{"id":1686,"date":"2009-11-03T04:54:11","date_gmt":"2009-11-03T06:54:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/?p=1686"},"modified":"2018-03-09T22:26:09","modified_gmt":"2018-03-10T01:26:09","slug":"podstatna-jmena-v-japonstine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/substantivos-em-japones\/","title":{"rendered":"Podstatn\u00e1 jm\u00e9na v japon\u0161tin\u011b"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"c0799bc3a0e94be098a47dd4bca28a45\" data-index=\"2\" style=\"float: none; margin:0px;\">\n<script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-0652292147574552\"\r\n     crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script>\r\n<!-- Ads responsivo Inicio Post CAJap -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:block\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-0652292147574552\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"3298668993\"\r\n     data-ad-format=\"auto\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script>\n<\/div>\n<p><em>Zjist\u011bte v\u00edce o\u00a0<strong>podstatn\u00e1 jm\u00e9na v japon\u0161tin\u011b<\/strong> nihongo!<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Jak u\u017e mo\u017en\u00e1 mnoz\u00ed z v\u00e1s v\u011bd\u00ed, podstatn\u00e1 jm\u00e9na jsou slova, kter\u00e1 se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed k ozna\u010den\u00ed osob, m\u00edst, zv\u00ed\u0159at, my\u0161lenek nebo pojm\u016f. Je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 zn\u00e1t co nejv\u00edce podstatn\u00fdch jmen, proto\u017ee bez nich nebudete schopni mluvit o konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch v\u011bcech (ryba, pero, \u010dlov\u011bk, dort...), nato\u017e o abstraktn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch pojmech (m\u00edr, l\u00e1ska, n\u00e1klonnost...).<\/p>\n<h2>Podstatn\u00e1 jm\u00e9na v japon\u0161tin\u011b<\/h2>\n<p>Podstatn\u00e1 jm\u00e9na jsou z\u00e1kladem komunikace v ka\u017ed\u00e9m jazyce. Nezapome\u0148te se v\u0161ak nau\u010dit trochu gramatiky, proto\u017ee pot\u0159ebujete v\u011bd\u011bt, jak slova uspo\u0159\u00e1dat a spojit do souvisl\u00e9ho celku.<span id=\"more-271\"><\/span><\/p>\n<h2>O \u010dl\u00e1nc\u00edch<\/h2>\n<p>To byla prvn\u00ed v\u011bc, kter\u00e1 m\u011b na japon\u0161tin\u011b zaujala. Neexistuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd ekvivalent k na\u0161im \u010dlen\u016fm ur\u010dit\u00fdm (o, a, os a as) a neur\u010dit\u00fdm (um, uma, uns, umas). P\u0159esn\u00fd v\u00fdznam slova pozn\u00e1me pouze z kontextu. T\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem se slovo\u00a0<acronym title=\"sakana - ryba\">\u9b5a<\/acronym>\u00a0m\u016f\u017ee znamenat \"ryba\" nebo \"ryba\".<\/p>\n<p>Pokud chcete b\u00fdt konkr\u00e9tn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, m\u016f\u017eete pou\u017e\u00edt p\u0159\u00edkaz\u00a0<a title=\"Ukazovac\u00ed z\u00e1jmena v japon\u0161tin\u011b\" href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/pronomes-demonstrativos-em-japones\/\">ukazovac\u00ed z\u00e1jmena v japon\u0161tin\u011b<\/a>jako\u00a0<acronym title=\"kono - toto, toto a toto\">\u3053\u306e<\/acronym>,\u00a0<acronym title=\"sp\u00e1nek - to, to a ono\">\u305d\u306e<\/acronym>\u00a0e\u00a0<acronym title=\"rok - to, to, to\">\u3042\u306e<\/acronym>P\u0159ed podstatn\u00fdm jm\u00e9nem m\u016f\u017eete tak\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edt \u010d\u00edta\u010de, ale k tomu se dostaneme jindy.<br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h2>O pohlav\u00ed a po\u010dtu<\/h2>\n<p>Japon\u0161tina za\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edk\u016fm velmi komplikuje \u017eivot, pokud jde o rod (mu\u017esk\u00fd\/\u017eensk\u00fd) a \u010d\u00edslo (mno\u017en\u00e9 a jednotn\u00e9). Pro p\u0159edstavu pou\u017eijme slovo\u00a0<acronym title=\"ko - d\u00edt\u011b, chlapec, d\u00edvka, chlapec, d\u00edvka\">\u5b50<\/acronym>. To je to, co si pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b mysl\u00edte. Kand\u017ei\u00a0<acronym title=\"ko - d\u00edt\u011b, chlapec, d\u00edvka, chlapec, d\u00edvka\">\u5b50<\/acronym>\u00a0lze p\u0159elo\u017eit jako \"chlapec\", \"d\u00edvka\", \"chlapci\" nebo \"d\u00edvky\", bez sebemen\u0161\u00edho rozd\u00edlu mezi pohlav\u00edm a po\u010dtem.<\/p>\n<p>A\u010dkoli mohou b\u00fdt matouc\u00ed, japonsk\u00e1 podstatn\u00e1 jm\u00e9na se snadno u\u010d\u00ed, proto\u017ee nikdy nem\u011bn\u00ed sv\u016fj tvar a maj\u00ed v\u017edy stejnou stavbu.<\/p>\n<h2>Jak se nenechat zm\u00e1st<\/h2>\n<p>Aby nedoch\u00e1zelo k z\u00e1m\u011bn\u011b mu\u017esk\u00e9ho a \u017eensk\u00e9ho rodu, pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed Japonci kombinace kand\u017ei, aby byla konverzace objektivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a m\u00e9n\u011b matouc\u00ed. Abychom si to ujasnili, pou\u017eijme spojen\u00ed\u00a0<acronym title=\"kore wa ko desu.\">\u3053\u308c\u306f\u5b50\u3067\u3059<\/acronym>.<\/p>\n<p>Od za\u010d\u00e1tku nelze \u0159\u00edci, zda se jedn\u00e1 o n\u011bkoho v mu\u017esk\u00e9m nebo \u017eensk\u00e9m rod\u011b. Stejn\u011b tak nelze poznat, zda se v\u011bta t\u00fdk\u00e1 jedn\u00e9 nebo v\u00edce osob. T\u011b\u017eko si troufnout i na p\u0159eklad do portugal\u0161tiny.<\/p>\n<p>Pro lep\u0161\u00ed pochopen\u00ed je t\u0159eba v\u011btu doplnit o dal\u0161\u00ed slova. Viz p\u0159\u00edklady n\u00ed\u017ee:<\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"Kore wa otokonoko desu. - Tohle je chlapec.\">\u3053\u308c\u306f\u7537\u306e\u5b50\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/acronym><\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"kore wa onnanoko desu. - Toto je d\u00edvka (\u017eena, d\u00edt\u011b)\">\u3053\u308c\u306f\u5973\u306e\u5b50\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/acronym><\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"Kore wa onnanoko ga gonin desu. - Tohle je p\u011bt d\u00edvek.\">\u3053\u308c\u306f\u5973\u306e\u5b50\u304c\u4e94\u4eba\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/acronym><\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"Kore wa otokonoko ga rokunin desu. - Tohle je \u0161est chlapc\u016f.\">\u3053\u308c\u306f\u7537\u306e\u5b50\u304c\u516d\u4eba\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/acronym><\/p>\n<p>P\u0159esto\u017ee se uk\u00e1zalo, \u017ee m\u016f\u017eeme v\u011bty tvo\u0159it p\u0159ehledn\u011bji, Japonci je p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 nepou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed, s v\u00fdjimkou p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f, kdy je skute\u010dn\u011b nutn\u00e9 rozli\u0161it rod a \u010d\u00edslo. Japonci v\u017edy rad\u011bji ponech\u00e1vaj\u00ed skute\u010dn\u00fd v\u00fdznam v\u011bc\u00ed v kontextu ne\u017e explicitn\u011b.<\/p>\n<h2>Cvi\u010den\u00ed ru\u010dn\u00edho psan\u00ed kand\u017ei<\/h2>\n<p>N\u00ed\u017ee jsou uvedeny\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/jak-napsat-japonska-pismena-kandzi\/\">Japonsk\u00e9 ideografick\u00e9 symboly<\/a>\u00a0pou\u017eit\u00e9 v tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku. V\u00fdb\u011br po\u017eadovan\u00fdch kand\u017ei zkop\u00edrujte a vlo\u017ete je do pole\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/in\/imprimir-para-treinar-kanas-e-kanjis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pracovn\u00ed list pro procvi\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed kany a kand\u017ei<\/a>\u00a0otev\u0159e se nov\u00e9 okno, ve kter\u00e9m si m\u016f\u017eete prohl\u00e9dnout soubor k vytisknut\u00ed a procvi\u010dit si japonskou kaligrafii zakryt\u00edm \u0161ed\u00fdch symbol\u016f a n\u00e1sledn\u00fdm pokusem o vlastn\u00ed psan\u00ed. Sta\u010d\u00ed vytisknout a procvi\u010dovat.<\/p>\n<table style=\"height: 47px\" border=\"0\" width=\"314\" cellspacing=\"2\" cellpadding=\"2\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u9b5a<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u5b50<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u7537<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u5973<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u4eba<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<div style=\"font-size: 0px; height: 0px; line-height: 0px; margin: 0; padding: 0; clear: both;\"><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Zjist\u011bte v\u00edce o podstatn\u00fdch jm\u00e9nech v japon\u0161tin\u011b nihongo! Jak u\u017e mo\u017en\u00e1 mnoz\u00ed z v\u00e1s v\u011bd\u00ed, podstatn\u00e1 jm\u00e9na jsou slova, kter\u00e1 se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed k ozna\u010den\u00ed osob, m\u00edst, zv\u00ed\u0159at, my\u0161lenek nebo pojm\u016f. Je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 zn\u00e1t co nejv\u00edce podstatn\u00fdch jmen.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":1688,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[49,75],"tags":[27,71,2,3],"class_list":["post-1686","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-curso-de-japones-gratis","category-substantivos-japoneses","tag-gramatica","tag-gramatica-japonesa","tag-idioma-japones","tag-nihongo"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2009\/11\/substantivos-em-japones.png?fit=500%2C400&ssl=1","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":1671,"url":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/relacionando-substantivos-em-japones\/","url_meta":{"origin":1686,"position":0},"title":"Vztahov\u00e1 podstatn\u00e1 jm\u00e9na v japon\u0161tin\u011b","author":"L\u00edngua Japonesa","date":"3 de Listopad de 2009","format":false,"excerpt":"As maneiras mais comuns de expressar a rela\u00e7\u00e3o entre dois ou mais substantivos em japon\u00eas, \u00e9 usando a part\u00edcula\u00a0\u306e\u00a0entre eles. Relacionando substantivos em japon\u00eas A part\u00edcula\u00a0\u306e, normalmente indica tr\u00eas id\u00e9ias b\u00e1sicas: posse, origem e especializa\u00e7\u00e3o. Ela indica posse quando o substantivo est\u00e1 relacionado \u00e0 outro substantivo. Nestes casos, a part\u00edcula\u00a0\u306e\u00a0pode\u2026","rel":"","context":"V \u201eCurso de Japon\u00eas Gr\u00e1tis\u201c","block_context":{"text":"Curso de Japon\u00eas Gr\u00e1tis","link":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/curso-de-japones-gratis\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Relacionando substantivos em japon\u00eas","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/relacionando-substantivos-em-japones.png?fit=500%2C400&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":2370,"url":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/a-particula-ya-em-japones\/","url_meta":{"origin":1686,"position":1},"title":"\u010c\u00e1stice YA v japon\u0161tin\u011b","author":"L\u00edngua Japonesa","date":"3 de \u00danor de 2010","format":false,"excerpt":"Agora vamos ampliar seu conhecimento sobre\u00a0a part\u00edcula YA em japon\u00eas! A principal fun\u00e7\u00e3o da part\u00edcula\u00a0ya\u00a0\u00e9 simplesmente criar listas de substantivos japoneses. Dessa forma, podemos citar um conjunto de coisas existentes em algum lugar ou coisas que iremos fazer. Neste momento, muitos leitores devem estar lembrando da part\u00edcula japonesa\u00a0to, que tamb\u00e9m\u2026","rel":"","context":"V \u201eGram\u00e1tica Japonesa\u201c","block_context":{"text":"Gram\u00e1tica Japonesa","link":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/gramatica-japonesa\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"A part\u00edcula YA em japon\u00eas","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/a-particula-ya-em-japones.png?fit=600%2C600&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/a-particula-ya-em-japones.png?fit=600%2C600&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/a-particula-ya-em-japones.png?fit=600%2C600&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1699,"url":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/tipos-de-adjetivos-em-japones\/","url_meta":{"origin":1686,"position":2},"title":"Druhy p\u0159\u00eddavn\u00fdch jmen v japon\u0161tin\u011b","author":"L\u00edngua Japonesa","date":"3 de Listopad de 2009","format":false,"excerpt":"Conhe\u00e7a os tipos de adjetivos em japon\u00eas e aprenda mais! 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Passe o cursor do mouse sobre os s\u00edmbolos japoneses (kanjis) para ver a pron\u00fancia e\u2026","rel":"","context":"V \u201eCurso de Japon\u00eas Gr\u00e1tis\u201c","block_context":{"text":"Curso de Japon\u00eas Gr\u00e1tis","link":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/curso-de-japones-gratis\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Os tipos de adjetivos em japon\u00eas - \u9752\u3044\u8eca","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2009\/11\/tipos-de-adjetivos-em-japones.png?fit=500%2C400&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":1719,"url":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/como-usar-adjetivos-em-japones\/","url_meta":{"origin":1686,"position":3},"title":"Jak pou\u017e\u00edvat p\u0159\u00eddavn\u00e1 jm\u00e9na v japon\u0161tin\u011b","author":"L\u00edngua Japonesa","date":"3 de Listopad de 2009","format":false,"excerpt":"Aprenda agora a como usar adjetivos em japon\u00eas! Segundo a gram\u00e1tica japonesa, os adjetivos em japon\u00eas podem ser usados de v\u00e1rias formas diferentes, contudo as formas de uso mais comuns s\u00e3o antes e depois dos substantivos. Como usar adjetivos em japon\u00eas Passe o cursor do mouse sobre os s\u00edmbolos japoneses\u2026","rel":"","context":"V \u201eAdjetivos japoneses\u201c","block_context":{"text":"Adjetivos japoneses","link":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/adjetivos-japoneses\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Como usar adjetivos em japon\u00eas - \u305d\u308c\u306f\u9752\u3044\u672c\u3067\u3059\u304b\uff1f","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/como-usar-os-adjetivos-em-japones.png?fit=500%2C400&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":2403,"url":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/a-particula-to-em-japones\/","url_meta":{"origin":1686,"position":4},"title":"\u010c\u00e1stice TO v japon\u0161tin\u011b","author":"L\u00edngua Japonesa","date":"27 de Leden de 2010","format":false,"excerpt":"Aprenda agora mais sobre a\u00a0part\u00edcula TO em japon\u00eas! A part\u00edcula japonesa\u00a0to\u00a0\u00e9 outra part\u00edcula muito conhecida pelos estudantes de japon\u00eas. Sua\u00a0fun\u00e7\u00e3o mais comum \u00e9 simplesmente juntar listas de\u00a0substantivos japoneses\u00a0ou at\u00e9 frases. Ao contr\u00e1rio de outras\u00a0part\u00edculas japonesas, a part\u00edcula\u00a0to\u00a0sempre lista itens de um modo objetivo, indicando todos os elementos existentes numa determinada\u2026","rel":"","context":"V \u201ePart\u00edculas em Japon\u00eas\u201c","block_context":{"text":"Part\u00edculas em Japon\u00eas","link":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/particulas-em-japones\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"A part\u00edcula TO em japon\u00eas","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/a-particula-to-em-japones.png?fit=600%2C600&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/a-particula-to-em-japones.png?fit=600%2C600&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/a-particula-to-em-japones.png?fit=600%2C600&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1680,"url":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/pronomes-demonstrativos-em-japones\/","url_meta":{"origin":1686,"position":5},"title":"Ukazovac\u00ed z\u00e1jmena v japon\u0161tin\u011b","author":"L\u00edngua Japonesa","date":"3 de Listopad de 2009","format":false,"excerpt":"Aprenda mais sobre os pronomes demonstrativos em japon\u00eas! Os pronomes demonstrativos em japon\u00eas s\u00e3o um conjunto de palavras da l\u00edngua japonesa que podem ser usadas quando queremos nos referir \u00e0s coisas que est\u00e3o em nossa volta. Os pronomes demonstrativos em japon\u00eas Este grupo de palavras tamb\u00e9m \u00e9 conhecido como\u00a0ko-so-a-do, uma\u2026","rel":"","context":"V \u201eCurso de Japon\u00eas Gr\u00e1tis\u201c","block_context":{"text":"Curso de Japon\u00eas Gr\u00e1tis","link":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/curso-de-japones-gratis\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Os pronomes demonstrativos em japon\u00eas - \u3053\u308c - KORE","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/pronomes-demonstrativos-em-japones.png?fit=500%2C400&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]}],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1686","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/18"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1686"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1686\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1688"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1686"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1686"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1686"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}