{"id":1665,"date":"2009-11-03T04:43:39","date_gmt":"2009-11-03T06:43:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/?p=1665"},"modified":"2026-08-09T13:52:00","modified_gmt":"2026-08-09T16:52:00","slug":"desu-je-slovesny-tvar-byt-v-japonstine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/desu-o-verbo-ser-em-japones\/","title":{"rendered":"\u3067\u3059 (desu) v japon\u0161tin\u011b: v\u00fdznam, pou\u017eit\u00ed a tvary"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>\u3067\u3059 (<em>desu<\/em>)<\/strong> je zdvo\u0159il\u00e1 forma pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e1 na konci mnoha japonsk\u00fdch v\u011bt. V portugal\u0161tin\u011b se m\u016f\u017ee objevit v p\u0159ekladech jako \u201c\u00e9\u201d, \u201cest\u00e1\u201d, \u201csou\u201d nebo \u201cs\u00e3o\u201d, ale nefunguje jako sloveso \u201cb\u00fdt\u201d, kter\u00e9 lze um\u00edstit do jak\u00e9koli v\u011bty. Role <span lang=\"ja\">\u3067\u3059<\/span> z\u00e1vis\u00ed na typu predik\u00e1tu, kter\u00fd mu p\u0159edch\u00e1z\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n<p>Praktick\u00e9 pravidlo zn\u00ed: pou\u017eijte <span lang=\"ja\">\u3067\u3059<\/span> hlavn\u011b po podstatn\u00fdch jm\u00e9nech a adjektivech \u306a ve zdvo\u0159il\u00fdch v\u011bt\u00e1ch. Po adjektivech \u3044 p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1 zdvo\u0159ilost, zat\u00edmco samotn\u00e9 adjektivum vyjad\u0159uje a oh\u00fdb\u00e1 stav. U sloves zdvo\u0159il\u00e1 forma obvykle kon\u010d\u00ed na <span lang=\"ja\">\u307e\u3059<\/span>, ne na <span lang=\"ja\">\u3067\u3059<\/span>.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Co znamen\u00e1 desu v japon\u0161tin\u011b?<\/h2>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">\u3067\u3059<\/span> pom\u00e1h\u00e1 tvo\u0159it zdvo\u0159il\u00fd predik\u00e1t. Porovnejte t\u0159i typy v\u011bt:<\/p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u7530\u4e2d\u3055\u3093\u306f\u5148\u751f\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><br \/><em>Tanaka-san wa sensei desu.<\/em><br \/>Tanaka je profesor.<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e\u753a\u306f\u9759\u304b\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><br \/><em>Kono machi wa shizuka desu.<\/em><br \/>Toto m\u011bsto je klidn\u00e9.<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">Dnes je horko.<\/span><br \/><em>Dnes je horko.<\/em><br \/>Dnes je horko.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>V prvn\u00ed v\u011bt\u011b, <span lang=\"ja\">\u5148\u751f<\/span> je podstatn\u00e9 jm\u00e9no. Ve druh\u00e9, <span lang=\"ja\">\u9759\u304b<\/span> je adjektivum \u306a. Ve t\u0159et\u00ed, <span lang=\"ja\">\u6691\u3044<\/span> je adjektivum \u3044: u\u017e obsahuje my\u0161lenku \u201cb\u00fdt hork\u00fd\u201d a <span lang=\"ja\">\u3067\u3059<\/span> \u010din\u00ed v\u011btu zdvo\u0159ilou.<\/p>\n\n<p>Tento rozd\u00edl zabra\u0148uje mechanick\u00e9mu p\u0159ekl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti. Abyste pochopili, jak predik\u00e1t organizuje v\u011btu, pod\u00edvejte se do pr\u016fvodce o <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/jak-tvorit-vety-v-japonstine\/\">jak tvo\u0159it v\u011bty v japon\u0161tin\u011b<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Desu nen\u00ed univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed sloveso \u201cb\u00fdt\u201d<\/h2>\n\n<p>Naz\u00fdvat <span lang=\"ja\">\u3067\u3059<\/span> \u201cslovesem b\u00fdt\u201d m\u016f\u017ee pomoci p\u0159i prvn\u00edm p\u0159ekladu, ale vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed chyby, kdy\u017e se stane absolutn\u00edm pravidlem. Nenahrazuje v\u0161echna pou\u017eit\u00ed \u201cser\u201d a \u201cestar\u201d v portugal\u0161tin\u011b a nem\u011blo by se p\u0159id\u00e1vat po \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9m japonsk\u00e9m slovesu.<\/p>\n\n<p>Sloveso ve zdvo\u0159il\u00e9 form\u011b obvykle pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 <span lang=\"ja\">\u307e\u3059<\/span>:<\/p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Spr\u00e1vn\u011b:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">Ka\u017ed\u00fd den se u\u010d\u00edm japon\u0161tinu.<\/span><br \/><em>Ka\u017ed\u00fd den se u\u010d\u00edm japon\u0161tinu.<\/em><br \/>Studuji japon\u0161tinu ka\u017ed\u00fd den.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nespr\u00e1vn\u011b:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">Ka\u017ed\u00fd den studuji japon\u0161tinu.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>Tak\u00e9 neexistuje jedin\u00e1 korespondence mezi \u201cestar\u201d a <span lang=\"ja\">\u3067\u3059<\/span>. Existence, um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed, prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00ed akce a zm\u011bny stavu pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed jin\u00e9 struktury. Proto se vyplat\u00ed nejprve nau\u010dit rozd\u00edl mezi podstatn\u00fdmi jm\u00e9ny, p\u0159\u00eddavn\u00fdmi jm\u00e9ny a slovesy v <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/zakladni-japonska-gramatika\/\">japonsk\u00e9 gramatice pro za\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edky<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Zdvo\u0159il\u00e9 formy s podstatn\u00fdmi jm\u00e9ny a p\u0159\u00eddavn\u00fdmi jm\u00e9ny \u306a<\/h2>\n\n<p>Japon\u0161tina rozli\u0161uje p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm <strong>nep\u0159\u00edtomn\u00fd \u010das<\/strong> e <strong>p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00fd \u010das<\/strong>. Nep\u0159\u00edtomn\u00fd \u010das m\u016f\u017ee popisovat p\u0159\u00edtomnost, zvyky nebo budouc\u00ed situace; kontext nazna\u010duje vhodn\u00e9 \u010dten\u00ed. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.irodori.jpf.go.jp\/assets\/data\/elementary01\/pdf\/Y_L04.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Gramatick\u00e1 tabulka Irodori<\/a> p\u0159edstavuje tuto opozici a odd\u011bluje podstatn\u00e1 jm\u00e9na, p\u0159\u00eddavn\u00e1 jm\u00e9na a slovesa.<\/p>\n\n<table>\n<thead><tr><th>Hodnota<\/th><th>Zdvo\u0159il\u00e1 forma<\/th><th>P\u0159\u00edklad s podstatn\u00fdm jm\u00e9nem<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td>Neminul\u00fd kladn\u00fd<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3067\u3059<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u4eca\u65e5\u306f\u4f11\u307f\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><br \/>Dnes je volno.<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Neminul\u00fd z\u00e1porn\u00fd<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3058\u3083\u306a\u3044\u3067\u3059<\/span><br \/><span lang=\"ja\">To nen\u00ed pravda<\/span><br \/><span lang=\"ja\">\u3067\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u4eca\u65e5\u306f\u4f11\u307f\u3058\u3083\u306a\u3044\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><br \/>Dnes nen\u00ed volno.<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Minulost kladn\u00e1<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">bylo<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u6628\u65e5\u306f\u4f11\u307f\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/span><br \/>V\u010dera bylo volno.<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Negativn\u00ed minulost<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3058\u3083\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3067\u3059<\/span><br \/><span lang=\"ja\">To nebylo<\/span><br \/><span lang=\"ja\">nebylo<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u6628\u65e5\u306f\u4f11\u307f\u3058\u3083\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><br \/>V\u010dera nebylo volno.<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">\u3058\u3083<\/span> je b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 v mluven\u00e9 \u0159e\u010di. <span lang=\"ja\">\u3067\u306f<\/span> se objevuje v\u00edce v psan\u00ed a ve form\u00e1ln\u00edch kontextech. To ne\u010din\u00ed <span lang=\"ja\">nen\u00ed<\/span> \u201cmimo provozu\u201d: volba z\u00e1vis\u00ed na registru a struktu\u0159e. Po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed materi\u00e1l Irodori potvrzuje <a href=\"https:\/\/www.irodori.jpf.go.jp\/assets\/data\/starter\/pdf\/X_L03.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">z\u00e1pory <span lang=\"ja\">\u3058\u3083\u306a\u3044\u3067\u3059<\/span> e <span lang=\"ja\">To nen\u00ed pravda<\/span><\/a> a vysv\u011btluje preferenci <span lang=\"ja\">\u3067\u306f<\/span> v psan\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Jak\u00fd je rozd\u00edl mezi desu a da?<\/h2>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">\u3067\u3059<\/span> pat\u0159\u00ed do zdvo\u0159il\u00e9ho stylu; <span lang=\"ja\">\u3060<\/span> pat\u0159\u00ed do jednoduch\u00e9ho stylu. <span lang=\"ja\">\u3060<\/span> nen\u00ed jen kr\u00e1tk\u00e1 v\u00fdslovnost <span lang=\"ja\">\u3067\u3059<\/span>. Zm\u011bna m\u011bn\u00ed registr v\u011bty a mus\u00ed odpov\u00eddat situaci a zbytku v\u00fdpov\u011bdi.<\/p>\n\n<table>\n<thead><tr><th>Hodnota<\/th><th>Zdvo\u0159il\u00fd styl<\/th><th>Jednoduch\u00fd styl<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td>Neminul\u00fd kladn\u00fd<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u5b66\u751f\u3067\u3059<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u5b66\u751f\u3060<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Neminul\u00fd z\u00e1porn\u00fd<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u5b66\u751f\u3058\u3083\u306a\u3044\u3067\u3059<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u5b66\u751f\u3058\u3083\u306a\u3044<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Minulost kladn\u00e1<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u5b66\u751f\u3067\u3057\u305f<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u5b66\u751f\u3060\u3063\u305f<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Negativn\u00ed minulost<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u5b66\u751f\u3058\u3083\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3067\u3059<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u5b66\u751f\u3058\u3083\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<p>V neform\u00e1ln\u00edch rozhovorech m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt <span lang=\"ja\">\u3060<\/span> koncovka v ur\u010dit\u00fdch v\u011bt\u00e1ch vynech\u00e1na, zejm\u00e9na u kr\u00e1tk\u00fdch ot\u00e1zek: <span lang=\"ja\">\u5b66\u751f\uff1f<\/span> (\u201cJe student?\u201d). To neznamen\u00e1, \u017ee <span lang=\"ja\">\u3060<\/span> e <span lang=\"ja\">\u3067\u3059<\/span> jsou zam\u011bniteln\u00e9 v jak\u00e9mkoli kontextu. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.irodori.jpf.go.jp\/assets\/data\/elementary01\/pdf\/Y_L18.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Tabulka jednoduch\u00fdch tvar\u016f Japan Foundation<\/a> zaznamen\u00e1v\u00e1 <span lang=\"ja\">\u3060\uff0f\u3060\u3063\u305f\uff0f\u3058\u3083\u306a\u3044\uff0f\u3058\u3083\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/span> pro podstatn\u00e1 jm\u00e9na a p\u0159\u00eddavn\u00e1 jm\u00e9na \u306a.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Jak funguje desu s p\u0159\u00eddavn\u00fdmi jm\u00e9ny \u3044?<\/h2>\n\n<p>P\u0159\u00eddavn\u00e1 jm\u00e9na \u3044 se oh\u00fdbaj\u00ed sama. Jednodu\u0161e netransformujte <span lang=\"ja\">\u3067\u3059<\/span> na adrese <span lang=\"ja\">bylo<\/span>. Zm\u011bna nast\u00e1v\u00e1 u p\u0159\u00eddavn\u00e9ho jm\u00e9na:<\/p>\n\n<table>\n<thead><tr><th>Hodnota<\/th><th>Tvar<\/th><th>P\u0159eklad<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td>Neminul\u00fd kladn\u00fd<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u9ad8\u3044\u3067\u3059<\/span><br \/><em>takai desu<\/em><\/td><td>Je to drah\u00e9.<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Neminul\u00fd z\u00e1porn\u00fd<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u9ad8\u304f\u306a\u3044\u3067\u3059<\/span><br \/><em>takakunai desu<\/em><\/td><td>Nen\u00ed to drah\u00e9.<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Minulost kladn\u00e1<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u9ad8\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3067\u3059<\/span><br \/><em>takakatta desu<\/em><\/td><td>Bylo to drah\u00e9.<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Negativn\u00ed minulost<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u9ad8\u304f\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3067\u3059<\/span><br \/><em>takakunakatta desu<\/em><\/td><td>Nebylo to drah\u00e9.<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<p>Tedy, <span lang=\"ja\">\u9ad8\u3044\u3067\u3057\u305f<\/span> je nespr\u00e1vn\u00e9. Pro hlub\u0161\u00ed pochopen\u00ed tohoto oh\u00fdb\u00e1n\u00ed viz <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/jak-pouzivat-pridavna-jmena-v-japonstine\/\">jak pou\u017e\u00edvat p\u0159\u00eddavn\u00e1 jm\u00e9na v japon\u0161tin\u011b<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Jak vyslovit desu?<\/h2>\n\n<p>V\u00fdslovnost je <em>desu<\/em>. V mnoha variant\u00e1ch a \u0159e\u010dov\u00fdch situac\u00edch je samohl\u00e1ska <em>u<\/em> na konci oslaben\u00e1 nebo nezn\u011bl\u00e1, tak\u017ee slovo zn\u00ed t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 jako \u201cdes\u201d. To neoprav\u0148uje k n\u00e1siln\u00e9mu vypou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed zvuku ve v\u0161ech situac\u00edch. Region, v\u011bk, rychlost, d\u016fraz a m\u00edra formality mohou zm\u011bnit v\u00fdslovnost. <a href=\"https:\/\/kotoba.ninjal.ac.jp\/qa\/yokuaru\/qa-215\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NINJAL vysv\u011btluje variace v\u00fdslovnosti v <span lang=\"ja\">\u3067\u3059\u30fb\u307e\u3059<\/span><\/a> a pozoruje region\u00e1ln\u00ed a genera\u010dn\u00ed rozd\u00edly.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Jak zm\u011bnit v\u011btu s desu na ot\u00e1zku?<\/h2>\n\n<p>Ve zdvo\u0159il\u00e9m rejst\u0159\u00edku p\u0159idejte <span lang=\"ja\">\u304b<\/span> na konec:<\/p>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">\u7530\u4e2d\u3055\u3093\u306f\u5148\u751f\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><br \/><em>Tanaka-san wa sensei desu ka.<\/em><br \/>Tanaka je profesor?<\/p>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e\u753a\u306f\u9759\u304b\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><br \/><em>Kono machi wa shizuka desu ka.<\/em><br \/>Je toto m\u011bsto klidn\u00e9?<\/p>\n\n<p>V neform\u00e1ln\u00ed \u0159e\u010di mohou tvo\u0159it ot\u00e1zky intonace a jin\u00e1 zakon\u010den\u00ed bez <span lang=\"ja\">\u304b<\/span>. Pr\u016fvodce <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/jak-klast-otazky-v-japonstine\/\">jak kl\u00e1st ot\u00e1zky v japon\u0161tin\u011b<\/a> vysv\u011btluje rozd\u00edl mezi zdvo\u0159il\u00fdmi a neform\u00e1ln\u00edmi ot\u00e1zkami.<\/p>\n\n<h2>\u010cast\u00e9 chyby s desu<\/h2>\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Pou\u017eit\u00ed po slovesu ve slovn\u00edkov\u00e9m tvaru:<\/strong> preferujte <span lang=\"ja\">\u884c\u304d\u307e\u3059<\/span> ve zdvo\u0159il\u00e9m stylu, ne <span lang=\"ja\">\u884c\u304f\u3067\u3059<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tvo\u0159en\u00ed minul\u00e9ho \u010dasu p\u0159\u00eddavn\u00e9ho jm\u00e9na \u3044 jako <span lang=\"ja\">\u9ad8\u3044\u3067\u3057\u305f<\/span>:<\/strong> spr\u00e1vn\u00fd tvar je <span lang=\"ja\">\u9ad8\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3067\u3059<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Zach\u00e1zet s <span lang=\"ja\">\u3060<\/span> jako se zdvo\u0159ilou zkratkou:<\/strong> pat\u0159\u00ed do jednoduch\u00e9ho stylu a m\u016f\u017ee v ur\u010dit\u00fdch vztaz\u00edch zn\u00edt p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 p\u0159\u00edmo\u010da\u0159e.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tvrdit, \u017ee <span lang=\"ja\">nen\u00ed<\/span> se nepou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1:<\/strong> tvar z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 platn\u00fd; <span lang=\"ja\">ne<\/span> je pouze konverza\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li><strong>V\u017edy vyslovujte \u201cdes\u201d:<\/strong> redukce <em>u<\/em> varia; nejprve si zachovejte rytmus a poslouchejte mluv\u010d\u00ed v r\u016fzn\u00fdch kontextech.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2>Kr\u00e1tk\u00fd dialog s desu<\/h2>\n\n<p><strong>A:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u7530\u4e2d\u3055\u3093\u306f\u5148\u751f\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><br \/><em>Tanaka-san wa sensei desu ka.<\/em><br \/>Tanaka je profesor?<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>B:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u3044\u3044\u3048\u3001\u5148\u751f\u3058\u3083\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u4f1a\u793e\u54e1\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><br \/><em>Iie, sensei ja arimasen. Kaishain desu.<\/em><br \/>Ne, nen\u00ed to u\u010ditel. Je zam\u011bstnanec spole\u010dnosti.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>A:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u6628\u65e5\u3082\u4ed5\u4e8b\u3067\u3057\u305f\u304b\u3002<\/span><br \/><em>Kin\u014d mo shigoto deshita ka.<\/em><br \/>Byla v\u010dera tak\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce?<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>B:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u3044\u3044\u3048\u3001\u4f11\u307f\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/span><br \/><em>Iie, yasumi deshita.<\/em><br \/>Ne, bylo volno.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Cvi\u010den\u00ed: vyberte spr\u00e1vn\u00fd tvar<\/h2>\n\n<ol>\n<li>\u201cV\u010dera byl klid\u201d: <span lang=\"ja\">\u6628\u65e5\u306f\u9759\u304b\uff08\u3067\u3059\uff0f\u3067\u3057\u305f\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/li>\n<li>\u201cDnes nen\u00ed sv\u00e1tek\u201d: <span lang=\"ja\">\u4eca\u65e5\u306f\u795d\u65e5\uff08\u3058\u3083\u306a\u3044\u3067\u3059\uff0f\u3060\u3063\u305f\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/li>\n<li>\u201cBylo to drah\u00e9\u201d: <span lang=\"ja\">\u9ad8\u3044\u3067\u3057\u305f\uff0f\u9ad8\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/li>\n<li>\u201cPojedu do Japonska\u201d ve zdvo\u0159il\u00e9m stylu: <span lang=\"ja\">\u65e5\u672c\u3078\u884c\u304f\u3067\u3059\uff0f\u65e5\u672c\u3078\u884c\u304d\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<p><strong>Odpov\u011bdi:<\/strong> 1) <span lang=\"ja\">bylo<\/span>, proto\u017ee v\u011bta je v minul\u00e9m \u010dase; 2) <span lang=\"ja\">\u3058\u3083\u306a\u3044\u3067\u3059<\/span>, z\u00e1porn\u00fd zdvo\u0159il\u00fd tvar v nep\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e9m \u010dase; 3) <span lang=\"ja\">\u9ad8\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3067\u3059<\/span>, pois o adjetivo \u3044 recebe a flex\u00e3o; 4) <span lang=\"ja\">\u65e5\u672c\u3078\u884c\u304d\u307e\u3059<\/span>, porque verbos usam normalmente <span lang=\"ja\">\u307e\u3059<\/span> no estilo educado.<\/p>\n\n<h2>\u010casto kladen\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky<\/h2>\n\n<div id=\"rank-math-faq\" class=\"rank-math-block\">\n<div class=\"rank-math-list\">\n<div id=\"faq-question-327455de07c61\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Co znamen\u00e1 desu v japon\u0161tin\u011b?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>\u3067\u3059 (desu) ozna\u010duje v\u011btu jako zdvo\u0159ilou a pom\u00e1h\u00e1 tvo\u0159it p\u0159\u00edsudky s podstatn\u00fdmi a p\u0159\u00eddavn\u00fdmi jm\u00e9ny. P\u0159eklad m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt \u201cje\u201d, \u201cjsem\u201d nebo \u201cjsou\u201d, ale p\u0159esn\u00fd v\u00fdznam z\u00e1vis\u00ed na kontextu a na prvku, kter\u00fd p\u0159edch\u00e1z\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-6eaab8f05fa53\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Je 'desu' japonsk\u00e9 sloveso b\u00fdt?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>Ne univerz\u00e1ln\u011b. Tento p\u0159eklad m\u016f\u017ee pomoci u jednoduch\u00fdch v\u011bt, ale \u3067\u3059 nenahrazuje v\u0161echna pou\u017eit\u00ed \u201cb\u00fdt\u201d a \u201cnach\u00e1zet se\u201d. Japonsk\u00e1 slovesa obvykle pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed \u307e\u3059 ve zdvo\u0159ilostn\u00edm stylu, zat\u00edmco podstatn\u00e1 jm\u00e9na a p\u0159\u00eddavn\u00e1 jm\u00e9na se \u0159\u00edd\u00ed vlastn\u00edmi vzory.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-78c00be5160ac\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Jak\u00fd je rozd\u00edl mezi desu a da?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>\u3067\u3059 pat\u0159\u00ed do zdvo\u0159ilostn\u00edho stylu; \u3060 pat\u0159\u00ed do prost\u00e9ho stylu. Mohou zauj\u00edmat odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed funkce po podstatn\u00fdch jm\u00e9nech a adjektivech \u306a, ale volba m\u011bn\u00ed registr a vztah k partnerovi. \u3060 nen\u00ed jen zkratkou pro \u3067\u3059.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-4ba13b3d77d08\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Jak d\u00e1t desu do minul\u00e9ho \u010dasu a z\u00e1poru?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>U podstatn\u00fdch jmen a p\u0159\u00eddavn\u00fdch jmen \u306a pou\u017eijte v kladn\u00e9m minul\u00e9m \u010dase \u3067\u3057\u305f. Pro z\u00e1por se b\u011b\u017en\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed tvary \u3058\u3083\u306a\u3044\u3067\u3059, \u3058\u3083\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093 a \u3067\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093; v z\u00e1porn\u00e9m minul\u00e9m \u010dase pou\u017eijte \u3058\u3083\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3067\u3059, \u3058\u3083\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3067\u3057\u305f nebo \u3067\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3067\u3057\u305f.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-7eb9c5d674bd2\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Mohu pou\u017e\u00edt desu po jak\u00e9mkoli slovesu?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>Ne. Zdvo\u0159il\u00fd tvar slovesa obvykle kon\u010d\u00ed na \u307e\u3059: nap\u0159\u00edklad \u884c\u304d\u307e\u3059. Konstrukce \u884c\u304f\u3067\u3059 je ve standardn\u00ed japon\u0161tin\u011b nespr\u00e1vn\u00e1. \u3067\u3059 se m\u016f\u017ee objevit po n\u011bkter\u00fdch tvarech, kter\u00e9 ji\u017e funguj\u00ed jako p\u0159\u00edsudky, ale nenahrazuje \u010dasov\u00e1n\u00ed sloves.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<h2>Pr\u00f3ximo passo: reconhe\u00e7a o tipo de predicado<\/h2>\n\n<p>Antes de escolher <span lang=\"ja\">\u3067\u3059<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">\u3060<\/span> nebo <span lang=\"ja\">\u307e\u3059<\/span>, identifique se o n\u00facleo da frase \u00e9 um substantivo, um adjetivo \u306a, um adjetivo \u3044 ou um verbo. Essa decis\u00e3o simples evita a maior parte dos erros e conecta este tema \u00e0 <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/japonske-poradi-slov\/\">slovosledu v japon\u0161tin\u011b<\/a> e \u00e0s <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/zakladni-castice-v-japonstine\/\">part\u00edculas que marcam a fun\u00e7\u00e3o dos grupos<\/a>.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Pochopte, co znamen\u00e1 \u3067\u3059 (desu), kdy pou\u017e\u00edt tuto zdvo\u0159ilou formu a jak rozli\u0161it podstatn\u00e1 jm\u00e9na, p\u0159\u00eddavn\u00e1 jm\u00e9na a slovesa v japonsk\u00fdch v\u011bt\u00e1ch.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":1667,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[49,70,73,60],"tags":[27,71,2,3],"class_list":["post-1665","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-curso-de-japones-gratis","category-gramatica-japonesa","category-verbos-em-japones","category-vocabulario-japones","tag-gramatica","tag-gramatica-japonesa","tag-idioma-japones","tag-nihongo","resize-featured-image"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1665","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/18"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1665"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1665\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4403,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1665\/revisions\/4403"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1667"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1665"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1665"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1665"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}