{"id":1680,"date":"2009-11-03T04:51:12","date_gmt":"2009-11-03T06:51:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/?p=1680"},"modified":"2018-03-09T22:16:01","modified_gmt":"2018-03-10T01:16:01","slug":"ukazovaci-zajmena-v-japonstine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/pronomes-demonstrativos-em-japones\/","title":{"rendered":"Ukazovac\u00ed z\u00e1jmena v japon\u0161tin\u011b"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>Zjist\u011bte v\u00edce o <strong>ukazovac\u00ed z\u00e1jmena v japon\u0161tin\u011b<\/strong>!<\/em><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-1681 size-full\" title=\"Ukazovac\u00ed z\u00e1jmena v japon\u0161tin\u011b\" src=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/pronomes-demonstrativos-em-japones.gif\" alt=\"Ukazovac\u00ed z\u00e1jmena v japon\u0161tin\u011b\" width=\"100\" height=\"100\" \/>Ukazovac\u00ed z\u00e1jmena v japon\u0161tin\u011b tvo\u0159\u00ed soubor <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/japonska-slovni-zasoba\/\">slova z japon\u0161tiny<\/a> kter\u00e9 lze pou\u017e\u00edt, kdy\u017e chceme hovo\u0159it o v\u011bcech, kter\u00e9 n\u00e1s obklopuj\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h2>Ukazovac\u00ed z\u00e1jmena v japon\u0161tin\u011b<\/h2>\n<p>Tato skupina slov je tak\u00e9 zn\u00e1m\u00e1 jako\u00a0<strong>ko-so-a-do<\/strong>, jeliko\u017e se slova skl\u00e1daj\u00ed z ko\u0159en\u016f se stejn\u00fdm fon\u00e9mem a pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed se k vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed my\u0161lenek v z\u00e1vislosti na dan\u00e9 situaci.<\/p>\n<h2>Tohle, tamto a ono v japon\u0161tin\u011b<\/h2>\n<p>Prvn\u00ed skupina, se kterou se sezn\u00e1m\u00edme, je\u00a0<acronym title=\"kore \u2013 toto, tento a tato\">\u3053\u308c<\/acronym>,\u00a0<acronym title=\"sore \u2013 to, ten, ta\">to<\/acronym>,\u00a0<acronym title=\"are \u2013 to, ten, ta\">\u3042\u308c<\/acronym>\u00a0e\u00a0<acronym title=\"dore \u2013 kter\u00fd\">kter\u00fd<\/acronym>.<span id=\"more-34\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"kore \u2013 toto, tento a tato\">\u3053\u308c<\/acronym>\u00a0znamen\u00e1 \u201eto\u201c, \u201etento\u201c a \u201etato\u201c. Obvykle se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1, kdy\u017e mluv\u00edme o p\u0159edm\u011btech, kter\u00e9 se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed v bl\u00edzkosti mluv\u010d\u00edho.<acronym title=\"sore \u2013 to, ten, ta\">to<\/acronym>\u00a0znamen\u00e1 \u201eto\u201c, \u201eten\u201c a \u201eta\u201c.<acronym title=\"sore \u2013 to, ten, ta\">to<\/acronym>\u00a0pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se, kdy\u017e mluv\u00edme o n\u011b\u010dem, co se nach\u00e1z\u00ed v bl\u00edzkosti poslucha\u010de.\u00a0<acronym title=\"are \u2013 to, ten, ta\">\u3042\u308c<\/acronym>znamen\u00e1 to, ten a ta a<acronym title=\"are \u2013 to, ten, ta\"><\/acronym>\u00a0pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se pro v\u011bci, kter\u00e9 jsou vzd\u00e1len\u00e9 od mluv\u010d\u00edho i poslucha\u010de. A nakonec,\u00a0<acronym title=\"dore \u2013 kter\u00fd\">kter\u00fd<\/acronym>\u00a0znamen\u00e1 \u201ckter\u00fd\u201d a pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se k kladen\u00ed ot\u00e1zek v japon\u0161tin\u011b.<\/p>\n<p>Pokud se tedy chcete zeptat kamar\u00e1da, jestli to, co dr\u017e\u00edte v rukou, je s\u00fdr, sta\u010d\u00ed \u0159\u00edct:<\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"kore wa chiizu desu ka? \u2013 Je to s\u00fdr?\">Je to s\u00fdr?<\/acronym><\/p>\n<p>Na druhou stranu si te\u010f p\u0159edstavte, \u017ee v\u00e1\u0161 japonsk\u00fd p\u0159\u00edtel nese v ruce tal\u00ed\u0159 a vy chcete v\u011bd\u011bt, jestli to j\u00eddlo, kter\u00e9 nese, je marmel\u00e1da. Zept\u00e1te se:<\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"sore wa jamu desu ka? \u2013 Je to marmel\u00e1da?\">Je to marmel\u00e1da?<\/acronym><\/p>\n<p>Jeho japonsk\u00fd p\u0159\u00edtel se chce zeptat, jestli je ten de\u0161tn\u00edk, kter\u00fd le\u017e\u00ed v rohu m\u00edstnosti, jeho. Jeliko\u017e je de\u0161tn\u00edk daleko od nich obou, zept\u00e1 se:<\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"are wa anata no kasa desu ka? \u2013 Je ten de\u0161tn\u00edk v\u00e1\u0161?\">Je to v\u00e1\u0161 de\u0161tn\u00edk?<\/acronym><\/p>\n<p>Te\u010f si p\u0159edstavte, \u017ee na stole le\u017e\u00ed n\u011bkolik knih a vy se chcete zeptat, kter\u00e1 z nich pat\u0159\u00ed va\u0161emu japonsk\u00e9mu kamar\u00e1dovi. Jedn\u00edm ze zp\u016fsob\u016f, jak se na to zeptat, je:<\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"anata no hon wa dore desu ka? \u2013 Jak\u00e1 je va\u0161e kniha?\">Kter\u00e1 z t\u011bch knih je va\u0161e?<\/acronym><\/p>\n<h2>Tohle, tamto a ono v japon\u0161tin\u011b (adjektivn\u00ed tvar)<\/h2>\n<p>Druh\u00e1 skupina slov je velmi podobn\u00e1 t\u00e9 prvn\u00ed, tentokr\u00e1t se jedn\u00e1 o n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed slova:\u00a0<acronym title=\"kono - toto, toto a toto\">\u3053\u306e<\/acronym>,\u00a0<acronym title=\"sp\u00e1nek - to, to a ono\">\u305d\u306e<\/acronym>,\u00a0<acronym title=\"rok - to, to, to\">\u3042\u306e<\/acronym>\u00a0e\u00a0<acronym title=\"majitel \u2013 kter\u00fd\">kter\u00fd<\/acronym>.<\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"kono - toto, toto a toto\">\u3053\u306e<\/acronym>\u00a0znamen\u00e1 \u201eto\u201c, \u201etento\u201c, \u201etato\u201c a pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se, kdy\u017e mluv\u00edme o v\u011bcech nebo lidech, kte\u0159\u00ed se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed v bl\u00edzkosti mluv\u010d\u00edho.\u00a0<acronym title=\"sp\u00e1nek - to, to a ono\">\u305d\u306e<\/acronym>\u00a0znamen\u00e1 \u201eto\u201c, \u201eten\u201c, \u201eta\u201c a pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se, kdy\u017e mluv\u00edme o v\u011bcech nebo lidech, kte\u0159\u00ed se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed v bl\u00edzkosti poslucha\u010de.\u00a0<acronym title=\"rok - to, to, to\">\u3042\u306e<\/acronym>\u00a0znamen\u00e1 \u201eto\u201c, \u201eten\u201c a \u201eta\u201c a pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se, kdy\u017e mluv\u00edme o v\u011bcech nebo lidech, kte\u0159\u00ed jsou daleko od toho, kdo mluv\u00ed, a od toho, kdo poslouch\u00e1. A nakonec m\u00e1me\u00a0<acronym title=\"majitel \u2013 kter\u00fd\">kter\u00fd<\/acronym>\u00a0co\u017e znamen\u00e1 \u201ckter\u00fd\u201d a pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se v t\u00e1zac\u00edch v\u011bt\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n<p>V n\u00e1vaznosti na p\u0159edchoz\u00ed t\u00e9ma pou\u017eijeme velmi podobn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edklady. P\u0159edstavte si, \u017ee dr\u017e\u00edte v rukou marmel\u00e1du. Jeliko\u017e dob\u0159e va\u0159\u00edte, je va\u0161e marmel\u00e1da v sousedstv\u00ed velmi zn\u00e1m\u00e1. Jak to \u0159eknete sv\u00e9mu kamar\u00e1dovi, kter\u00fd sed\u00ed vedle v\u00e1s? Jednodu\u0161e.<\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"kono jamu wa taihen yuumei desu. \u2013 Tato marmel\u00e1da je velmi zn\u00e1m\u00e1.\">Tento d\u017eem je velmi zn\u00e1m\u00fd.<\/acronym><\/p>\n<p>P\u0159edstavte si nyn\u00ed, \u017ee ve stejn\u00e9 m\u00edstnosti le\u017e\u00ed na stole noviny. Ten st\u016fl stoj\u00ed v rohu m\u00edstnosti. Jak se zeptat, zda jsou ty noviny va\u0161eho kamar\u00e1da, kdy\u017e v\u00edte, \u017ee jsou od v\u00e1s obou daleko?<\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"ano shinbun wa anata no desu ka? \u2013 Je ten den\u00edk v\u00e1\u0161?\">Je ten novinov\u00fd v\u00fdtisk v\u00e1\u0161?<\/acronym><\/p>\n<p>V tuto chv\u00edli si asi kladete ot\u00e1zku: Jestli\u017ee\u00a0<acronym title=\"kono - toto, toto a toto\">\u3053\u306e<\/acronym>,\u00a0<acronym title=\"sp\u00e1nek - to, to a ono\">\u305d\u306e<\/acronym>,\u00a0<acronym title=\"rok - to, to, to\">\u3042\u306e<\/acronym>\u00a0e\u00a0<acronym title=\"majitel \u2013 kter\u00fd\">kter\u00fd<\/acronym>\u00a0m\u00e1 stejn\u00fd v\u00fdznam jako\u00a0<acronym title=\"kore \u2013 toto, tento a tato\">\u3053\u308c<\/acronym>,\u00a0<acronym title=\"sore \u2013 to, ten, ta\">to<\/acronym>,\u00a0<acronym title=\"are \u2013 to, ten, ta\">\u3042\u308c<\/acronym>\u00a0e\u00a0<acronym title=\"dore \u2013 kter\u00fd\">kter\u00fd<\/acronym>, jak m\u00e1m v\u011bd\u011bt, kdy je m\u00e1m pou\u017e\u00edt? Je to docela jednoduch\u00e9, mil\u00fd kolego. Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed rozd\u00edl mezi nimi spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v tom, \u017ee\u00a0<acronym title=\"kono - toto, toto a toto\">\u3053\u306e<\/acronym>,\u00a0<acronym title=\"sp\u00e1nek - to, to a ono\">\u305d\u306e<\/acronym>,\u00a0<acronym title=\"rok - to, to, to\">\u3042\u306e<\/acronym>\u00a0e\u00a0<acronym title=\"majitel \u2013 kter\u00fd\">kter\u00fd<\/acronym>vy\u017eaduj\u00ed podstatn\u00e9 jm\u00e9no jako dopln\u011bk. Co\u017ee? P\u0159esn\u011b tak. Po\u00a0<acronym title=\"kono - toto, toto a toto\">\u3053\u306e<\/acronym>,\u00a0<acronym title=\"sp\u00e1nek - to, to a ono\">\u305d\u306e<\/acronym>,\u00a0<acronym title=\"rok - to, to, to\">\u3042\u306e<\/acronym>\u00a0e\u00a0<acronym title=\"majitel \u2013 kter\u00fd\">kter\u00fd<\/acronym>\u00a0mus\u00ed nutn\u011b n\u00e1sledovat podstatn\u00e9 jm\u00e9no, zat\u00edmco\u00a0<acronym title=\"kore \u2013 toto, tento a tato\">\u3053\u308c<\/acronym>,\u00a0<acronym title=\"sore \u2013 to, ten, ta\">to<\/acronym>,\u00a0<acronym title=\"are \u2013 to, ten, ta\">\u3042\u308c<\/acronym>\u00a0e\u00a0<acronym title=\"dore \u2013 kter\u00fd\">kter\u00fd<\/acronym>\u00a0nepou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed se spolu s podstatn\u00fdmi jm\u00e9ny. Ch\u00e1pe\u0161? Rozd\u00edl je docela jednoduch\u00fd. Pod\u00edvej se:<\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"kore wa anata no hon desu ka? \u2013 Je to va\u0161e kniha?\">Je to va\u0161e kniha?<\/acronym><\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"kono hon wa anata no desu ka? \u2013 Je tahle kniha va\u0161e?\">Je tahle kniha va\u0161e?<\/acronym>\u3002<\/p>\n<p>V\u0161imli jste si rozd\u00edl\u016f v konstrukci?<\/p>\n<p>Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee vy\u017eaduj\u00ed podstatn\u00e9 jm\u00e9no, jsou tato ukazovac\u00ed z\u00e1jmena tak\u00e9 zn\u00e1m\u00e1 jako\u00a0<strong>ukazovac\u00ed z\u00e1jmena a p\u0159\u00eddavn\u00e1 jm\u00e9na<\/strong>.<br \/>\n<!--Ads10--><\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Mnoho u\u010ditel\u016f japon\u0161tiny rozli\u0161uje mezi ob\u011bma v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00fdmi skupinami koso. Obvykle \u0159\u00edkaj\u00ed, \u017ee\u00a0<acronym title=\"kore \u2013 toto, tento a tato\">\u3053\u308c<\/acronym>,\u00a0<acronym title=\"sore \u2013 to, ten, ta\">to<\/acronym>\u00a0e\u00a0<acronym title=\"are \u2013 to, ten, ta\">\u3042\u308c<\/acronym>\u00a0znamenaj\u00ed tohle, tamto a ono, a \u017ee\u00a0<acronym title=\"kono - toto, toto a toto\">\u3053\u306e<\/acronym>,\u00a0<acronym title=\"sp\u00e1nek - to, to a ono\">\u305d\u306e<\/acronym>\u00a0e\u00a0<acronym title=\"rok - to, to, to\">\u3042\u306e<\/acronym>\u00a0znamenaj\u00ed \u201etento\u201c, \u201eten\u201c a \u201eten\u201c.<\/p>\n<p>D\u016fvodem, pro\u010d mnoho u\u010ditel\u016f japon\u0161tiny toto rozli\u0161en\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1, je to, \u017ee hledaj\u00ed jednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed zp\u016fsob v\u00fduky japon\u0161tiny a vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed k tomu analogii s ukazovac\u00edmi z\u00e1jmeny v portugal\u0161tin\u011b. Japonci v\u0161ak toto rozli\u0161en\u00ed nepou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>V ka\u017ed\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b se m\u016f\u017eete \u0159\u00eddit jak\u00fdmkoli p\u0159\u00edstupem, kter\u00fd v\u00e1m vyhovuje. Pokud se budete \u0159\u00eddit jako v\u011bt\u0161ina a budete rozli\u0161ovat mezi t\u011bmito dv\u011bma skupinami kosoado, neud\u011bl\u00e1te \u017e\u00e1dnou chybu. A pokud se budete \u0159\u00eddit t\u00edm, co uv\u00e1d\u00edm v tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku, tak\u00e9 neud\u011bl\u00e1te \u017e\u00e1dnou chybu. Doporu\u010duji v\u00e1m, abyste se \u0159\u00eddili t\u00edm zp\u016fsobem, kter\u00fd v\u00e1m p\u0159ijde nejjednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed. Dob\u0159e?<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<h2>Tady, tam, tamhle a kde v japon\u0161tin\u011b<\/h2>\n<p>T\u0159et\u00ed skupina kosoado vych\u00e1z\u00ed z podobn\u00e9ho principu jako skupiny z p\u0159edchoz\u00edch t\u00e9mat, tentokr\u00e1t se v\u0161ak pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 k ozna\u010den\u00ed polohy v\u011bc\u00ed v japon\u0161tin\u011b. Jedn\u00e1 se o:\u00a0<acronym title=\"koko \u2013 tady (na tomto m\u00edst\u011b)\">\u3053\u3053<\/acronym>,\u00a0<acronym title=\"soko \u2013 tam (na tom m\u00edst\u011b)\">\u305d\u3053<\/acronym>,\u00a0<acronym title=\"asoko \u2013 tam (na tom m\u00edst\u011b)\">\u3042\u305d\u3053<\/acronym>\u00a0e\u00a0<acronym title=\"doko - kde\">\u3069\u3053<\/acronym>.<\/p>\n<p>Stejn\u011b jako v p\u0159edchoz\u00edch p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvc\u00edch se pokus\u00edm vyj\u00e1d\u0159it se co nejjasn\u011bji.\u00a0<acronym title=\"koko \u2013 tady (na tomto m\u00edst\u011b)\">\u3053\u3053<\/acronym>\u00a0slou\u017e\u00ed k ozna\u010den\u00ed polohy p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f, kter\u00e9 se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed v bl\u00edzkosti mluv\u010d\u00edho.\u00a0<acronym title=\"soko \u2013 tam (na tom m\u00edst\u011b)\">\u305d\u3053<\/acronym>\u00a0Doporu\u010duje se k ozna\u010den\u00ed p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f, kter\u00e9 se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed v bl\u00edzkosti poslucha\u010de.\u00a0<acronym title=\"asoko \u2013 tam (na tom m\u00edst\u011b)\">\u3042\u305d\u3053<\/acronym>\u00a0se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 pro p\u0159edm\u011bty, kter\u00e9 jsou daleko od mluv\u010d\u00edho a poslucha\u010de. A\u00a0<acronym title=\"doko - kde\">\u3069\u3053<\/acronym>\u00a0slou\u017e\u00ed k tomu, aby se v japon\u0161tin\u011b zeptal, kde se n\u011bjak\u00e9 m\u00edsto nach\u00e1z\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>P\u0159edstavte si, \u017ee Japoncem nav\u0161t\u011bvuje Braz\u00edlii. Potk\u00e1te se na ulici a ten Japonec v\u00e1s \u017e\u00e1d\u00e1 o pomoc, proto\u017ee v okol\u00ed nen\u00ed nikdo, kdo by mluvil jeho jazykem. Ach! Ten Japonec tak\u00e9 nemluv\u00ed portugalsky.<\/p>\n<p>Mezi zoufal\u00fdmi slovy a gesty na\u0161eho v\u00fdchodn\u00edho p\u0159\u00edtele lze rozeznat jednu docela b\u011b\u017enou v\u011btu (\u00a0<acronym title=\"hoteru wa doko desu ka? \u2013 Kde se nach\u00e1z\u00ed hotel?\">Kde je ten hotel?<\/acronym>\u00a0) a v\u0161imnete si, \u017ee ten Japonec hled\u00e1 hotel. Je t\u0159eba si uv\u011bdomit, \u017ee vy stoj\u00edte u vchodu do hotelu a ten Japonec je na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b ulice. M\u011bli byste odpov\u011bd\u011bt n\u011bco jako:<\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"hotelu wa koko desu. \u2013 Hotel je tady.\">Tady je ten hotel.<\/acronym><\/p>\n<p>Te\u010f si p\u0159edstavte, \u017ee hotel je za t\u011bmi Japonci, na stejn\u00e9 stran\u011b ulice jako oni. Co byste te\u010f \u0159ekl?<\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"hoteru wa soko desu. \u2013 Hotel je tam.\">Hotel je tam.<\/acronym><\/p>\n<p>Te\u010f si p\u0159edstavme jinou situaci. P\u0159edstavte si, \u017ee hotel je na konci ulice, hodn\u011b daleko od v\u00e1s dvou. Co ud\u011bl\u00e1te? Uk\u00e1\u017eete na konec ulice a \u0159eknete:<\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"hoteru wa soko desu. \u2013 Hotel je tam (na konci ulice).\">Hotel je tamhle.<\/acronym><\/p>\n<p>Mo\u017en\u00e1 to nebyl zrovna nejlep\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edklad, ale mysl\u00edm, \u017ee je te\u010f jasn\u00e9, kdy se tato t\u0159i slova pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed. Pokud jste se dob\u0159e d\u00edvali, jist\u011b jste si v\u0161imli, \u017ee logika skupin kosoado je v\u017edy stejn\u00e1.<\/p>\n<h2>Tento typ, tamten typ, jako tohle a jako tamto v japon\u0161tin\u011b<\/h2>\n<p><acronym title=\"konna\">takov\u00fd<\/acronym>,\u00a0<acronym title=\"sonna\">takov\u00fd<\/acronym>,\u00a0<acronym title=\"anna\">takov\u00fd<\/acronym>\u00a0e\u00a0<acronym title=\"donna\">jak\u00fd<\/acronym>\u00a0jsou dal\u0161\u00ed t\u0159i japonsk\u00e1 slova se stejn\u00fdm v\u00fdznamem jako\u00a0<acronym title=\"kore \u2013 toto, tento a tato\">\u3053\u308c<\/acronym>,\u00a0<acronym title=\"sore \u2013 to, ten, ta\">to<\/acronym>,\u00a0<acronym title=\"are \u2013 to, ten, ta\">\u3042\u308c<\/acronym>\u00a0e\u00a0<acronym title=\"dore \u2013 kter\u00fd\">kter\u00fd<\/acronym>, ale kter\u00e9 se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed stejn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem jako\u00a0<acronym title=\"kono - toto, toto a toto\">\u3053\u306e<\/acronym>,\u00a0<acronym title=\"sp\u00e1nek - to, to a ono\">\u305d\u306e<\/acronym>,\u00a0<acronym title=\"rok - to, to, to\">\u3042\u306e<\/acronym>\u00a0e\u00a0<acronym title=\"majitel \u2013 kter\u00fd\">kter\u00fd<\/acronym>.<\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"konna\">takov\u00fd<\/acronym><br \/>\nTo znamen\u00e1: toto, tento, tato, z toho, z tohoto, z t\u00e9to, jako toto, jako tento nebo jako tato. Lze to pou\u017e\u00edt k zm\u00ednce o v\u011bcech, kter\u00e9 se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed v bl\u00edzkosti mluv\u010d\u00edho.<\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"sonna\">takov\u00fd<\/acronym><br \/>\nZnamen\u00e1 to \u201eto\u201c, \u201eten\u201c, \u201eta\u201c, \u201ez toho\u201c, \u201ez toho\u201c, \u201ez t\u00e9\u201c, \u201ejako to\u201c, \u201ejako ten\u201c nebo \u201ejako ta\u201c. Pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se k zm\u00ednce o v\u011bcech, kter\u00e9 se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed v bl\u00edzkosti poslucha\u010de.<\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"anna\">takov\u00fd<\/acronym><br \/>\nZnamen\u00e1 to, ten, ta, toho, toho, t\u00e9, jako to, jako ten nebo jako ta. V tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b se slovo \u201eAnna\u201c pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 k zm\u00ednce o v\u011bcech, kter\u00e9 se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed daleko od mluv\u010d\u00edho a poslucha\u010de.<\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"donna\">jak\u00fd<\/acronym>\u00a0je to japonsk\u00e9 slovo, kter\u00e9 se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 k kladen\u00ed ot\u00e1zek prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm analogie s\u00a0<acronym title=\"konna\">takov\u00fd<\/acronym>,\u00a0<acronym title=\"sonna\">takov\u00fd<\/acronym>\u00a0e\u00a0<acronym title=\"anna\">takov\u00fd<\/acronym>. V nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00edch p\u0159\u00edpadech,\u00a0<acronym title=\"donna\">jak\u00fd<\/acronym>\u00a0lze p\u0159elo\u017eit jako: \u201cJak\u00fd druh\u201d, \u201cJak\u00fd typ\u201d nebo \u201cJak\u00fd\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>Krom\u011b ji\u017e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fdch v\u00fdznam\u016f lze v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e9 t\u0159i v\u00fdrazy p\u0159elo\u017eit tak\u00e9 jako:\u00a0<strong>podobn\u00fd<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>jako<\/strong>\u00a0(ve smyslu srovn\u00e1n\u00ed \u2013 Jsi jako ten \u010dlov\u011bk). M\u016f\u017ee vyjad\u0159ovat my\u0161lenku, \u017ee n\u011bco \u201cje ur\u010dit\u00e9ho druhu\u201d nebo \u201cur\u010dit\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem\u201d, a to v r\u00e1mci srovn\u00e1n\u00ed. Tyto v\u00fdznamy v\u0161ak do zna\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edry z\u00e1vis\u00ed na kontextu v\u011bty.<\/p>\n<p>Nenechte se t\u011bmito rozd\u00edly odradit, sta\u010d\u00ed se \u0159\u00eddit stejnou logikou jako u dosud uveden\u00fdch t\u00e9mat, abyste v\u011bd\u011bli, jak a kdy kter\u00e9 z nich pou\u017e\u00edt. Nyn\u00ed se pod\u00edv\u00e1me na n\u011bkolik p\u0159\u00edklad\u016f.<\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"Konna handobaggu wa ikaga desu ka? \u2013 L\u00edb\u00ed se v\u00e1m tento typ kabelky?\">Co \u0159\u00edk\u00e1te na takovou kabelku?<\/acronym><\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"boku wa anna dokoro tabemasen. \u2013 Tam nej\u00edm; na takov\u00fdch m\u00edstech nej\u00edm.\">Tam se nej\u00edm.<\/acronym><\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"donna kamera o kaimasu ka? \u2013 Jak\u00fd (jak\u00fd typ) fotoapar\u00e1tu si m\u00e1m koupit?\">Jak\u00fd fotoapar\u00e1t si koup\u00edte?<\/acronym><\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"donna keeki o tabemashou ka? \u2013 (jak\u00fd) Jak\u00fd druh dortu si d\u00e1me?\">Jak\u00fd dort si d\u00e1me?<\/acronym><\/p>\n<h2>Cvi\u010den\u00ed ru\u010dn\u00edho psan\u00ed kand\u017ei<\/h2>\n<p>N\u00ed\u017ee jsou uvedeny\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/jak-napsat-japonska-pismena-kandzi\/\">Japonsk\u00e9 ideografick\u00e9 symboly<\/a>\u00a0pou\u017eit\u00e9 v tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku. V\u00fdb\u011br po\u017eadovan\u00fdch kand\u017ei zkop\u00edrujte a vlo\u017ete je do pole\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/v-4\/imprimir-para-treinar-kanas-e-kanjis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pracovn\u00ed list pro procvi\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed kany a kand\u017ei<\/a>\u00a0otev\u0159e se nov\u00e9 okno, ve kter\u00e9m si m\u016f\u017eete prohl\u00e9dnout soubor k vytisknut\u00ed a procvi\u010dit si japonskou kaligrafii zakryt\u00edm \u0161ed\u00fdch symbol\u016f a n\u00e1sledn\u00fdm pokusem o vlastn\u00ed psan\u00ed. Sta\u010d\u00ed vytisknout a procvi\u010dovat.<\/p>\n<table style=\"height: 78px\" border=\"0\" width=\"427\" cellspacing=\"2\" cellpadding=\"2\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u50d5<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u98df<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u8cb7<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u672c<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u65b0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u805e<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u5927<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u5909<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u6709<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u540d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Zjist\u011bte v\u00edce o japonsk\u00fdch ukazovac\u00edch z\u00e1jmenech! Japonsk\u00e1 ukazovac\u00ed z\u00e1jmena jsou v japon\u0161tin\u011b souborem slov, kter\u00e1 lze pou\u017e\u00edt, kdy\u017e chceme ozna\u010dit v\u011bci v na\u0161em okol\u00ed.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":1682,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[49,70,72,60],"tags":[27,71,2,3],"class_list":["post-1680","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-curso-de-japones-gratis","category-gramatica-japonesa","category-pronomes-em-japones","category-vocabulario-japones","tag-gramatica","tag-gramatica-japonesa","tag-idioma-japones","tag-nihongo","resize-featured-image"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1680","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/18"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1680"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1680\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1682"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1680"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1680"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1680"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}