{"id":1637,"date":"2009-11-07T12:05:47","date_gmt":"2009-11-07T14:05:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/?p=1637"},"modified":"2018-03-08T19:16:36","modified_gmt":"2018-03-08T22:16:36","slug":"zakladni-japonska-gramatika","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/gramatica-japonesa-fundamental\/","title":{"rendered":"Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed japonsk\u00e1 gramatika"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"c0799bc3a0e94be098a47dd4bca28a45\" data-index=\"2\" style=\"float: none; margin:0px;\">\n<script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-0652292147574552\"\r\n     crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script>\r\n<!-- Ads responsivo Inicio Post CAJap -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:block\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-0652292147574552\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"3298668993\"\r\n     data-ad-format=\"auto\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script>\n<\/div>\n<p><em>Zjist\u011bte v\u00edce o\u00a0<strong>z\u00e1kladn\u00ed japonsk\u00e1 gramatika<\/strong> pro studenty nihongo!<\/em><\/p>\n<p>V dne\u0161n\u00edm \u010dl\u00e1nku se sezn\u00e1m\u00edme se z\u00e1klady japonsk\u00e9ho jazyka a pochop\u00edme, jak tvo\u0159it jednoduch\u00e9 v\u011bty.<\/p>\n<h2>Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed japonsk\u00e1 gramatika<\/h2>\n<p>Dne\u0161n\u00ed obsah v\u00e1m tak\u00e9 pom\u016f\u017ee l\u00e9pe pochopit v\u0161e, co jsme se ji\u017e nau\u010dili v p\u0159edchoz\u00edch \u010dl\u00e1nc\u00edch. Ne\u010dekejte v\u0161ak \u017e\u00e1dnou velkou hloubku. Jedn\u00e1 se o velmi z\u00e1kladn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st japonsk\u00e9ho jazyka a postupem \u010dasu budeme na\u0161e gramatick\u00e9 znalosti je\u0161t\u011b prohlubovat.<\/p>\n<p class=\"orange\">Naje\u010fte na japonsk\u00e1 p\u00edsmena a zobrazte jejich v\u00fdslovnost a p\u0159eklad.<\/p>\n<h2>Japonsk\u00e1 gramatika a \u010d\u00e1stice<\/h2>\n<p>Vol\u00e1n\u00ed\u00a0<em>\u010d\u00e1stice<\/em>jsou <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/abeceda-japonstina-hiragana-katakana-studijni-prirucka\/\">slabiky japonsk\u00e9 abecedy<\/a> se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 k ozna\u010den\u00ed slov ve v\u011bt\u011b nebo te\u010dky. V japonsk\u00e9 gramatice hraj\u00ed velmi d\u016fle\u017eitou roli, proto\u017ee ozna\u010duj\u00ed funkci ka\u017ed\u00e9ho slova ve v\u011bt\u011b.<\/p>\n<p>\u010c\u00e1stice tedy ur\u010duj\u00ed, kter\u00e9 slovo je podm\u011btem v\u011bty, kter\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edm\u00fdm nebo nep\u0159\u00edm\u00fdm p\u0159edm\u011btem, kter\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st v\u011bty je p\u0159\u00edsudkem atd. V japonsk\u00e9 gramatice nemaj\u00ed \u010d\u00e1stice specifick\u00fd p\u0159eklad, v mnoha p\u0159\u00edpadech dokonce nemaj\u00ed ani p\u0159eklad, ale pokud jsou p\u0159elo\u017eeny, hraj\u00ed obecn\u011b podobnou roli jako na\u0161e p\u0159edlo\u017eky, \u010dleny a spojky.<\/p>\n<p>Dal\u0161\u00edm d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm jevem v japonsk\u00e9 gramatice je skute\u010dnost, \u017ee \u010d\u00e1stice maj\u00ed jin\u00fd zvuk ne\u017e p\u0159i psan\u00ed. N\u011bkter\u00e9 slabiky mohou p\u0159i pou\u017eit\u00ed jako \u010d\u00e1stice zm\u011bnit sv\u016fj zvuk. To je p\u0159\u00edpad \u010d\u00e1stic\u00a0<acronym title=\"wa\">\u306f<\/acronym>\u00a0e\u00a0<acronym title=\"e\">\u3078<\/acronym>Ve skute\u010dnosti se p\u00ed\u0161\u00ed se slabikami HA a HE, ale \u010dtou se jako WA a E.<\/p>\n<p>Nebojte se, pokud te\u010f moc nerozum\u00edte, \u010dasem to bude snaz\u0161\u00ed a nau\u010d\u00edte se v\u00edce o japonsk\u00e9 gramatice.<\/p>\n<h3>Sezn\u00e1men\u00ed s \u010d\u00e1stic\u00ed WA a standardem\u00a0<strong>A\u00a0<acronym title=\"wa\">\u306f<\/acronym>\u00a0B\u00a0<acronym title=\"desu | Slovo podobn\u00e9 slovesu ser v portugal\u0161tin\u011b.\">\u3067\u3059<\/acronym><\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>V japon\u0161tin\u011b se velmi \u010dasto vyskytuj\u00ed v\u011bty, ve kter\u00fdch se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1stice\u00a0<acronym title=\"wa\">\u306f<\/acronym>. Obvykle ozna\u010duje, \u017ee slovo p\u0159ed n\u00edm je t\u00e9matem nebo hlavn\u00edm p\u0159edm\u011btem v\u011bty. Pojem t\u00e9matu v portugal\u0161tin\u011b neexistuje, proto se t\u00e9ma <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/zakladni-japonska-slovni-zasoba-pro-zacatecniky\/\">Japonsk\u00e9 fr\u00e1ze<\/a> se \u010dasto dost\u00e1v\u00e1 do pozice subjektu ve voln\u00e9m p\u0159ekladu z japon\u0161tiny do portugal\u0161tiny.<\/p>\n<p>A <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/zakladni-castice-cast-1-%e3%81%af-a-%e3%81%8c-2\/\">wa \u010d\u00e1stice<\/a> se tak\u00e9 hojn\u011b pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 k vytvo\u0159en\u00ed\u00a0<strong>A\u00a0<acronym title=\"wa\">\u306f<\/acronym>\u00a0B\u00a0<acronym title=\"desu | Slovo podobn\u00e9 slovesu ser v portugal\u0161tin\u011b.\">\u3067\u3059<\/acronym><\/strong>\u00a0(A je B), p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e v\u00fdchoz\u00ed\u00a0<strong>A<\/strong>\u00a0je hlavn\u00edm t\u00e9matem v\u011bty,\u00a0<strong>B<\/strong>\u00a0o \u010dem mluv\u00edme\u00a0<strong>A<\/strong>\u00a0e\u00a0<acronym title=\"desu | Slovo podobn\u00e9 slovesu ser v portugal\u0161tin\u011b.\">\u3067\u3059<\/acronym>\u00a0je slovo podobn\u00e9 portugalsk\u00e9mu slovesu ser. Pomoc\u00ed tohoto vzoru m\u016f\u017eeme vytvo\u0159it mnoho r\u016fzn\u00fdch v\u011bt, jako nap\u0159.:<\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"kare wa sensei desu - je to u\u010ditel\">\u5f7c<span class=\"orange\">\u306f<\/span>\u5148\u751f<span class=\"blue\">\u3067\u3059<\/span>\u3002<\/acronym><\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"kanojo wa nihonjin dewa arimasen - Nen\u00ed Japonka.\">\u5f7c\u5973<span class=\"orange\">\u306f<\/span>\u65e5\u672c\u4eba<span class=\"blue\">\u3067\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093<\/span>\u3002<\/acronym><\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"watashi wa edoarudo desu | eu-wa-eduardo-ser.\">\u79c1<span class=\"orange\">\u306f<\/span>\u30a8\u30c9\u30a2\u30eb\u30c9<span class=\"blue\">\u3067\u3059<\/span>\u3002<\/acronym><\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Ve v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00fdch v\u011bt\u00e1ch,\u00a0<acronym title=\"desu | Slovo podobn\u00e9 slovesu ser v portugal\u0161tin\u011b.\">\u3067\u3059<\/acronym>\u00a0m\u00e1 v\u00fdznam odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed slovesu ser a\u00a0<acronym title=\"dewa arimasen - neb\u00fdt\">\u3067\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093<\/acronym>\u00a0m\u00e1 z\u00e1porn\u00fd v\u00fdznam, n\u011bco jako \"neb\u00fdt\" nebo \"nen\u00ed\". Krom\u011b toho se v n\u011bm vyskytuje slabika\u00a0<acronym title=\"wa\">\u306f<\/acronym>\u00a0najdete na adrese\u00a0<acronym title=\"dewa arimasen - neb\u00fdt\">\u3067\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093<\/acronym>\u00a0je \u010d\u00e1stice. Proto se \u010dte jako wa, a ne ha.<\/p>\n<p>V japon\u0161tin\u011b existuj\u00ed i dal\u0161\u00ed slova, kter\u00e1 tuto \u010d\u00e1stici pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed ve sv\u00e9m slo\u017een\u00ed. Jako nap\u0159. slova\u00a0<acronym title=\"konnichiwa - Dobr\u00fd den nebo Dobr\u00e9 odpoledne\">\u3053\u3093\u306b\u3061\u306f<\/acronym>\u00a0e\u00a0<acronym title=\"konbanwa - Dobr\u00fd ve\u010der\">\u3053\u3093\u3070\u3093\u306f<\/acronym>.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>V mnoha p\u0159\u00edpadech, kdy je hlavn\u00ed t\u00e9ma ve v\u011bt\u011b ji\u017e jasn\u011b vyj\u00e1d\u0159eno, Japonci vynech\u00e1vaj\u00ed ob\u011b \u010d\u00e1stice.\u00a0<acronym title=\"wa\">\u306f<\/acronym>\u00a0jako samotn\u00e9 t\u00e9ma. Nap\u0159\u00edklad:<\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"kanojo wa sensei desu - Je to u\u010ditelka.\">\u5f7c\u5973<span class=\"orange\">\u306f<\/span>\u5148\u751f<span class=\"blue\">\u3067\u3059<\/span>\u3002<\/acronym><\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"nihonjin dewa arimasen - (Nen\u00ed) Japonka.\">\u65e5\u672c\u4eba<span class=\"blue\">\u3067\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093<\/span>\u3002<\/acronym><\/p>\n<p>V\u0161imn\u011bte si, \u017ee ob\u011b v\u011bty hovo\u0159\u00ed o stejn\u00e9m t\u00e9matu \"Ona\", a proto\u017ee ve druh\u00e9 v\u011bt\u011b je t\u00e9ma ji\u017e jasn\u011b zn\u00e1m\u00e9, lze ho vynechat, ani\u017e by to po\u0161kodilo porozum\u011bn\u00ed v\u011bt\u00e1m. Dal\u0161\u00ed v\u011bc, kter\u00e1 stoj\u00ed za zm\u00ednku, je, \u017ee sloveso se v japon\u0161tin\u011b obvykle objevuje na konci v\u011bty<br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h2>Japonsk\u00e1 gramatika a japonsk\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky<\/h2>\n<p>Podle japonsk\u00e9 gramatiky spo\u010d\u00edvaj\u00ed z\u00e1klady tvorby t\u00e1zac\u00edch v\u011bt v japon\u0161tin\u011b ve spr\u00e1vn\u00e9m pou\u017eit\u00ed \u010d\u00e1stic.\u00a0<span title=\"ka\"><acronym title=\"ka\">\u304b<\/acronym><\/span>, kter\u00fd se p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1 na konec v\u011bty, jako by to byl n\u00e1\u0161 otazn\u00edk.<span id=\"more-562\"><\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p>V hovorov\u00e9m jazyce na\u0161i orient\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159\u00e1tel\u00e9 \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed pro polo\u017een\u00ed ot\u00e1zky v japon\u0161tin\u011b \u010d\u00e1stici\u00a0<span title=\"v\"><acronym title=\"v\">\u306e<\/acronym><\/span>\u00a0(v z\u00e1vislosti na oblasti Japonska) m\u00edsto \u010d\u00e1stice\u00a0<acronym title=\"ka\">\u304b<\/acronym>nebo jednodu\u0161e nepou\u017e\u00edvat \u010d\u00e1stice a charakterizovat t\u00e1zac\u00ed v\u011btu intonac\u00ed hlasu.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Z tohoto d\u016fvodu si mus\u00edme b\u011bhem konverzace uv\u011bdomit, kdy je v\u011bta v\u00fdrokem a kdy se Japonci ptaj\u00ed. Nap\u0159\u00edklad:<\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"kare wa nihonjin desu. Je to Japonec.\">\u5f7c\u306f\u65e5\u672c\u4eba\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/acronym>\u00a0- Kladn\u00e1 v\u011bta v japon\u0161tin\u011b.<br \/>\n<acronym title=\"kare wa nihonjin desu ka? Je to Japonec?\">\u5f7c\u306f\u65e5\u672c\u4eba\u3067\u3059\u304b\uff1f<\/acronym>\u00a0- Form\u00e1ln\u00ed t\u00e1zac\u00ed v\u011bta.<br \/>\n<acronym title=\"kare wa nihonjin desu no? Je to Japonec?\">\u5f7c\u306f\u65e5\u672c\u4eba\u3067\u3059\u306e\uff1f<\/acronym>\u00a0- Neform\u00e1ln\u00ed t\u00e1zac\u00ed v\u011bta.<br \/>\n<acronym title=\"kare wa nihonjin desu? Je to Japonec?\">\u5f7c\u306f\u65e5\u672c\u4eba\u3067\u3059\uff1f<\/acronym>\u00a0- Zcela neform\u00e1ln\u00ed fr\u00e1ze. T\u00e1zac\u00ed v\u011btu pozn\u00e1te pouze podle intonace hlasu nebo znaku ?.<\/p>\n<p>V\u0161imn\u011bte si, \u017ee jsem pou\u017eil otazn\u00edky ? pouze proto, abych usnadnil rozli\u0161en\u00ed mezi t\u00e1zac\u00edmi a kladn\u00fdmi v\u011btami, proto\u017ee podle japonsk\u00e9 gramatiky je jejich pou\u017eit\u00ed nepovinn\u00e9. Pokud jde o texty a knihy, Japonci obecn\u011b p\u00ed\u0161\u00ed form\u00e1ln\u00edm zp\u016fsobem. D\u00edky tomu je snadn\u00e9 rozli\u0161it mezi ot\u00e1zkami a v\u00fdroky.<\/p>\n<h3>Jak odpov\u00eddat na ot\u00e1zky v japon\u0161tin\u011b<\/h3>\n<p>Nejz\u00e1kladn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm zp\u016fsobem, jak odpov\u011bd\u011bt na ot\u00e1zky v japon\u0161tin\u011b, je pou\u017e\u00edt slova\u00a0<acronym title=\"hai | ano\">\u306f\u3044<\/acronym>\u00a0nebo\u00a0<acronym title=\"iie | ne\">\u3044\u3044\u3048<\/acronym>a pot\u00e9 p\u0159idejte odpov\u011b\u010f pomoc\u00ed\u00a0<acronym title=\"desu | ser\">\u3067\u3059<\/acronym>\u00a0v p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9m tvaru. Pod\u00edvejte se na p\u0159\u00edklad n\u00ed\u017ee:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Pokud se chcete o desu dozv\u011bd\u011bt v\u00edce, p\u0159e\u010dt\u011bte si tento \u010dl\u00e1nek:\u00a0<a title=\"Desu - Sloveso b\u00fdt v japon\u0161tin\u011b\" href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/desu-o-verbo-ser-em-japones\/\">DESU sloveso b\u00fdt v japon\u0161tin\u011b s<\/a>.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><strong>P\u0159\u00edklad<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"Anata wa burajirujin desu ka. | Jsi Brazilec?\">\u3042\u306a\u305f\u306f\u30d6\u30e9\u30b8\u30eb\u4eba\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/acronym><\/p>\n<p>Na tento typ ot\u00e1zky lze odpov\u011bd\u011bt dv\u011bma zp\u016fsoby. Jeden je kladn\u00fd:<\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"Hai, burajirujin desu. Ano, jsem Brazilec.\">\u306f\u3044\u3001\u30d6\u30e9\u30b8\u30eb\u4eba\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/acronym><\/p>\n<p>A dal\u0161\u00ed negativn\u00ed:<\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"Iie, burajirujin dewa arimasen. Ne, nejsem Brazilec.\">\u3044\u3044\u3048\u3001\u30d6\u30e9\u30b8\u30eb\u4eba\u3067\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002<\/acronym><\/p>\n<h3>Kladen\u00ed ot\u00e1zek v japon\u0161tin\u011b s \u010d\u00e1stic\u00ed WA<\/h3>\n<p>P\u0159i rozhovorech v reklamn\u00edch spotech je velmi \u010dast\u00e9 vytv\u00e1\u0159et ot\u00e1zky v japon\u0161tin\u011b pouze pomoc\u00ed t\u00e9matu a \u010d\u00e1stic.\u00a0<acronym title=\"wa\">\u306f<\/acronym>. V takov\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech m\u016f\u017eete \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee v\u011bta je ot\u00e1zkou, pouze podle intonace hlasu. Nap\u0159\u00edklad:<\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"Kanojo wa? - Je to ona? Je to o n\u00ed?\">\u5f7c\u5973\u306f\uff1f<\/acronym><\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"Korejsk\u00fd wa? - Je to tak? Je to o tomhle?\">\u3053\u308c\u306f\uff1f<\/acronym><\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"watashi wa? - Je to o mn\u011b? Je to o mn\u011b?\">\u79c1\u306f\uff1f<\/acronym><\/p>\n<h2>Japonsk\u00e1 gramatika a vyk\u0159i\u010dn\u00edky<\/h2>\n<p>Tvo\u0159en\u00ed vyk\u0159i\u010dn\u00edk\u016f v japon\u0161tin\u011b je stejn\u011b jednoduch\u00e9 jako t\u00e1zac\u00edch v\u011bt. Pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me k tomu \u010d\u00e1stici\u00a0<acronym title=\"yo\">\u3088<\/acronym>jak n\u00e1s u\u010d\u00ed japonsk\u00e1 gramatika.<\/p>\n<p>\u010c\u00e1stice\u00a0<acronym title=\"yo\">\u3088<\/acronym>\u00a0je dal\u0161\u00ed velmi jednoduch\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1stice, kterou se m\u016f\u017eete nau\u010dit. Stejn\u011b jako\u00a0<acronym title=\"ka\">\u304b<\/acronym>,\u00a0<acronym title=\"yo\">\u3088<\/acronym>stoj\u00ed na konci japonsk\u00fdch v\u011bt a m\u00e1 vyk\u0159i\u010dn\u00edkov\u00fd charakter, jako by v\u011btu zd\u016fraz\u0148oval. Tato \u010d\u00e1stice se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 stejn\u011b jako n\u00e1\u0161 vyk\u0159i\u010dn\u00edk (!).<span id=\"more-556\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p>V mluven\u00e9m jazyce\u00a0<acronym title=\"yo\">\u3088<\/acronym>\u00a0je velmi v\u00fdrazn\u00fd a v\u017edy p\u0159itahuje pozornost poslucha\u010de. Nap\u0159\u00edklad:<\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"kore wa jamu desu yo! - Tohle je jam!\">\u3053\u308c\u306f\u30b8\u30e3\u30e0\u3067\u3059\u3088\u3002<\/acronym><\/p>\n<h2>Japonsk\u00e1 gramatika a \u010d\u00e1stice ne<\/h2>\n<p>Kdy\u017e cht\u011bj\u00ed Japonci zd\u016fraznit v\u011btu nebo jen upoutat pozornost poslucha\u010de, \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed \u010d\u00e1stici\u00a0<acronym title=\"ne\">\u306d<\/acronym>\u00a0na konci japonsk\u00fdch v\u011bt. \u010c\u00e1stice\u00a0<acronym title=\"ne\">\u306d<\/acronym>\u00a0nakonec nab\u00fdv\u00e1 stejn\u00e9ho v\u00fdznamu jako v\u00fdraz \"n\u00e3o \u00e9?\" pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd v portugal\u0161tin\u011b. Pod\u00edvejte se na to:<\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"Anata wa sensei desu ne? - Jste u\u010ditel, \u017ee?\">\u3042\u306a\u305f\u306f\u5148\u751f\u3067\u3059\u306d\u3002<\/acronym><\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"kare wa burajirujin desu ne? - Je to Brazilec. Nebo ne?\">\u5f7c\u306f\u30d6\u30e9\u30b8\u30eb\u4eba\u3067\u3059\u306d\u3002<\/acronym><\/p>\n<blockquote><p>V n\u011bkter\u00fdch oblastech Braz\u00edlie se v\u00fdraz \"n\u00e3o \u00e9?\" pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 stejn\u011b jako \u010d\u00e1stice\u00a0<acronym title=\"ne\">\u306d<\/acronym>\u00a0Japonska. Jak \"gramaticky\" (pokud to tak mohu \u0159\u00edct...), tak foneticky.<\/p>\n<p>N\u011bkolik m\u00fdch p\u0159\u00e1tel se m\u011b zeptalo: \"Ty jsi u\u010ditel japon\u0161tiny? Opravdu? Stejn\u011b jako \u010d\u00e1stice\u00a0<acronym title=\"ne\">\u306d<\/acronym>. \u017de? \ud83d\ude00<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Podle japonsk\u00e9 gramatiky je \u010d\u00e1stice\u00a0<acronym title=\"ne\">\u306d<\/acronym>\u00a0lze klasifikovat jako \u017e\u00e1dost o potvrzen\u00ed, ale ne v\u017edy se tak d\u011bje. V n\u011bkter\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech jako by mluv\u010d\u00ed pouze upout\u00e1val poslucha\u010dovu pozornost a nepot\u0159eboval nutn\u011b potvrzen\u00ed. To jsou v\u0161ak vz\u00e1cn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpady.<\/p>\n<p>Pokud jde o \u00farove\u0148 form\u00e1lnosti, pokud v\u00edm, \u010d\u00e1stice\u00a0<acronym title=\"ne\">\u306d<\/acronym>\u00a0lze pou\u017e\u00edvat bez omezen\u00ed. Nez\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed na tom, zda se jedn\u00e1 o form\u00e1ln\u00ed, neform\u00e1ln\u00ed, \u00fastn\u00ed nebo textovou konverzaci.<\/p>\n<p>Douf\u00e1m, \u017ee se v\u00e1m \u010dl\u00e1nky l\u00edb\u00ed. Pokud ne, nezapome\u0148te se ozvat. Pokud m\u00e1te n\u011bjak\u00e9 kritick\u00e9 p\u0159ipom\u00ednky nebo n\u00e1vrhy, jsem v\u017edy ochotn\u00fd naslouchat a sna\u017eit se zlep\u0161ovat.<\/p>\n<h2>Cvi\u010den\u00ed ru\u010dn\u00edho psan\u00ed kand\u017ei<\/h2>\n<p>N\u00ed\u017ee jsou uvedeny\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/japonske-symboly-jouyou-kanji\/\">Japonsk\u00e9 ideografick\u00e9 symboly<\/a>\u00a0pou\u017eit\u00e9 v tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku. Vyberte po\u017eadovan\u00e9 kand\u017ei, zkop\u00edrujte je a vlo\u017ete do pole\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/in\/imprimir-para-treinar-kanas-e-kanjis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pracovn\u00ed list pro procvi\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed kany a kand\u017ei<\/a>\u00a0 kliknut\u00edm na tla\u010d\u00edtko Generovat se otev\u0159e nov\u00e9 okno, ve kter\u00e9m si m\u016f\u017eete prohl\u00e9dnout soubor k tisku. Pot\u00e9 si symboly jednodu\u0161e vytiskn\u011bte a zkuste je napsat sami. Sta\u010d\u00ed vytisknout a procvi\u010dovat!<\/p>\n<table style=\"height: 79px\" border=\"0\" width=\"410\" cellspacing=\"2\" cellpadding=\"2\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u5f7c<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u5148<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u751f<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u65e5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u4eba<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u79c1<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u672c<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u5973<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<div style=\"font-size: 0px; height: 0px; line-height: 0px; margin: 0; padding: 0; clear: both;\"><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Zjist\u011bte v\u00edce o z\u00e1kladn\u00ed japonsk\u00e9 gramatice pro studenty nihonga! V dne\u0161n\u00edm \u010dl\u00e1nku se sezn\u00e1m\u00edme se z\u00e1klady japonsk\u00e9ho jazyka a porozum\u00edme tvorb\u011b jednoduch\u00fdch v\u011bt. Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed japonsk\u00e1 gramatika Obsah<\/p>","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":77,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[49,70],"tags":[27,71,2,3],"class_list":["post-1637","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-curso-de-japones-gratis","category-gramatica-japonesa","tag-gramatica","tag-gramatica-japonesa","tag-idioma-japones","tag-nihongo"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/estudando_japones.jpg?fit=450%2C300&ssl=1","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":2447,"url":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/como-formar-frases-em-japones\/","url_meta":{"origin":1637,"position":0},"title":"Jak tvo\u0159it v\u011bty v japon\u0161tin\u011b","author":"L\u00edngua Japonesa","date":"11 de \u0158\u00edjen de 2010","format":false,"excerpt":"Aprenda agora a\u00a0como formar frases em japon\u00eas! Formar frases em japon\u00eas\u00a0\u00e9 um processo simples do lado pr\u00e1tico, mas complexo do lado gramatical. Isso exige um vocabul\u00e1rio b\u00e1sico e um conhecimento m\u00ednimo de gram\u00e1tica japonesa. Como formar frases em japon\u00eas Como muitos leitores do\u00a0L\u00edngua Japonesa\u00a0me enviam e-mails com d\u00favidas sobre como\u2026","rel":"","context":"V \u201eVocabul\u00e1rio japon\u00eas\u201c","block_context":{"text":"Vocabul\u00e1rio japon\u00eas","link":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/vocabulario-japones\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Como formar frases em japon\u00eas","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/nihongo_idioma.jpg?fit=477%2C296&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":1661,"url":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/sujeito-das-frases-em-japones\/","url_meta":{"origin":1637,"position":1},"title":"P\u0159edm\u011bt v\u011bty v japon\u0161tin\u011b","author":"L\u00edngua Japonesa","date":"3 de Listopad de 2009","format":false,"excerpt":"Aprenda mais sobre\u00a0o sujeito das frases em japon\u00eas no nihongo! Como j\u00e1 estudamos\u00a0a ordem das palavras nas frases em japon\u00eas, sabemos que elas possuem uma organiza\u00e7\u00e3o inversa das palavras na l\u00edngua portuguesa. Nas frases em japon\u00eas, geralmente a ordem das palavras \u00e9\u00a0sujeito\u00a0+\u00a0objeto\u00a0(predicado ou resto da frase) +\u00a0verbo. Para ficar mais\u2026","rel":"","context":"V \u201eCurso de Japon\u00eas Gr\u00e1tis\u201c","block_context":{"text":"Curso de Japon\u00eas Gr\u00e1tis","link":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/curso-de-japones-gratis\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"O sujeito das frases em japon\u00eas - part\u00edcula WA ","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/ha-150x150.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":1699,"url":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/tipos-de-adjetivos-em-japones\/","url_meta":{"origin":1637,"position":2},"title":"Druhy p\u0159\u00eddavn\u00fdch jmen v japon\u0161tin\u011b","author":"L\u00edngua Japonesa","date":"3 de Listopad de 2009","format":false,"excerpt":"Conhe\u00e7a os tipos de adjetivos em japon\u00eas e aprenda mais! Antes de come\u00e7ar a falar sobre os adjetivos japoneses propriamente ditos, vamos ver uma descri\u00e7\u00e3o geral sobre os tipos de adjetivos encontrados na l\u00edngua japonesa. Passe o cursor do mouse sobre os s\u00edmbolos japoneses (kanjis) para ver a pron\u00fancia e\u2026","rel":"","context":"V \u201eCurso de Japon\u00eas Gr\u00e1tis\u201c","block_context":{"text":"Curso de Japon\u00eas Gr\u00e1tis","link":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/curso-de-japones-gratis\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Os tipos de adjetivos em japon\u00eas - \u9752\u3044\u8eca","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2009\/11\/tipos-de-adjetivos-em-japones.png?fit=500%2C400&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":1713,"url":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/adjetivos-na-em-japones\/","url_meta":{"origin":1637,"position":3},"title":"P\u0159\u00eddavn\u00e1 jm\u00e9na na v japon\u0161tin\u011b","author":"L\u00edngua Japonesa","date":"3 de Listopad de 2009","format":false,"excerpt":"Aprenda agora mais sobre os adjetivos na em japon\u00eas! Nos artigos anteriores sobre adjetivos em japon\u00eas, entendemos os tipos de adjetivos e as flex\u00f5es dos adjetivos japoneses\u00a0\u3044. No artigo de hoje vamos conhecer as flex\u00f5es dos adjetivos japoneses\u00a0\u306a. Os adjetivos na em japon\u00eas No que diz respeito \u00e0 flex\u00e3o desses\u2026","rel":"","context":"V \u201eAdjetivos japoneses\u201c","block_context":{"text":"Adjetivos japoneses","link":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/adjetivos-japoneses\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Os adjetivos na em japon\u00eas - \u5927\u5207\u306a\u672c\u3067\u3059","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/adjetivos-na-em-japones.png?fit=500%2C400&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":1706,"url":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/adjetivos-i-em-japones\/","url_meta":{"origin":1637,"position":4},"title":"P\u0159\u00eddavn\u00e1 jm\u00e9na na i v japon\u0161tin\u011b","author":"L\u00edngua Japonesa","date":"3 de Listopad de 2009","format":false,"excerpt":"Vamos agora conhecer\u00a0os adjetivos i em japon\u00eas! Como j\u00e1 conhecemos superficialmente os adjetivos em japon\u00eas, chegou o momento de aprofundarmos um pouco mais no assunto dos adjetivos japoneses. \u00c9 neste ponto que a gram\u00e1tica japonesa demora a ser compreendida por iniciantes em\u00a0l\u00edngua japonesa. Todos n\u00f3s conhecemos o conceito de flex\u00e3o\u2026","rel":"","context":"V \u201eAdjetivos japoneses\u201c","block_context":{"text":"Adjetivos japoneses","link":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/adjetivos-japoneses\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Os adjetivos i em japon\u00eas - \u65b0\u3057\u3044\u30dc\u30fc\u30eb","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2009\/11\/adjetivos-i-em-japones.png?fit=500%2C400&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":1676,"url":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/pronomes-possessivos-em-japones\/","url_meta":{"origin":1637,"position":5},"title":"P\u0159ivlast\u0148ovac\u00ed z\u00e1jmena v japon\u0161tin\u011b","author":"L\u00edngua Japonesa","date":"3 de Listopad de 2009","format":false,"excerpt":"Conhe\u00e7a mais sobre\u00a0os pronomes possessivos em japon\u00eas! Nos artigos anteriores descobrimos como\u00a0os pronomes pessoais\u00a0s\u00e3o escritos em japon\u00eas. Hoje, vamos entender como s\u00e3o formados os pronomes possessivos em japon\u00eas. Os pronomes possessivos em japon\u00eas Para formar os pronomes possessivos, vamos precisar dos pronomes pessoais e da\u00a0part\u00edcula\u00a0\u306e. Essa part\u00edcula indica posse, relacionamento\u2026","rel":"","context":"V \u201eCurso de Japon\u00eas Gr\u00e1tis\u201c","block_context":{"text":"Curso de Japon\u00eas Gr\u00e1tis","link":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/curso-de-japones-gratis\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Os pronomes possessivos em japon\u00eas","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/pronomes-possessivos-em-japones.png?fit=500%2C400&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]}],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1637","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/18"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1637"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1637\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/77"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1637"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1637"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1637"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}