{"id":1680,"date":"2009-11-03T04:51:12","date_gmt":"2009-11-03T06:51:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/?p=1680"},"modified":"2026-08-21T20:38:21","modified_gmt":"2026-08-21T23:38:21","slug":"ukazovaci-zajmena-v-japonstine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/pronomes-demonstrativos-em-japones\/","title":{"rendered":"Syst\u00e9m kosoado v japon\u0161tin\u011b: pr\u016fvodce ukazovac\u00edmi z\u00e1jmeny"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>O <strong>syst\u00e9m kosoado v japon\u0161tin\u011b<\/strong> organizuje ukazovac\u00ed a t\u00e1zac\u00ed slova do \u010dty\u0159 \u0159ad: <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053<\/span> pro oblast mluv\u010d\u00edho, <span lang=\"ja\">\u305d<\/span> pro oblast poslucha\u010de nebo pro odkaz na d\u0159\u00edve zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9, <span lang=\"ja\">\u3042<\/span> pro n\u011bco vzd\u00e1len\u00e9ho a <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069<\/span> pro ot\u00e1zky. Jakmile pochop\u00edte tuto logiku, je snaz\u0161\u00ed vybrat mezi <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3053<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">koc hira<\/span> a jin\u00fdmi slovy stejn\u00e9 rodiny.<\/p>\n\n<p>A\u010dkoli mnoh\u00e1 vysv\u011btlen\u00ed naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed cel\u00fd soubor \u201cukazovac\u00ed z\u00e1jmena\u201d, slova nemaj\u00ed stejnou funkci. <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c<\/span> m\u016f\u017ee samo zast\u00e1vat m\u00edsto v\u011bci; <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e<\/span> mus\u00ed b\u00fdt p\u0159ed podstatn\u00fdm jm\u00e9nem; <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3053<\/span> ukazuje na m\u00edsto. Tento pr\u016fvodce ukazuje rozd\u00edly pomoc\u00ed tabulek, p\u0159\u00edklad\u016f, dialogu a cvi\u010den\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Shrnut\u00ed syst\u00e9mu kosoado<\/h2>\n\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr><th>Funkce<\/th><th>\u0158ada \u3053<\/th><th>\u0158ada \u305d<\/th><th>\u0158ada \u3042<\/th><th>\u0158ada \u3069<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td>V\u011bci<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c<\/span><br \/><em>korej\u0161tina<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">to<\/span><br \/><em>bolestiv\u00e9<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u308c<\/span><br \/><em>jsou<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">kter\u00fd<\/span><br \/><em>dore<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>P\u0159ed podstatn\u00fdm jm\u00e9nem<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e<\/span><br \/><em>kono<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u306e<\/span><br \/><em>sono<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u306e<\/span><br \/><em>ano<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">kter\u00fd<\/span><br \/><em>dono<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>M\u00edsta<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3053<\/span><br \/><em>koko<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u3053<\/span><br \/><em>soko<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u305d\u3053<\/span><br \/><em>asoko<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u3053<\/span><br \/><em>doko<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Sm\u011br nebo zdvo\u0159il\u00e1 forma<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">koc hira<\/span><br \/><em>kochira<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u3061\u3089<\/span><br \/><em>sochira<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u3061\u3089<\/span><br \/><em>achira<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u3061\u3089<\/span><br \/><em>dochira<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Typ nebo vlastnost<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">takov\u00fd<\/span><br \/><em>konna<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">takov\u00fd<\/span><br \/><em>sonna<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">takov\u00fd<\/span><br \/><em>anna<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">jak\u00fd<\/span><br \/><em>donna<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<p>O <a href=\"https:\/\/a1.marugotoweb.jp\/en\/appendix_03.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">tabulka ukazovac\u00edch z\u00e1jmen Marugoto od Japan Foundation<\/a>, spojuje rodiny v\u011bc\u00ed, m\u00edst, sm\u011br\u016f a modifikaci podstatn\u00fdch jmen. A <a href=\"https:\/\/www.coelang.tufs.ac.jp\/mt\/ja\/gmod\/courses\/c01\/lesson04\/step4\/card\/014.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Tokyo University of Foreign Studies tak\u00e9 p\u0159edstavuje korespondenci mezi \u3053\u308c, \u3053\u3053, \u3053\u306e a jejich \u0159adami<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<p>Tato slova se objevuj\u00ed od za\u010d\u00e1te\u010dnick\u00e9 \u00farovn\u011b a kombinuj\u00ed se se z\u00e1kladn\u00edmi strukturami <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/zakladni-japonska-gramatika\/\">Japonsk\u00e1 gramatika<\/a>. Pro \u010dten\u00ed p\u0159\u00edklad\u016f jako cel\u00fdch v\u011bt tak\u00e9 pom\u00e1h\u00e1 rozpoznat roli <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/zakladni-castice-v-japonstine\/\">\u010d\u00e1sticemi \u306f, \u304c, \u3092, \u306b a \u3067<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Jak vybrat mezi \u3053, \u305d, \u3042 a \u3069<\/h2>\n\n<p>Volba nez\u00e1vis\u00ed pouze na pevn\u00e9m p\u0159ekladu jako \u201ctoto\u201d, \u201ctamto\u201d nebo \u201cono\u201d. Z\u00e1vis\u00ed na vztahu mezi referentem, mluv\u010d\u00edm a poslucha\u010dem.<\/p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0158ada \u3053:<\/strong> ukazuje na n\u011bco v poli mluv\u010d\u00edho nebo vn\u00edman\u00e9ho jako bl\u00edzk\u00e9 jemu.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0158ada \u305d:<\/strong> ukazuje na n\u011bco v poli poslucha\u010de. V konverzaci m\u016f\u017ee tak\u00e9 znovu p\u0159evz\u00edt informaci, kterou partner pr\u00e1v\u011b zm\u00ednil.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0158ada \u3042:<\/strong> ukazuje na n\u011bco vzd\u00e1len\u00e9ho od obou. V pou\u017eit\u00ed pam\u011bti m\u016f\u017ee odkazovat na n\u011bco, co mluv\u010d\u00ed a poslucha\u010d uzn\u00e1vaj\u00ed jako sd\u00edlen\u00e9.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0158ada \u3069:<\/strong> pt\u00e1 se, kter\u00e1 v\u011bc, m\u00edsto, sm\u011br, osoba nebo typ je v ot\u00e1zce.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>Quando falante e ouvinte est\u00e3o lado a lado, a s\u00e9rie <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053<\/span> cobre o que est\u00e1 perto dos dois, <span lang=\"ja\">\u305d<\/span> pode indicar uma zona intermedi\u00e1ria e <span lang=\"ja\">\u3042<\/span> aponta a zona distante. Quando est\u00e3o frente a frente, <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053<\/span> tende a marcar o lado do falante, <span lang=\"ja\">\u305d<\/span> o lado do ouvinte e <span lang=\"ja\">\u3042<\/span> o que est\u00e1 longe de ambos. Essa distin\u00e7\u00e3o espacial \u00e9 explicada no <a href=\"https:\/\/www.coelang.tufs.ac.jp\/mt\/ja\/gmod\/contents\/explanation\/011.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">m\u00f3dulo oficial da TUFS sobre \u3053\u308c, \u305d\u308c e \u3042\u308c<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<h2>\u3053\u308c, \u305d\u308c, \u3042\u308c e \u3069\u308c: demonstrar coisas<\/h2>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">to<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u308c<\/span> e <span lang=\"ja\">kter\u00fd<\/span> apontam coisas sem precisar repetir o substantivo. Por isso, podem aparecer diretamente com uma part\u00edcula ou com <span lang=\"ja\">\u3067\u3059<\/span>.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c\u306f\u4f55\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Kore wa nan desu ka.<\/em><br \/>\nCo je to?<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u308c\u306f\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306e\u8f9e\u66f8\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Sore wa nihongo no jisho desu.<\/em><br \/>\nIsso \u00e9 um dicion\u00e1rio de japon\u00eas.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u308c\u306f\u99c5\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Are wa eki desu.<\/em><br \/>\nAquilo \u00e9 a esta\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u7530\u4e2d\u3055\u3093\u306e\u5098\u306f\u3069\u308c\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Tanaka-san no kasa wa dore desu ka.<\/em><br \/>\nQual \u00e9 o guarda-chuva de Tanaka?<\/p>\n\n<p>V ot\u00e1zk\u00e1ch s <span lang=\"ja\">\u4f55<\/span>, a leitura muda conforme o que vem depois. O guia sobre <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/kdy-uzit-nan-nebo-nani\/\">quando usar <span lang=\"ja\">\u306a\u3093<\/span> nebo <span lang=\"ja\">\u306a\u306b<\/span><\/a> explica por que <span lang=\"ja\">\u4f55\u3067\u3059\u304b<\/span> \u00e9 lido <em>nan desu ka<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n<p>Se voc\u00ea quiser praticar especificamente o contraste espacial desse trio, veja tamb\u00e9m a li\u00e7\u00e3o curta sobre <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/korejska-bolest-je-%e3%81%93%e3%82%8c-%e3%81%9d%e3%82%8c-%e3%81%82%e3%8c-%e34t8c\/\"><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c\u30fb\u305d\u308c\u30fb\u3042\u308c<\/span><\/a>. Aqui, o objetivo \u00e9 entender o sistema completo e comparar fam\u00edlias com fun\u00e7\u00f5es diferentes.<\/p>\n\n<h2>\u3053\u306e, \u305d\u306e, \u3042\u306e e \u3069\u306e: apontar um substantivo<\/h2>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u306e<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u306e<\/span> e <span lang=\"ja\">kter\u00fd<\/span> n\u00e3o substituem o substantivo: elas v\u00eam imediatamente antes dele. A <a href=\"https:\/\/www.coelang.tufs.ac.jp\/mt\/ja\/gmod\/contents\/explanation\/013.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">TUFS classifica a constru\u00e7\u00e3o como <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306eN\uff0f\u305d\u306eN\uff0f\u3042\u306eN<\/span><\/a>, em que <span lang=\"ja\">N<\/span> representa o nome indicado.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e\u672c\u306f\u304a\u3082\u3057\u308d\u3044\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Kono hon wa omoshiroi desu.<\/em><br \/>\nTato kniha je zaj\u00edmav\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u306e\u304b\u3070\u3093\u306f\u79c1\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Sono kaban wa watashi no desu.<\/em><br \/>\nEssa bolsa \u00e9 minha.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u306e\u4eba\u306f\u5c71\u7530\u5148\u751f\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Ano hito wa Yamada-sensei desu.<\/em><br \/>\nAquela pessoa \u00e9 o professor Yamada.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u306e\u96fb\u8eca\u304c\u6771\u4eac\u3078\u884c\u304d\u307e\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Dono densha ga T\u014dky\u014d e ikimasu ka.<\/em><br \/>\nQual trem vai para T\u00f3quio?<\/p>\n\n<p>A diferen\u00e7a essencial \u00e9 sint\u00e1tica:<\/p>\n\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr><th>Tvar<\/th><th>Correta<\/th><th>Incorreta<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td>Substitui a coisa<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c\u306f\u672c\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e\u306f\u672c\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Vem antes do nome<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e\u672c\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c\u672c\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<p>Para pessoas, prefira uma express\u00e3o com substantivo, como <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e\u4eba<\/span> (\u201cesta pessoa\u201d) ou a forma respeitosa <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e\u65b9<\/span>. Usar <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c<\/span> para apontar uma pessoa normalmente soa inadequado.<\/p>\n\n<!--Ads10-->\n\n<h2>\u3053\u3053, \u305d\u3053, \u3042\u305d\u3053 e \u3069\u3053: demonstrar lugares<\/h2>\n\n<p>A fam\u00edlia <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3053\u30fb\u305d\u3053\u30fb\u3042\u305d\u3053\u30fb\u3069\u3053<\/span> aponta lugares. Ela segue a mesma divis\u00e3o espacial das outras s\u00e9ries.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3059\u307f\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3001\u30c8\u30a4\u30ec\u306f\u3069\u3053\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Sumimasen, toire wa doko desu ka.<\/em><br \/>\nCom licen\u00e7a, onde fica o banheiro?<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u30c8\u30a4\u30ec\u306f\u3042\u305d\u3053\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Toire wa asoko desu.<\/em><br \/>\nO banheiro fica l\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3053\u306b\u5ea7\u3063\u3066\u3082\u3044\u3044\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Koko ni suwatte mo ii desu ka.<\/em><br \/>\nPosso me sentar aqui?<\/p>\n\n<p>V\u0161imn\u011bte si, \u017ee <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3053<\/span> pode ser o tema em <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3053\u306f\u6559\u5ba4\u3067\u3059<\/span> (\u201caqui \u00e9 a sala de aula\u201d) ou receber a part\u00edcula de localiza\u00e7\u00e3o em <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3053\u306b\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059<\/span> (\u201cest\u00e1 aqui\u201d). Isso mostra por que \u00e9 melhor compreender a fun\u00e7\u00e3o das part\u00edculas do que decorar uma tradu\u00e7\u00e3o isolada.<\/p>\n\n<p>Para mais exemplos s\u00f3 com lugares, consulte a li\u00e7\u00e3o sobre <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/koko-soko-asoko\/\"><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3053\u30fb\u305d\u3053\u30fb\u3042\u305d\u3053<\/span><\/a>. A <a href=\"https:\/\/www.coelang.tufs.ac.jp\/mt\/ja\/gmod\/courses\/c02\/lesson07\/step2\/explanation\/012.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">explica\u00e7\u00e3o da TUFS sobre essa fam\u00edlia<\/a> confirma a divis\u00e3o entre a \u00e1rea do falante, a do ouvinte e a regi\u00e3o distante dos dois.<\/p>\n\n<h2>\u3053\u3061\u3089, \u305d\u3061\u3089, \u3042\u3061\u3089 e \u3069\u3061\u3089: dire\u00e7\u00e3o e cortesia<\/h2>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">koc hira<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u3061\u3089<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u3061\u3089<\/span> e <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u3061\u3089<\/span> podem indicar dire\u00e7\u00e3o ou lado. Em atendimento e outras situa\u00e7\u00f5es polidas, tamb\u00e9m servem como formas mais corteses para \u201caqui\u201d, \u201ca\u00ed\u201d, \u201cl\u00e1\u201d e \u201conde\u201d. Dependendo do contexto, <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u3061\u3089<\/span> ainda pode perguntar \u201cqual dos dois\u201d ou, com respeito, \u201cquem\u201d.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u53d7\u4ed8\u306f\u3053\u3061\u3089\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Uketsuke wa kochira desu.<\/em><br \/>\nA recep\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 por aqui.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u30a8\u30ec\u30d9\u30fc\u30bf\u30fc\u306f\u3042\u3061\u3089\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Ereb\u0113t\u0101 wa achira desu.<\/em><br \/>\nO elevador fica por ali.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3054\u51fa\u8eab\u306f\u3069\u3061\u3089\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Goshusshin wa dochira desu ka.<\/em><br \/>\nDe onde voc\u00ea \u00e9?<\/p>\n\n<p>N\u00e3o traduza <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u3061\u3089<\/span> sempre da mesma maneira. Em <span lang=\"ja\">\u30b3\u30fc\u30d2\u30fc\u3068\u304a\u8336\u3068\u3001\u3069\u3061\u3089\u304c\u3044\u3044\u3067\u3059\u304b<\/span>, a pergunta \u00e9 \u201cqual dos dois voc\u00ea prefere?\u201d. Em <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u3061\u3089\u3055\u307e\u3067\u3059\u304b<\/span>, pergunta-se respeitosamente quem \u00e9 a pessoa.<\/p>\n\n<h2>\u3053\u3093\u306a, \u305d\u3093\u306a, \u3042\u3093\u306a e \u3069\u3093\u306a: tipo ou caracter\u00edstica<\/h2>\n\n<p>Essa fam\u00edlia descreve \u201calgo deste tipo\u201d, \u201cdesse tipo\u201d, \u201cdaquele tipo\u201d ou pergunta \u201cque tipo de\u201d. Normalmente aparece antes de um substantivo e se refere a caracter\u00edsticas, modo ou classe, n\u00e3o apenas \u00e0 dist\u00e2ncia f\u00edsica.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3093\u306a\u672c\u3092\u63a2\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Konna hon o sagashite imasu.<\/em><br \/>\nEstou procurando um livro deste tipo.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u3093\u306a\u3053\u3068\u306f\u8a00\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Sonna koto wa itte imasen.<\/em><br \/>\nEu n\u00e3o disse uma coisa dessas.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u3093\u306a\u5e97\u306b\u306f\u884c\u304d\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Anna mise ni wa ikimasen.<\/em><br \/>\nN\u00e3o vou a uma loja como aquela.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u3093\u306a\u97f3\u697d\u304c\u597d\u304d\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Donna ongaku ga suki desu ka.<\/em><br \/>\nDe que tipo de m\u00fasica voc\u00ea gosta?<\/p>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">kter\u00fd<\/span> e <span lang=\"ja\">jak\u00fd<\/span> fazem perguntas diferentes. <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u306e\u672c<\/span> pede que voc\u00ea identifique qual livro entre op\u00e7\u00f5es; <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u3093\u306a\u672c<\/span> pergunta o tipo ou as caracter\u00edsticas do livro.<\/p>\n\n<h2>O uso de \u305d\u308c e \u3042\u306e em uma conversa<\/h2>\n\n<p>As s\u00e9ries tamb\u00e9m organizam refer\u00eancias no discurso. Quando o interlocutor apresenta uma informa\u00e7\u00e3o, <span lang=\"ja\">to<\/span> nebo <span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u306e<\/span> frequentemente a retoma:<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>A:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u6765\u9031\u3001\u8a66\u9a13\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n<em>Raish\u016b, shiken ga arimasu.<\/em><br \/>\nNa pr\u00f3xima semana, haver\u00e1 uma prova.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>B:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u308c\u306f\u5927\u5909\u3067\u3059\u306d\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n<em>Sore wa taihen desu ne.<\/em><br \/>\nIsso \u00e9 complicado, n\u00e3o \u00e9?<\/p>\n\n<p>Quando os dois reconhecem uma lembran\u00e7a ou refer\u00eancia compartilhada, a s\u00e9rie <span lang=\"ja\">\u3042<\/span> pode soar natural:<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u306e\u5e97\u3092\u899a\u3048\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Ano mise o oboete imasu ka.<\/em><br \/>\nVoc\u00ea se lembra daquela loja?<\/p>\n\n<p>Esses usos dependem do que falante e ouvinte consideram acess\u00edvel na conversa. Para iniciantes, a regra espacial \u00e9 o primeiro passo; depois, observe como o contexto cria proximidade informacional.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Di\u00e1logo em uma loja<\/h2>\n\n<p><strong>Cliente:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u3059\u307f\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3001\u3053\u306e\u6642\u8a08\u306f\u3044\u304f\u3089\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n<em>Sumimasen, kono tokei wa ikura desu ka.<\/em><br \/>\nCom licen\u00e7a, quanto custa este rel\u00f3gio?<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Atendente:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u308c\u306f\u4e09\u5343\u5186\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n<em>Sore wa sanzen-en desu.<\/em><br \/>\nEsse custa 3.000 ienes.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Cliente:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u306e\u9ed2\u3044\u6642\u8a08\u306f\u3069\u3046\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n<em>Ano kuroi tokei wa d\u014d desu ka.<\/em><br \/>\nE aquele rel\u00f3gio preto?<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Atendente:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u308c\u306f\u4e94\u5343\u5186\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n<em>Are wa gosen-en desu.<\/em><br \/>\nAquele custa 5.000 ienes.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Cliente:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u3061\u3089\u304c\u4eba\u6c17\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n<em>Dochira ga ninki desu ka.<\/em><br \/>\nQual dos dois \u00e9 mais popular?<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Atendente:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3061\u3089\u306e\u6642\u8a08\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n<em>Kochira no tokei desu.<\/em><br \/>\n\u00c9 este rel\u00f3gio aqui.<\/p>\n\n<p>O di\u00e1logo alterna uma forma que acompanha o nome (<span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e\u6642\u8a08<\/span>) e outra que o substitui (<span lang=\"ja\">to<\/span>). Essa altern\u00e2ncia \u00e9 comum porque evita repetir o mesmo substantivo. O guia sobre <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/jak-tvorit-vety-v-japonstine\/\">jak tvo\u0159it v\u011bty v japon\u0161tin\u011b<\/a> ajuda a analisar a ordem e os elementos omitidos pelo contexto.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Erros comuns com os demonstrativos<\/h2>\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Colocar <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c<\/span> antes de um nome:<\/strong> \u0159ekn\u011bte <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e\u672c<\/span>, ne <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c\u672c<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pou\u017eijte <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e<\/span> sozinho:<\/strong> se n\u00e3o houver substantivo, use <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c<\/span> ou recupere o nome pelo contexto com outra estrutura.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Traduzir apenas por isto, isso e aquilo:<\/strong> considere a posi\u00e7\u00e3o do falante, do ouvinte e a refer\u00eancia na conversa.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Confundir <span lang=\"ja\">kter\u00fd<\/span> e <span lang=\"ja\">kter\u00fd<\/span>:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">kter\u00fd<\/span> aparece sozinho; <span lang=\"ja\">kter\u00fd<\/span> exige um substantivo.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Confundir <span lang=\"ja\">kter\u00fd<\/span> e <span lang=\"ja\">jak\u00fd<\/span>:<\/strong> o primeiro identifica uma op\u00e7\u00e3o; o segundo pergunta o tipo ou a caracter\u00edstica.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pou\u017eijte <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c<\/span> para pessoas:<\/strong> preferujte <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e\u4eba<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u306e\u4eba<\/span> ou formas corteses com <span lang=\"ja\">\u65b9<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Zach\u00e1zet s <span lang=\"ja\">koc hira<\/span> apenas como \u201caqui\u201d:<\/strong> ela pode indicar dire\u00e7\u00e3o, pessoa, lado ou uma de duas op\u00e7\u00f5es, conforme o contexto.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2>Exerc\u00edcio<\/h2>\n\n<ol>\n<li>Voc\u00ea segura um livro. Complete: <span lang=\"ja\">\uff08\u3000\uff09\u306f\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306e\u672c\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/li>\n<li>O livro est\u00e1 perto do ouvinte. Complete: <span lang=\"ja\">\uff08\u3000\uff09\u672c\u306f\u3060\u308c\u306e\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Pergunte \u201cQual \u00e9 o seu guarda-chuva?\u201d sem repetir o substantivo na resposta esperada.<\/li>\n<li>Pergunte onde fica a esta\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/li>\n<li>Complete com a palavra que pergunta o tipo: <span lang=\"ja\">\uff08\u3000\uff09\u6620\u753b\u304c\u597d\u304d\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Corrija a frase: <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c\u304b\u3070\u3093\u306f\u79c1\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<p><strong>Odpov\u011bdi:<\/strong> 1. <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c<\/span>; 2. <span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u306e<\/span>; 3. <span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u306a\u305f\u306e\u5098\u306f\u3069\u308c\u3067\u3059\u304b<\/span>; 4. <span lang=\"ja\">\u99c5\u306f\u3069\u3053\u3067\u3059\u304b<\/span>; 5. <span lang=\"ja\">jak\u00fd<\/span>; 6. <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e\u304b\u3070\u3093\u306f\u79c1\u306e\u3067\u3059<\/span>.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Resumo<\/h2>\n\n<ul>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053<\/span> se relaciona ao campo do falante; <span lang=\"ja\">\u305d<\/span>, ao do ouvinte ou a uma retomada; <span lang=\"ja\">\u3042<\/span>, ao que est\u00e1 distante ou compartilhado na mem\u00f3ria; <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069<\/span> forma perguntas.<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c\u30fb\u305d\u308c\u30fb\u3042\u308c\u30fb\u3069\u308c<\/span> apontam coisas e podem aparecer sem substantivo.<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e\u30fb\u305d\u306e\u30fb\u3042\u306e\u30fb\u3069\u306e<\/span> precisam vir antes de um substantivo.<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3053\u30fb\u305d\u3053\u30fb\u3042\u305d\u3053\u30fb\u3069\u3053<\/span> apontam lugares.<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3061\u3089\u30fb\u305d\u3061\u3089\u30fb\u3042\u3061\u3089\u30fb\u3069\u3061\u3089<\/span> indicam dire\u00e7\u00e3o, lado e formas corteses.<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3093\u306a\u30fb\u305d\u3093\u306a\u30fb\u3042\u3093\u306a\u30fb\u3069\u3093\u306a<\/span> descrevem ou perguntam tipo e caracter\u00edstica.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>Em vez de memorizar cinco listas separadas, use duas perguntas: \u201cqual \u00e9 a fun\u00e7\u00e3o desta palavra?\u201d e \u201cde qual campo ou refer\u00eancia estou falando?\u201d. Depois, aplique a resposta \u00e0 <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/japonske-poradi-slov\/\">slovosledu v japon\u0161tin\u011b<\/a> e \u00e0s part\u00edculas exigidas pela frase.<\/p>\n\n<div id=\"rank-math-faq\" class=\"rank-math-block\">\n<div class=\"rank-math-list\">\n<div id=\"faq-question-5707ee28724f8\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Co je syst\u00e9m kosoado v japon\u0161tin\u011b?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>Jedn\u00e1 se o soubor ukazovac\u00edch a t\u00e1zac\u00edch z\u00e1jmen organizovan\u00fdch do \u0159ad \u3053, \u305d, \u3042 a \u3069. Ozna\u010duj\u00ed vztah odkazu k mluv\u010d\u00edmu, poslucha\u010di, vzd\u00e1lenosti a ot\u00e1zce.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-82212807ae2b8\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Jak\u00fd je rozd\u00edl mezi \u3053\u308c a \u3053\u306e?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>\u3053\u308c nahrazuje v\u011bc a m\u016f\u017ee se objevit bez podstatn\u00e9ho jm\u00e9na, jako v \u3053\u308c\u306f\u672c\u3067\u3059. \u3053\u306e se vkl\u00e1d\u00e1 p\u0159ed podstatn\u00e9 jm\u00e9no, jako v \u3053\u306e\u672c\u3067\u3059.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-2e464e1b5dbfb\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Jak\u00fd je rozd\u00edl mezi \u305d\u308c a \u3042\u308c?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>\u305d\u308c odkazuje na n\u011bco v oblasti poslucha\u010de nebo se vrac\u00ed k referenci, kterou p\u0159edstavil. \u3042\u308c odkazuje na n\u011bco vzd\u00e1len\u00e9ho od mluv\u010d\u00edho i poslucha\u010de a m\u016f\u017ee tak\u00e9 odkazovat na sd\u00edlenou referenci.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-8eb6417e96787\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Jak\u00fd je rozd\u00edl mezi \u3069\u308c a \u3069\u306e?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>\u3069\u308c znamen\u00e1 \u2018kter\u00fd\u2019 a vyskytuje se bez podstatn\u00e9ho jm\u00e9na. \u3069\u306e se tak\u00e9 pt\u00e1 na \u2018kter\u00fd\u2019, ale mus\u00ed st\u00e1t p\u0159ed podstatn\u00fdm jm\u00e9nem, jako v \u3069\u306e\u672c, \u2018kter\u00e1 kniha\u2019.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-8d5a831235a7e\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Jak pou\u017e\u00edvat \u3053\u3053, \u305d\u3053, \u3042\u305d\u3053 a \u3069\u3053?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>Pou\u017eijte \u3053\u3053 pro m\u00edsto mluv\u010d\u00edho, \u305d\u3053 pro m\u00edsto poslucha\u010de, \u3042\u305d\u3053 pro m\u00edsto vzd\u00e1len\u00e9 od obou a \u3069\u3053 pro ot\u00e1zku kde.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-d0e23b0307f1d\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Co znamenaj\u00ed \u3053\u3061\u3089, \u305d\u3061\u3089, \u3042\u3061\u3089 a \u3069\u3061\u3089?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>Mohou ozna\u010dovat sm\u011br nebo stranu a funguj\u00ed jako zdvo\u0159il\u00e9 formy pro zde, tam a kde. Podle kontextu se \u3069\u3061\u3089 tak\u00e9 pt\u00e1, kter\u00fd ze dvou nebo kdo.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-075afa9574627\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Jak pou\u017e\u00edvat \u3053\u3093\u306a, \u305d\u3093\u306a, \u3042\u3093\u306a a \u3069\u3093\u306a?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>Tato slova popisuj\u00ed nebo se ptaj\u00ed na typ a vlastnost. \u3053\u3093\u306a ozna\u010duje n\u011bco tohoto typu, \u305d\u3093\u306a toho typu, \u3042\u3093\u306a tamtoho typu a \u3069\u3093\u306a se pt\u00e1, jak\u00e9ho typu.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-33ec9c6d5e8d3\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Mohu pou\u017e\u00edt \u3053\u308c k mluven\u00ed o osob\u011b?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>Obvykle ne. Pro osoby pou\u017eijte v\u00fdraz s podstatn\u00fdm jm\u00e9nem, jako \u3053\u306e\u4eba, \u305d\u306e\u4eba a \u3042\u306e\u4eba, nebo zdvo\u0159ilej\u0161\u00ed formu \u65b9.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Pochopte syst\u00e9m kosoado v japon\u0161tin\u011b: \u3053\u308c, \u3053\u306e, \u3053\u3053 a dal\u0161\u00ed rodiny, s rozd\u00edly, p\u0159\u00edklady, dialogem, \u010dast\u00fdmi chybami a cvi\u010den\u00edmi.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":23,"featured_media":1682,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[49,70,72,60],"tags":[27,71,2,3],"class_list":["post-1680","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-curso-de-japones-gratis","category-gramatica-japonesa","category-pronomes-em-japones","category-vocabulario-japones","tag-gramatica","tag-gramatica-japonesa","tag-idioma-japones","tag-nihongo","resize-featured-image"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1680","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/23"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1680"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1680\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4451,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1680\/revisions\/4451"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1682"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1680"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1680"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1680"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}