\u00edklad n\u00ed\u017ee:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Pokud se chcete o desu dozv\u011bd\u011bt v\u00edce, p\u0159e\u010dt\u011bte si tento \u010dl\u00e1nek:\u00a0<a title=\"Desu - Sloveso b\u00fdt v japon\u0161tin\u011b\" href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/desu-o-verbo-ser-em-japones\/\">DESU sloveso b\u00fdt v japon\u0161tin\u011b s<\/a>.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><strong>P\u0159\u00edklad<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"Anata wa burajirujin desu ka. | Jsi Brazilec?\">\u3042\u306a\u305f\u306f\u30d6\u30e9\u30b8\u30eb\u4eba\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/acronym><\/p>\n<p>Na tento typ ot\u00e1zky lze odpov\u011bd\u011bt dv\u011bma zp\u016fsoby. Jeden je kladn\u00fd:<\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"Hai, burajirujin desu. Ano, jsem Brazilec.\">\u306f\u3044\u3001\u30d6\u30e9\u30b8\u30eb\u4eba\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/acronym><\/p>\n<p>A dal\u0161\u00ed negativn\u00ed:<\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"Iie, burajirujin dewa arimasen. Ne, nejsem Brazilec.\">\u3044\u3044\u3048\u3001\u30d6\u30e9\u30b8\u30eb\u4eba\u3067\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002<\/acronym><\/p>\n<h3>Kladen\u00ed ot\u00e1zek v japon\u0161tin\u011b s \u010d\u00e1stic\u00ed WA<\/h3>\n<p>P\u0159i rozhovorech v reklamn\u00edch spotech je velmi \u010dast\u00e9 vytv\u00e1\u0159et ot\u00e1zky v japon\u0161tin\u011b pouze pomoc\u00ed t\u00e9matu a \u010d\u00e1stic.\u00a0<acronym title=\"wa\">\u306f<\/acronym>. V takov\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech m\u016f\u017eete \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee v\u011bta je ot\u00e1zkou, pouze podle intonace hlasu. Nap\u0159\u00edklad:<\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"Kanojo wa? - Je to ona? Je to o n\u00ed?\">\u5f7c\u5973\u306f\uff1f<\/acronym><\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"Korejsk\u00fd wa? - Je to tak? Je to o tomhle?\">\u3053\u308c\u306f\uff1f<\/acronym><\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"watashi wa? - Je to o mn\u011b? Je to o mn\u011b?\">\u79c1\u306f\uff1f<\/acronym><\/p>\n<h2>Japonsk\u00e1 gramatika a vyk\u0159i\u010dn\u00edky<\/h2>\n<p>Tvo\u0159en\u00ed vyk\u0159i\u010dn\u00edk\u016f v japon\u0161tin\u011b je stejn\u011b jednoduch\u00e9 jako t\u00e1zac\u00edch v\u011bt. Pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me k tomu \u010d\u00e1stici\u00a0<acronym title=\"yo\">\u3088<\/acronym>jak n\u00e1s u\u010d\u00ed japonsk\u00e1 gramatika.<\/p>\n<p>\u010c\u00e1stice\u00a0<acronym title=\"yo\">\u3088<\/acronym>\u00a0je dal\u0161\u00ed velmi jednoduch\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1stice, kterou se m\u016f\u017eete nau\u010dit. Stejn\u011b jako\u00a0<acronym title=\"ka\">\u304b<\/acronym>,\u00a0<acronym title=\"yo\">\u3088<\/acronym>stoj\u00ed na konci japonsk\u00fdch v\u011bt a m\u00e1 vyk\u0159i\u010dn\u00edkov\u00fd charakter, jako by v\u011btu zd\u016fraz\u0148oval. Tato \u010d\u00e1stice se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 stejn\u011b jako n\u00e1\u0161 vyk\u0159i\u010dn\u00edk (!).<span id=\"more-556\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p>V mluven\u00e9m jazyce\u00a0<acronym title=\"yo\">\u3088<\/acronym>\u00a0je velmi v\u00fdrazn\u00fd a v\u017edy p\u0159itahuje pozornost poslucha\u010de. Nap\u0159\u00edklad:<\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"kore wa jamu desu yo! - Tohle je jam!\">\u3053\u308c\u306f\u30b8\u30e3\u30e0\u3067\u3059\u3088\u3002<\/acronym><\/p>\n<h2>Japonsk\u00e1 gramatika a \u010d\u00e1stice ne<\/h2>\n<p>Kdy\u017e cht\u011bj\u00ed Japonci zd\u016fraznit v\u011btu nebo jen upoutat pozornost poslucha\u010de, \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed \u010d\u00e1stici\u00a0<acronym title=\"ne\">\u306d<\/acronym>\u00a0na konci japonsk\u00fdch v\u011bt. \u010c\u00e1stice\u00a0<acronym title=\"ne\">\u306d<\/acronym>\u00a0nakonec nab\u00fdv\u00e1 stejn\u00e9ho v\u00fdznamu jako v\u00fdraz \"n\u00e3o \u00e9?\" pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd v portugal\u0161tin\u011b. Pod\u00edvejte se na to:<\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"Anata wa sensei desu ne? - Jste u\u010ditel, \u017ee?\">\u3042\u306a\u305f\u306f\u5148\u751f\u3067\u3059\u306d\u3002<\/acronym><\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"kare wa burajirujin desu ne? - Je to Brazilec. Nebo ne?\">\u5f7c\u306f\u30d6\u30e9\u30b8\u30eb\u4eba\u3067\u3059\u306d\u3002<\/acronym><\/p>\n<blockquote><p>V n\u011bkter\u00fdch oblastech Braz\u00edlie se v\u00fdraz \"n\u00e3o \u00e9?\" pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 stejn\u011b jako \u010d\u00e1stice\u00a0<acronym title=\"ne\">\u306d<\/acronym>\u00a0Japonska. Jak \"gramaticky\" (pokud to tak mohu \u0159\u00edct...), tak foneticky.<\/p>\n<p>N\u011bkolik m\u00fdch p\u0159\u00e1tel se m\u011b zeptalo: \"Ty jsi u\u010ditel japon\u0161tiny? Opravdu? Stejn\u011b jako \u010d\u00e1stice\u00a0<acronym title=\"ne\">\u306d<\/acronym>. \u017de? \ud83d\ude00<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Podle japonsk\u00e9 gramatiky je \u010d\u00e1stice\u00a0<acronym title=\"ne\">\u306d<\/acronym>\u00a0lze klasifikovat jako \u017e\u00e1dost o potvrzen\u00ed, ale ne v\u017edy se tak d\u011bje. V n\u011bkter\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech jako by mluv\u010d\u00ed pouze upout\u00e1val poslucha\u010dovu pozornost a nepot\u0159eboval nutn\u011b potvrzen\u00ed. To jsou v\u0161ak vz\u00e1cn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpady.<\/p>\n<p>Pokud jde o \u00farove\u0148 form\u00e1lnosti, pokud v\u00edm, \u010d\u00e1stice\u00a0<acronym title=\"ne\">\u306d<\/acronym>\u00a0lze pou\u017e\u00edvat bez omezen\u00ed. Nez\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed na tom, zda se jedn\u00e1 o form\u00e1ln\u00ed, neform\u00e1ln\u00ed, \u00fastn\u00ed nebo textovou konverzaci.<\/p>\n<p>Douf\u00e1m, \u017ee se v\u00e1m \u010dl\u00e1nky l\u00edb\u00ed. Pokud ne, nezapome\u0148te se ozvat. Pokud m\u00e1te n\u011bjak\u00e9 kritick\u00e9 p\u0159ipom\u00ednky nebo n\u00e1vrhy, jsem v\u017edy ochotn\u00fd naslouchat a sna\u017eit se zlep\u0161ovat.<\/p>\n<h2>Cvi\u010den\u00ed ru\u010dn\u00edho psan\u00ed kand\u017ei<\/h2>\n<p>N\u00ed\u017ee jsou uvedeny\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/japonske-symboly-jouyou-kanji\/\">Japonsk\u00e9 ideografick\u00e9 symboly<\/a>\u00a0pou\u017eit\u00e9 v tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku. Vyberte po\u017eadovan\u00e9 kand\u017ei, zkop\u00edrujte je a vlo\u017ete do pole\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/in\/imprimir-para-treinar-kanas-e-kanjis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pracovn\u00ed list pro procvi\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed kany a kand\u017ei<\/a>\u00a0 kliknut\u00edm na tla\u010d\u00edtko Generovat se otev\u0159e nov\u00e9 okno, ve kter\u00e9m si m\u016f\u017eete prohl\u00e9dnout soubor k tisku. Pot\u00e9 si symboly jednodu\u0161e vytiskn\u011bte a zkuste je napsat sami. Sta\u010d\u00ed vytisknout a procvi\u010dovat!<\/p>\n<table style=\"height: 79px\" border=\"0\" width=\"410\" cellspacing=\"2\" cellpadding=\"2\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u5f7c<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u5148<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u751f<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u65e5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u4eba<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u79c1<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u672c<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u5973<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<div style=\"font-size: 0px; height: 0px; line-height: 0px; margin: 0; padding: 0; clear: both;\"><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Zjist\u011bte v\u00edce o z\u00e1kladn\u00ed japonsk\u00e9 gramatice pro studenty nihonga! V dne\u0161n\u00edm \u010dl\u00e1nku se sezn\u00e1m\u00edme se z\u00e1klady japonsk\u00e9ho jazyka a porozum\u00edme tvorb\u011b jednoduch\u00fdch v\u011bt. Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed japonsk\u00e1 gramatika Obsah<\/p>","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":77,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[49,70],"tags":[27,71,2,3],"class_list":["post-1637","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-curso-de-japones-gratis","category-gramatica-japonesa","tag-gramatica","tag-gramatica-japonesa","tag-idioma-japones","tag-nihongo"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/estudando_japones.jpg?fit=450%2C300&ssl=1","jetpack-related-posts":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1637","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/18"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1637"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1637\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/77"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1637"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1637"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1637"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}