{"id":1661,"date":"2009-11-03T04:41:50","date_gmt":"2009-11-03T06:41:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/?p=1661"},"modified":"2026-08-09T22:10:12","modified_gmt":"2026-08-10T01:10:12","slug":"predmet-vety-v-japonstine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/sujeito-das-frases-em-japones\/","title":{"rendered":"Podm\u011bt v japon\u0161tin\u011b: jak ho identifikovat a kdy vynechat"},"content":{"rendered":"

O podm\u011bt v japon\u0161tin\u011b<\/strong> je prvek, o kter\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edsudek n\u011bco tvrd\u00ed. M\u016f\u017ee vykon\u00e1vat \u010dinnost, vyjad\u0159ovat stav nebo b\u00fdt identifikov\u00e1n charakteristikou. \u010casto se objevuje s \u304c<\/strong>, ale m\u016f\u017ee se tak\u00e9 shodovat s t\u00e9matem ozna\u010den\u00fdm \u306f<\/strong> nebo b\u00fdt zcela vynech\u00e1n, kdy\u017e je z kontextu jasn\u00e9, o kom se mluv\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n

Proto hledat pouze jedno slovo p\u0159ed \u306f<\/strong> nen\u00ed spolehliv\u00e1 metoda. Pro identifikaci podm\u011btu sledujte p\u0159\u00edsudek, \u010d\u00e1stice a informace sd\u00edlen\u00e9 v konverzaci.<\/p>\n\n

Co je podm\u011bt japonsk\u00e9 v\u011bty?<\/h2>\n\n

Podm\u011bt je gramatick\u00e1 funkce. V jednoduch\u00e9 v\u011bt\u011b ozna\u010duje, kdo nebo co souvis\u00ed se stavem, charakteristikou nebo ud\u00e1lost\u00ed vyj\u00e1d\u0159enou p\u0159\u00edsudkem.<\/p>\n\n

\u732b\u304c\u7a93\u306e\u305d\u3070\u3067\u5bdd\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/strong>
\n\u306d\u3053\u304c \u307e\u3069\u306e \u305d\u3070\u3067 \u306d\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002
\nNeko ga mado no soba de nete imasu.<\/em>
\nKo\u010dka sp\u00ed u okna.<\/p>\n\n

V tomto p\u0159\u00edkladu, \u732b<\/strong> (ko\u010dka) je podm\u011btem \u5bdd\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059<\/strong> (sp\u00ed), a \u304c<\/strong> ukazuje tento vztah. Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed slovosled SOV pom\u00e1h\u00e1 naj\u00edt p\u0159\u00edsudek na konci, ale japon\u0161tina umo\u017e\u0148uje variace a vynech\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed. Pro zopakov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1klad\u016f se pod\u00edvejte na pr\u016fvodce o slovosledu v japon\u0161tin\u011b<\/a>. Lingvistick\u00e1 studie zve\u0159ejn\u011bn\u00e1 NINJAL popisuje z\u00e1kladn\u00ed slovosled SOV a mo\u017enost nevyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00fdch argument\u016f<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n

Podm\u011bt, \u010dinitel a t\u00e9ma nejsou tot\u00e9\u017e<\/h2>\n\n

T\u0159i pojmy se \u010dasto zam\u011b\u0148uj\u00ed:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
Pojem<\/th>Funkce<\/th>U\u017eite\u010dn\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Podm\u011bt<\/td>Prvek, na kter\u00fd se p\u0159\u00edsudek vztahuje<\/td>O kom nebo o \u010dem gramaticky vypov\u00edd\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edsudek?<\/td><\/tr>\n
\u010cinitel<\/td>Kdo prov\u00e1d\u00ed \u00famyslnou \u010dinnost<\/td>Kdo prov\u00e1d\u00ed \u010dinnost?<\/td><\/tr>\n
T\u00e9ma<\/td>P\u0159edm\u011bt p\u0159edstaven\u00fd k obdr\u017een\u00ed koment\u00e1\u0159e<\/td>O \u010dem mluv\u00edme?<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n

Podm\u011bt nen\u00ed v\u017edy \u010dinitelem. V \u96e8\u304c\u964d\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059<\/strong> (Ame ga futte imasu<\/em>, \u201cPr\u0161\u00ed\u201d), \u96e8<\/strong> je podm\u011btem, ale neprov\u00e1d\u00ed \u00famyslnou \u010dinnost. V pokro\u010dilej\u0161\u00edch struktur\u00e1ch, jako je trpn\u00fd rod, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt podm\u011bt ten, kdo p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1 \u00fa\u010dinky \u010dinnosti; Japan Foundation ukazuje tuto zm\u011bnu role na p\u0159\u00edkladech trpn\u00fdch v\u011bt<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n

Jak \u304c pom\u00e1h\u00e1 identifikovat podm\u011bt<\/h2>\n\n

Pro za\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edky, \u304c<\/strong> je nejp\u0159\u00edm\u011bj\u0161\u00ed stopou podm\u011btu. Objevuje se \u010dasto, kdy\u017e je informace p\u0159edstavena, identifikov\u00e1na nebo vybr\u00e1na jako ohnisko.<\/p>\n\n

\u7530\u4e2d\u3055\u3093\u304c\u6765\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/strong>
\n\u305f\u306a\u304b\u3055\u3093\u304c \u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002
\nTanaka-san ga kimashita.<\/em>
\nTanaka dorazil.<\/p>\n\n

V\u011bta m\u016f\u017ee odpov\u00eddat na ot\u00e1zku \u3060\u308c\u304c\u6765\u307e\u3057\u305f\u304b<\/strong> (Dare ga kimashita ka?<\/em>, \u201cKdo dorazil?\u201d). Odpov\u011b\u010f vyb\u00edr\u00e1 \u7530\u4e2d\u3055\u3093<\/strong> como a informa\u00e7\u00e3o procurada:<\/p>\n\n

\u7530\u4e2d\u3055\u3093\u304c\u6765\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/strong>
\nFoi Tanaka quem chegou.<\/p>\n\n

Isso n\u00e3o significa que toda ocorr\u00eancia de \u304c<\/strong> possa ser traduzida da mesma maneira. A part\u00edcula marca uma rela\u00e7\u00e3o gramatical, e a tradu\u00e7\u00e3o natural depende do predicado e do contexto. O guia de \u010d\u00e1stice v japon\u0161tin\u011b<\/a> apresenta uma vis\u00e3o geral das fun\u00e7\u00f5es mais frequentes.<\/p>\n\n

Por que \u306f n\u00e3o \u00e9 simplesmente uma part\u00edcula de sujeito<\/h2>\n\n

\u306f<\/strong>, pronunciado wa<\/em> quando funciona como part\u00edcula, marca o t\u00f3pico: o elemento apresentado como assunto para o coment\u00e1rio seguinte. O material inicial Irodori da Japan Foundation define \u306f como marcador do t\u00f3pico<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n

\u3053\u306e\u732b\u306f\u6bce\u671d\u65e9\u304f\u8d77\u304d\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/strong>
\n\u3053\u306e \u306d\u3053\u306f \u307e\u3044\u3042\u3055 \u306f\u3084\u304f \u304a\u304d\u307e\u3059\u3002
\nKono neko wa maiasa hayaku okimasu.<\/em>
\nQuanto a este gato, ele acorda cedo todas as manh\u00e3s.<\/p>\n\n

V t\u00e9to v\u011bt\u011b, \u3053\u306e\u732b<\/strong> \u00e9 o t\u00f3pico e tamb\u00e9m corresponde semanticamente ao sujeito de \u201cacordar\u201d. Essa coincid\u00eancia \u00e9 comum, mas n\u00e3o transforma \u306f<\/strong> em marcador universal de sujeito.<\/p>\n\n

Observe um caso em que t\u00f3pico e sujeito aparecem separados:<\/p>\n\n

\u79c1\u306f\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u304c\u597d\u304d\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/strong>
\n\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306f \u306b\u307b\u3093\u3054\u304c \u3059\u304d\u3067\u3059\u3002
\nWatashi wa nihongo ga suki desu.<\/em>
\nEu gosto de japon\u00eas.<\/p>\n\n

\u79c1\u306f<\/strong> estabelece \u201cquanto a mim\u201d como t\u00f3pico; dentro do coment\u00e1rio, \u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u304c\u597d\u304d\u3067\u3059<\/strong> apresenta aquilo que \u00e9 apreciado. A tradu\u00e7\u00e3o natural em portugu\u00eas reorganiza a rela\u00e7\u00e3o e n\u00e3o mostra essa estrutura palavra por palavra. Para aprofundar o contraste discursivo entre as part\u00edculas, consulte o artigo dedicado a \u306f e \u304c<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n

Quando o sujeito pode ser omitido<\/h2>\n\n

O japon\u00eas costuma omitir o sujeito e outros elementos quando eles j\u00e1 podem ser recuperados pela situa\u00e7\u00e3o ou pelas frases anteriores. Isso n\u00e3o significa que a frase esteja \u201csem sentido\u201d: a informa\u00e7\u00e3o continua impl\u00edcita.<\/p>\n\n

Ka\u017ed\u00fd den se u\u010d\u00edm japon\u0161tinu.<\/strong>
\n\u307e\u3044\u306b\u3061\u3001\u306b\u307b\u3093\u3054\u3092 \u3079\u3093\u304d\u3087\u3046\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002
\nKa\u017ed\u00fd den se u\u010d\u00edm japon\u0161tinu.<\/em>
\nStuduji japon\u0161tinu ka\u017ed\u00fd den.<\/p>\n\n

Se a conversa j\u00e1 \u00e9 sobre quem fala, n\u00e3o \u00e9 necess\u00e1rio repetir \u79c1\u306f<\/strong>. A pr\u00f3pria Japan Foundation observa, em um exemplo com V-\u3066\u3082\u3089\u3046<\/strong>, que \u79c1\u306f costuma ser omitido quando o sujeito \u00e9 recuper\u00e1vel<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n

A omiss\u00e3o \u00e9 adequada quando n\u00e3o cria ambiguidade. Se duas pessoas est\u00e3o sendo comparadas ou se o interlocutor pode interpretar outro sujeito, expresse o elemento necess\u00e1rio:<\/p>\n\n

\u79c1\u306f\u884c\u304d\u307e\u3059\u304c\u3001\u5c71\u7530\u3055\u3093\u306f\u884c\u304d\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002<\/strong>
\n\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306f \u3044\u304d\u307e\u3059\u304c\u3001\u3084\u307e\u3060\u3055\u3093\u306f \u3044\u304d\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002
\nWatashi wa ikimasu ga, Yamada-san wa ikimasen.<\/em>
\nEu vou, mas Yamada n\u00e3o vai.<\/p>\n\n

Um m\u00e9todo pr\u00e1tico para encontrar o sujeito<\/h2>\n\n
    \n
  1. Localize o predicado.<\/strong> Veja qual verbo, adjetivo ou express\u00e3o nominal encerra a ideia principal.<\/li>\n
  2. Procure \u304c.<\/strong> O elemento marcado por essa part\u00edcula \u00e9 frequentemente o sujeito expl\u00edcito.<\/li>\n
  3. Identifique o t\u00f3pico com \u306f.<\/strong> Pergunte se ele tamb\u00e9m participa do predicado ou apenas delimita o assunto.<\/li>\n
  4. Considere o contexto.<\/strong> O sujeito pode ter aparecido antes ou ser \u00f3bvio na situa\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/li>\n
  5. Evite traduzir part\u00edcula por part\u00edcula.<\/strong> Reconstrua a rela\u00e7\u00e3o completa em portugu\u00eas natural.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n

    Esse processo complementa o m\u00e9todo de tvorby japonsk\u00fdch v\u011bt<\/a> a z\u00e1klady japonsk\u00e9 gramatiky<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n

    Di\u00e1logo curto: sujeito expl\u00edcito e omitido<\/h2>\n\n

    A:<\/strong> \u3060\u308c\u304c\u3053\u306e\u30b1\u30fc\u30ad\u3092\u4f5c\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u304b\u3002
    \nDare ga kono k\u0113ki o tsukurimashita ka?<\/em>
    \nQuem fez este bolo?<\/p>\n\n

    B:<\/strong> \u4f50\u85e4\u3055\u3093\u304c\u4f5c\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002
    \nSat\u014d-san ga tsukurimashita.<\/em>
    \nSat\u014d fez.<\/p>\n\n

    A:<\/strong> \u6bce\u9031\u4f5c\u308a\u307e\u3059\u304b\u3002
    \nMaish\u016b tsukurimasu ka?<\/em>
    \n(Ela) faz toda semana?<\/p>\n\n

    B:<\/strong> \u306f\u3044\u3001\u4f5c\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002
    \nHai, tsukurimasu.<\/em>
    \nSim, faz.<\/p>\n\n

    Na primeira resposta, \u4f50\u85e4\u3055\u3093\u304c<\/strong> identifica quem fez o bolo. Depois que Sat\u014d se torna a refer\u00eancia compartilhada, o sujeito pode ser omitido. O guia sobre ot\u00e1zky v japon\u0161tin\u011b<\/a> explica a forma\u00e7\u00e3o interrogativa usada no di\u00e1logo.<\/p>\n\n

    Komentovan\u00e9 cvi\u010den\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n

    Identifique o t\u00f3pico, o sujeito expl\u00edcito ou o sujeito omitido:<\/p>\n\n

      \n
    1. \u9ce5\u304c\u7a7a\u3092\u98db\u3093\u3067\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/strong> \u2014 \u9ce5<\/strong> \u00e9 o sujeito expl\u00edcito, marcado por \u304c.<\/li>\n
    2. \u3053\u306e\u753a\u306f\u51ac\u304c\u5bd2\u3044\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/strong> \u2014 \u3053\u306e\u753a<\/strong> \u00e9 o t\u00f3pico; \u51ac<\/strong> \u00e9 o elemento marcado por \u304c dentro do coment\u00e1rio.<\/li>\n
    3. \u6628\u65e5\u3001\u56f3\u66f8\u9928\u3078\u884c\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/strong> \u2014 o sujeito est\u00e1 omitido e precisa ser recuperado pelo contexto.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n

      A ideia principal \u00e9 simples: \u304c<\/strong> oferece uma pista forte de sujeito, \u306f<\/strong> estabelece o t\u00f3pico, e nenhum dos dois precisa aparecer quando o contexto j\u00e1 fornece a informa\u00e7\u00e3o. Identificar o predicado antes de procurar r\u00f3tulos torna a an\u00e1lise mais segura.<\/p>\n\n

      \n
      \n
      \n

      Kter\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1stice ozna\u010duje podm\u011bt v japon\u0161tin\u011b?<\/h3>\n
      \n\n

      \u304c je nejp\u0159\u00edm\u011bj\u0161\u00ed stopou k explicitn\u00edmu subjektu, zejm\u00e9na kdy\u017e je informace prezentov\u00e1na nebo identifikov\u00e1na. Subjekt se v\u0161ak m\u016f\u017ee shodovat s t\u00e9matem ozna\u010den\u00fdm \u306f nebo m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt vynech\u00e1n, kdy\u017e je z kontextu jasn\u00fd.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

      \n

      M\u016f\u017ee ozna\u010dovat podm\u011bt?<\/h3>\n
      \n\n

      \u306f ozna\u010duje t\u00e9ma, nikoli podm\u011bt jako hlavn\u00ed funkci. V mnoha v\u011bt\u00e1ch t\u00e9ma tak\u00e9 s\u00e9manticky odpov\u00edd\u00e1 podm\u011btu, ale existuj\u00ed konstrukce, kde jsou t\u00e9ma a podm\u011bt r\u016fzn\u00e9 prvky.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

      \n

      Pro\u010d je podm\u011bt v japon\u0161tin\u011b vynech\u00e1v\u00e1n?<\/h3>\n
      \n\n

      Japon\u0161tina se vyh\u00fdb\u00e1 opakov\u00e1n\u00ed informac\u00ed, kter\u00e9 lze z kontextu vyvodit. Kdy\u017e jsou \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edci a t\u00e9ma v konverzaci ji\u017e jasn\u00e9, podm\u011bt m\u016f\u017ee z\u016fstat nevyj\u00e1d\u0159en, ani\u017e by to naru\u0161ilo porozum\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

      \n

      Jak poznat, kdo prov\u00e1d\u00ed akci, kdy\u017e podm\u011bt nen\u00ed uveden?<\/h3>\n
      \n\n

      Pou\u017eijte kontext: sledujte p\u0159edchoz\u00ed v\u011bty, situaci, \u00fahel pohledu a mo\u017en\u00e9 kontrasty. Pokud z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u00edce ne\u017e jeden v\u00fdklad v\u011brohodn\u00fd, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt izolovan\u00e1 v\u011bta skute\u010dn\u011b nejednozna\u010dn\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

      \n

      Jsou subjekt a agent v\u017edy tot\u00e9\u017e?<\/h3>\n
      \n\n

      Ne. Agent prov\u00e1d\u00ed z\u00e1m\u011brnou akci, zat\u00edmco podm\u011bt je gramatick\u00e1 funkce. U p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch jev\u016f a trpn\u00fdch v\u011bt, nap\u0159\u00edklad, podm\u011bt nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt agentem.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      Pochopte, co je podm\u011bt v japon\u0161tin\u011b, jak ho odli\u0161it od t\u00e9matu a \u010dinitele, kdy pou\u017e\u00edt \u304c a pro\u010d m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt podm\u011bt vynech\u00e1n.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":23,"featured_media":287,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[49,70],"tags":[27,71,2,3],"class_list":["post-1661","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-curso-de-japones-gratis","category-gramatica-japonesa","tag-gramatica","tag-gramatica-japonesa","tag-idioma-japones","tag-nihongo","resize-featured-image"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1661","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/23"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1661"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1661\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4407,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1661\/revisions\/4407"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/287"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1661"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1661"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1661"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}