{"id":1686,"date":"2009-11-03T04:54:11","date_gmt":"2009-11-03T06:54:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/?p=1686"},"modified":"2018-03-09T22:26:09","modified_gmt":"2018-03-10T01:26:09","slug":"podstatna-jmena-v-japonstine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/substantivos-em-japones\/","title":{"rendered":"Podstatn\u00e1 jm\u00e9na v japon\u0161tin\u011b"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"c0799bc3a0e94be098a47dd4bca28a45\" data-index=\"2\" style=\"float: none; margin:0px;\">\n<script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-0652292147574552\"\r\n     crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script>\r\n<!-- Ads responsivo Inicio Post CAJap -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:block\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-0652292147574552\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"3298668993\"\r\n     data-ad-format=\"auto\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script>\n<\/div>\n<p><em>Zjist\u011bte v\u00edce o\u00a0<strong>podstatn\u00e1 jm\u00e9na v japon\u0161tin\u011b<\/strong> nihongo!<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Jak u\u017e mo\u017en\u00e1 mnoz\u00ed z v\u00e1s v\u011bd\u00ed, podstatn\u00e1 jm\u00e9na jsou slova, kter\u00e1 se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed k ozna\u010den\u00ed osob, m\u00edst, zv\u00ed\u0159at, my\u0161lenek nebo pojm\u016f. Je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 zn\u00e1t co nejv\u00edce podstatn\u00fdch jmen, proto\u017ee bez nich nebudete schopni mluvit o konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch v\u011bcech (ryba, pero, \u010dlov\u011bk, dort...), nato\u017e o abstraktn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch pojmech (m\u00edr, l\u00e1ska, n\u00e1klonnost...).<\/p>\n<h2>Podstatn\u00e1 jm\u00e9na v japon\u0161tin\u011b<\/h2>\n<p>Podstatn\u00e1 jm\u00e9na jsou z\u00e1kladem komunikace v ka\u017ed\u00e9m jazyce. Nezapome\u0148te se v\u0161ak nau\u010dit trochu gramatiky, proto\u017ee pot\u0159ebujete v\u011bd\u011bt, jak slova uspo\u0159\u00e1dat a spojit do souvisl\u00e9ho celku.<span id=\"more-271\"><\/span><\/p>\n<h2>O \u010dl\u00e1nc\u00edch<\/h2>\n<p>To byla prvn\u00ed v\u011bc, kter\u00e1 m\u011b na japon\u0161tin\u011b zaujala. Neexistuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd ekvivalent k na\u0161im \u010dlen\u016fm ur\u010dit\u00fdm (o, a, os a as) a neur\u010dit\u00fdm (um, uma, uns, umas). P\u0159esn\u00fd v\u00fdznam slova pozn\u00e1me pouze z kontextu. T\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem se slovo\u00a0<acronym title=\"sakana - ryba\">\u9b5a<\/acronym>\u00a0m\u016f\u017ee znamenat \"ryba\" nebo \"ryba\".<\/p>\n<p>Pokud chcete b\u00fdt konkr\u00e9tn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, m\u016f\u017eete pou\u017e\u00edt p\u0159\u00edkaz\u00a0<a title=\"Ukazovac\u00ed z\u00e1jmena v japon\u0161tin\u011b\" href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/pronomes-demonstrativos-em-japones\/\">ukazovac\u00ed z\u00e1jmena v japon\u0161tin\u011b<\/a>jako\u00a0<acronym title=\"kono - toto, toto a toto\">\u3053\u306e<\/acronym>,\u00a0<acronym title=\"sp\u00e1nek - to, to a ono\">\u305d\u306e<\/acronym>\u00a0e\u00a0<acronym title=\"rok - to, to, to\">\u3042\u306e<\/acronym>P\u0159ed podstatn\u00fdm jm\u00e9nem m\u016f\u017eete tak\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edt \u010d\u00edta\u010de, ale k tomu se dostaneme jindy.<br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h2>O pohlav\u00ed a po\u010dtu<\/h2>\n<p>Japon\u0161tina za\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edk\u016fm velmi komplikuje \u017eivot, pokud jde o rod (mu\u017esk\u00fd\/\u017eensk\u00fd) a \u010d\u00edslo (mno\u017en\u00e9 a jednotn\u00e9). Pro p\u0159edstavu pou\u017eijme slovo\u00a0<acronym title=\"ko - d\u00edt\u011b, chlapec, d\u00edvka, chlapec, d\u00edvka\">\u5b50<\/acronym>. To je to, co si pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b mysl\u00edte. Kand\u017ei\u00a0<acronym title=\"ko - d\u00edt\u011b, chlapec, d\u00edvka, chlapec, d\u00edvka\">\u5b50<\/acronym>\u00a0lze p\u0159elo\u017eit jako \"chlapec\", \"d\u00edvka\", \"chlapci\" nebo \"d\u00edvky\", bez sebemen\u0161\u00edho rozd\u00edlu mezi pohlav\u00edm a po\u010dtem.<\/p>\n<p>A\u010dkoli mohou b\u00fdt matouc\u00ed, japonsk\u00e1 podstatn\u00e1 jm\u00e9na se snadno u\u010d\u00ed, proto\u017ee nikdy nem\u011bn\u00ed sv\u016fj tvar a maj\u00ed v\u017edy stejnou stavbu.<\/p>\n<h2>Jak se nenechat zm\u00e1st<\/h2>\n<p>Aby nedoch\u00e1zelo k z\u00e1m\u011bn\u011b mu\u017esk\u00e9ho a \u017eensk\u00e9ho rodu, pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed Japonci kombinace kand\u017ei, aby byla konverzace objektivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a m\u00e9n\u011b matouc\u00ed. Abychom si to ujasnili, pou\u017eijme spojen\u00ed\u00a0<acronym title=\"kore wa ko desu.\">\u3053\u308c\u306f\u5b50\u3067\u3059<\/acronym>.<\/p>\n<p>Od za\u010d\u00e1tku nelze \u0159\u00edci, zda se jedn\u00e1 o n\u011bkoho v mu\u017esk\u00e9m nebo \u017eensk\u00e9m rod\u011b. Stejn\u011b tak nelze poznat, zda se v\u011bta t\u00fdk\u00e1 jedn\u00e9 nebo v\u00edce osob. T\u011b\u017eko si troufnout i na p\u0159eklad do portugal\u0161tiny.<\/p>\n<p>Pro lep\u0161\u00ed pochopen\u00ed je t\u0159eba v\u011btu doplnit o dal\u0161\u00ed slova. Viz p\u0159\u00edklady n\u00ed\u017ee:<\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"Kore wa otokonoko desu. - Tohle je chlapec.\">\u3053\u308c\u306f\u7537\u306e\u5b50\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/acronym><\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"kore wa onnanoko desu. - Toto je d\u00edvka (\u017eena, d\u00edt\u011b)\">\u3053\u308c\u306f\u5973\u306e\u5b50\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/acronym><\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"Kore wa onnanoko ga gonin desu. - Tohle je p\u011bt d\u00edvek.\">\u3053\u308c\u306f\u5973\u306e\u5b50\u304c\u4e94\u4eba\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/acronym><\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"Kore wa otokonoko ga rokunin desu. - Tohle je \u0161est chlapc\u016f.\">\u3053\u308c\u306f\u7537\u306e\u5b50\u304c\u516d\u4eba\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/acronym><\/p>\n<p>P\u0159esto\u017ee se uk\u00e1zalo, \u017ee m\u016f\u017eeme v\u011bty tvo\u0159it p\u0159ehledn\u011bji, Japonci je p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 nepou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed, s v\u00fdjimkou p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f, kdy je skute\u010dn\u011b nutn\u00e9 rozli\u0161it rod a \u010d\u00edslo. Japonci v\u017edy rad\u011bji ponech\u00e1vaj\u00ed skute\u010dn\u00fd v\u00fdznam v\u011bc\u00ed v kontextu ne\u017e explicitn\u011b.<\/p>\n<h2>Cvi\u010den\u00ed ru\u010dn\u00edho psan\u00ed kand\u017ei<\/h2>\n<p>N\u00ed\u017ee jsou uvedeny\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/jak-napsat-japonska-pismena-kandzi\/\">Japonsk\u00e9 ideografick\u00e9 symboly<\/a>\u00a0pou\u017eit\u00e9 v tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku. V\u00fdb\u011br po\u017eadovan\u00fdch kand\u017ei zkop\u00edrujte a vlo\u017ete je do pole\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/in\/imprimir-para-treinar-kanas-e-kanjis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pracovn\u00ed list pro procvi\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed kany a kand\u017ei<\/a>\u00a0otev\u0159e se nov\u00e9 okno, ve kter\u00e9m si m\u016f\u017eete prohl\u00e9dnout soubor k vytisknut\u00ed a procvi\u010dit si japonskou kaligrafii zakryt\u00edm \u0161ed\u00fdch symbol\u016f a n\u00e1sledn\u00fdm pokusem o vlastn\u00ed psan\u00ed. Sta\u010d\u00ed vytisknout a procvi\u010dovat.<\/p>\n<table style=\"height: 47px\" border=\"0\" width=\"314\" cellspacing=\"2\" cellpadding=\"2\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u9b5a<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u5b50<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u7537<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u5973<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u4eba<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<div style=\"font-size: 0px; height: 0px; line-height: 0px; margin: 0; padding: 0; clear: both;\"><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Zjist\u011bte v\u00edce o podstatn\u00fdch jm\u00e9nech v japon\u0161tin\u011b nihongo! Jak u\u017e mo\u017en\u00e1 mnoz\u00ed z v\u00e1s v\u011bd\u00ed, podstatn\u00e1 jm\u00e9na jsou slova, kter\u00e1 se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed k ozna\u010den\u00ed osob, m\u00edst, zv\u00ed\u0159at, my\u0161lenek nebo pojm\u016f. Je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 zn\u00e1t co nejv\u00edce podstatn\u00fdch jmen.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":1688,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[49,75],"tags":[27,71,2,3],"class_list":["post-1686","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-curso-de-japones-gratis","category-substantivos-japoneses","tag-gramatica","tag-gramatica-japonesa","tag-idioma-japones","tag-nihongo","resize-featured-image"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1686","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/18"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1686"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1686\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1688"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1686"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1686"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1686"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}