{"id":1729,"date":"2009-11-15T09:19:47","date_gmt":"2009-11-15T11:19:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/?p=1729"},"modified":"2018-03-15T01:12:03","modified_gmt":"2018-03-15T04:12:03","slug":"zakladni-castice-v-japonstine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/particulas-basicas-em-japones\/","title":{"rendered":"Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1stice v japon\u0161tin\u011b"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"c0799bc3a0e94be098a47dd4bca28a45\" data-index=\"2\" style=\"float: none; margin:0px;\">\n<script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-0652292147574552\"\r\n     crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script>\r\n<!-- Ads responsivo Inicio Post CAJap -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:block\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-0652292147574552\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"3298668993\"\r\n     data-ad-format=\"auto\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script>\n<\/div>\n<p><em>Zjist\u011bte a zjist\u011bte v\u00edce o\u00a0<strong>z\u00e1kladn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1stice v japon\u0161tin\u011b<\/strong>!<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u010c\u00e1stice jsou <span style=\"color: #000000\">mal\u00e9<\/span> gramatick\u00e9 prvky, obvykle psan\u00e9 pomoc\u00ed jedin\u00e9 slabiky slova\u00a0<a title=\"Japonsk\u00e1 abeceda hiragana a katakana\" href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/abeceda-japonstina-hiragana-e-katakana\/\">Japonsk\u00e1 abeceda v hiragan\u011b<\/a>a nemaj\u00ed konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed p\u0159eklad.<\/p>\n<p>Funkce \u010d\u00e1stic v japon\u0161tin\u011b je \u010dist\u011b gramatick\u00e1, slou\u017e\u00ed jako ozna\u010den\u00ed funkce slov v textu nebo v\u011bt\u011b.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/\">Japonsk\u00fd jazyk<\/a>. Bez \u010d\u00e1stic by nebylo mo\u017en\u00e9 porozum\u011bt \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 japonsk\u00e9 v\u011bt\u011b.<\/p>\n<p>V dne\u0161n\u00edm \u010dl\u00e1nku se budu v\u011bnovat nejz\u00e1kladn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm \u010d\u00e1stic\u00edm japonsk\u00e9ho jazyka a trochu se zm\u00edn\u00edm o jejich nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00edm pou\u017eit\u00ed a v\u00fdznamu. Nebojte se, pokud te\u010f mnoh\u00e9mu nerozum\u00edte, s dal\u0161\u00edm postupem ve studiu bude v\u0161e jasn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>P\u0159esto\u017ee je naps\u00e1n pomoc\u00ed\u00a0<a title=\"Japonsk\u00e1 abeceda hiragana a katakana\" href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/abeceda-japonstina-hiragana-e-katakana\/\">Japonsk\u00e1 abeceda v hiragan\u011b<\/a>N\u011bkter\u00e9 slabiky t\u00e9to abecedy mohou m\u011bnit v\u00fdslovnost, pokud jsou pou\u017eity jako \u010d\u00e1stice. Dobr\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edkladem jsou \u010d\u00e1stice\u00a0<acronym title=\"wa\">\u306f<\/acronym>,\u00a0<acronym title=\"o\">\u3092<\/acronym>\u00a0e\u00a0<acronym title=\"e\">\u3078<\/acronym>. A\u010dkoli se p\u00ed\u0161\u00ed pomoc\u00ed slabik\u00a0<strong>ha<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>wo<\/strong>\u00a0e\u00a0<strong>on<\/strong>maj\u00ed v\u00fdslovnost\u00a0<strong>wa<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>o<\/strong>\u00a0e\u00a0<strong>e<\/strong>.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<h2>Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1stice v japon\u0161tin\u011b<\/h2>\n<p>Od t\u00e9to chv\u00edle budeme komentovat ka\u017ed\u00fd z <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/zakladni-castice-cast-1-%e3%81%af-a-%e3%81%8c-2\/\">nejz\u00e1kladn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1stice japonsk\u00e9ho jazyka<\/a>N\u00e1sleduje kr\u00e1tk\u00fd seznam nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00edch \u010d\u00e1stic v japon\u0161tin\u011b.<\/p>\n<h3>T\u00e9ma \u010d\u00e1stice<\/h3>\n<p>T\u00e9ma v\u011bty je hlavn\u00ed p\u0159edm\u011bt, o kter\u00e9m mluv\u00edme, nebo n\u011bco, co chceme zd\u016fraznit. T\u00e9ma se obvykle ozna\u010duje \u010d\u00e1stic\u00ed\u00a0<acronym title=\"wa\">\u306f<\/acronym>.<\/p>\n<p>Pojem t\u00e9ma je pro Brazilce velmi matouc\u00ed, proto\u017ee v portugal\u0161tin\u011b neexistuje, ale nen\u00ed to tak slo\u017eit\u00e9, jak si mnoz\u00ed mysl\u00ed. Jako p\u0159\u00edklad si uve\u010fme n\u00ed\u017ee uvedenou v\u011btu.<\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"kare wa nihonjin desu - je Japonec.\"><span class=\"orange\" style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u5f7c<\/span>\u306f\u65e5\u672c\u4eba\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/acronym><\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"kare - ho.\">\u5f7c<\/acronym>\u00a0je hlavn\u00ed podm\u011bt v\u011bty, nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st v\u011bty. Je to proto, \u017ee po\u00a0<acronym title=\"kare - ho.\">\u5f7c<\/acronym>\u00a0\u010d\u00e1stice\u00a0<acronym title=\"wa\">\u306f<\/acronym>.<\/p>\n<p>Pokud zm\u011bn\u00edme po\u0159ad\u00ed slov v t\u00e9\u017ee v\u011bt\u011b, zm\u011bn\u00edme t\u00e9ma nebo \u010d\u00e1st, kter\u00e9 p\u0159ikl\u00e1d\u00e1me nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdznam, ale p\u0159eklad se zpravidla nezm\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"nihonjin wa kare desu - je Japonec.\"><span class=\"orange\" style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u65e5\u672c\u4eba<\/span>\u306f\u5f7c\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/acronym><\/p>\n<p>T\u00e9ma v\u011bty je nyn\u00ed\u00a0<acronym title=\"nihond\u017ein - japon\u0161tina.\">\u65e5\u672c\u4eba<\/acronym>proto\u017ee se objevuje p\u0159ed \u010d\u00e1stic\u00ed\u00a0<acronym title=\"wa\">\u306f<\/acronym>.<\/p>\n<h3>P\u0159edm\u011btn\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1stice<\/h3>\n<p>\u010c\u00e1stice\u00a0<acronym title=\"ga\">\u304c<\/acronym>\u00a0je zna\u010dka, kter\u00e1 ozna\u010duje, kter\u00e9 slovo je podm\u011btem v\u011bty. Jin\u00fdmi slovy, slovo, kter\u00e9 se objevuje p\u0159ed slabikou\u00a0<acronym title=\"ga\">\u304c<\/acronym>\u00a0je ten, kdo vykon\u00e1v\u00e1 nebo trp\u00ed d\u011bj slovesa. Nap\u0159\u00edklad:<\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"onaka ga itai desu - Bol\u00ed m\u011b b\u0159icho (nebo m\u011b bol\u00ed).\"><span class=\"orange\" style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u304a\u8179<\/span>\u304c\u75db\u3044\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/acronym><\/p>\n<p>Ve v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e9 v\u011bt\u011b\u00a0<acronym title=\"onaka - \u017ealudek.\">\u304a\u8179<\/acronym>\u00a0je podm\u011btem v\u011bty, proto\u017ee se objevuje p\u0159ed \u010d\u00e1stic\u00ed\u00a0<acronym title=\"ga\">\u304c<\/acronym>. A kdy\u017e se pod\u00edv\u00e1te pozorn\u011b, je to\u00a0<acronym title=\"onaka - \u017ealudek.\">\u304a\u8179<\/acronym>\u00a0kter\u00e1 trp\u00ed bolest\u00ed.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Existuje mnoho nejasnost\u00ed ohledn\u011b toho, kdy pou\u017e\u00edt \u010d\u00e1stici\u00a0<acronym title=\"ga\">\u304c<\/acronym>\u00a0nebo \u010d\u00e1stice\u00a0<acronym title=\"wa\">\u306f<\/acronym>. Je to proto, \u017ee v na\u0161em mate\u0159sk\u00e9m jazyce neexistuje pojem t\u00e9matu, a tak\u00e9 proto, \u017ee t\u00e9ma japonsk\u00fdch v\u011bt se ve voln\u00e9m p\u0159ekladu z japon\u0161tiny do portugal\u0161tiny st\u00e1v\u00e1 p\u0159edm\u011btem v\u011bt.<\/p>\n<p>Pr\u00e1v\u011b d\u00edky \u017eivotu v japon\u0161tin\u011b studenti pochop\u00ed rozd\u00edl mezi pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00edm t\u011bchto dvou \u010d\u00e1stic. Bu\u010fte proto k sob\u011b trochu trp\u011bliv\u00ed. Spr\u00e1vn\u011b?<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<h3>P\u0159ivlast\u0148ovac\u00ed \u010d\u00e1stice<\/h3>\n<p>Slabiky\u00a0<acronym title=\"v\">\u306e<\/acronym>, pokud se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 jako \u010d\u00e1stice, obvykle spojuje dv\u011b podstatn\u00e1 jm\u00e9na; d\u00e1v\u00e1 smysl.\u00a0<em>majitel<\/em>\u00a0e\u00a0<em>posedl\u00e1 v\u011bc<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"Kanojo no hon - Jej\u00ed kniha\">\u5f7c\u5973<span class=\"orange\" style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u306e<\/span>\u672c\u3002<\/acronym><\/p>\n<p>Ve v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edkladu je \u010d\u00e1stice\u00a0<acronym title=\"v\">\u306e<\/acronym>\u00a0nazna\u010duje, \u017ee\u00a0<acronym title=\"Kanojo - jej\u00ed\">\u5f7c\u5973<\/acronym>\u00a0je vlastn\u00edkem\u00a0<acronym title=\"hon - kniha\">\u672c<\/acronym>. Jin\u00fdmi slovy, \"<em>Jej\u00ed kniha<\/em>\" nebo \"<em>Kniha, kter\u00e1 j\u00ed pat\u0159\u00ed<\/em>\". V\u0161imn\u011bte si, \u017ee slovo p\u0159ed \u010d\u00e1stic\u00ed\u00a0<acronym title=\"v\">\u306e<\/acronym>\u00a0je vlastn\u00edkem slova, kter\u00e9 n\u00e1sleduje za \u010d\u00e1stic\u00ed.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Na str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch\u00a0<a title=\"P\u0159ivlast\u0148ovac\u00ed z\u00e1jmena v japon\u0161tin\u011b\" href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/zajmena-posesiva-v-japonstine\/\">p\u0159ivlast\u0148ovac\u00ed z\u00e1jmena v japon\u0161tin\u011b<\/a>\u00a0pou\u017e\u00edt \u010d\u00e1stice\u00a0<acronym title=\"v\">\u306e<\/acronym>\u00a0p\u0159i jeho tvo\u0159en\u00ed, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e se vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 p\u0159ivlast\u0148ovac\u00ed funkce t\u00e9to \u010d\u00e1stice.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<h3>\u010c\u00e1stice s mnoha funkcemi<\/h3>\n<p>Navzdory \u010d\u00e1stic\u00edm\u00a0<acronym title=\"ni\">\u306b<\/acronym>\u00a0m\u00e1 mnoho funkc\u00ed, nen\u00ed nutn\u00e9 je v\u0161echny zn\u00e1t. Prozat\u00edm sta\u010d\u00ed zn\u00e1t t\u0159i z\u00e1kladn\u00ed funkce \u010d\u00e1stice.\u00a0<acronym title=\"ni\">\u306b<\/acronym>P\u0159\u00edm\u00fd kontakt, lokalizace a nep\u0159\u00edm\u00fd objekt.<\/p>\n<h4>P\u0159\u00edm\u00fd kontakt<\/h4>\n<p>Pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se k vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed toho, kdy\u017e jsou si dv\u011b v\u011bci velmi bl\u00edzk\u00e9 a p\u0159ich\u00e1zej\u00ed do p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho kontaktu. Nap\u0159\u00edklad:<\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"kokuban ni ji o kaku - P\u00ed\u0161u p\u00edsmena (slova) na tabuli.\">\u9ed2\u677f<span class=\"orange\" style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u306b<\/span>\u5b57\u3092\u66f8\u304f\u3002<\/acronym><\/p>\n<h3>Um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed<\/h3>\n<p>V tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b je \u010d\u00e1stice\u00a0<acronym title=\"ni\">\u306b<\/acronym>\u00a0se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 spole\u010dn\u011b se slovesy, kter\u00e1 maj\u00ed v\u00fdznam existence, jako nap\u0159.\u00a0<acronym title=\"aru - b\u00fdt nebo existovat\">\u3042\u308b<\/acronym>,\u00a0<acronym title=\"iru - b\u00fdt nebo existovat\">\u3044\u308b<\/acronym>\u00a0nebo\u00a0<acronym title=\"sumu - \u017e\u00edt\">\u4f4f\u3080<\/acronym>. \u010c\u00e1stice\u00a0<acronym title=\"ni\">\u306b<\/acronym>\u00a0ozna\u010duje m\u00edsto, kde se n\u011bco nach\u00e1z\u00ed nebo prost\u011b \u017eije.<\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"koko ni inu ga iru - Je tu pes.\">\u3053\u3053<span class=\"orange\" style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u306b<\/span>\u72ac\u304c\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/acronym><\/p>\n<h4>Nep\u0159\u00edm\u00fd objekt<\/h4>\n<p>Nep\u0159\u00edm\u00fd p\u0159edm\u011bt v\u011bty se obvykle ozna\u010duje \u010d\u00e1stic\u00ed\u00a0<acronym title=\"ni\">\u306b<\/acronym>V japonsk\u00fdch v\u011bt\u00e1ch je to obvykle nep\u0159\u00edm\u00fd p\u0159edm\u011bt, kter\u00fd ovliv\u0148uje d\u011bj. Pod\u00edvejte se na n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed v\u011btu:<\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"tarou ni bideo o ageru - Dal jsem video Tarou.\">\u592a\u90ce<span class=\"orange\" style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u306b<\/span>\u30d3\u30c7\u30aa\u3092\u3042\u3052\u308b\u3002<\/acronym><\/p>\n<p>Jako\u00a0<acronym title=\"Tarou.\">\u592a\u90ce<\/acronym>\u00a0je vlastn\u00ed jm\u00e9no a n\u00e1sleduje za n\u00edm \u010d\u00e1stice\u00a0<acronym title=\"ni\">\u306b<\/acronym>Ch\u00e1peme, \u017ee je to on, kdo p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1 video a trp\u00ed n\u00e1sledky p\u016fsoben\u00ed slovesa.<br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u010c\u00e1stice lokalizace a instrumentality<\/h3>\n<p>\u010c\u00e1stice\u00a0<acronym title=\"z\">\u3067<\/acronym>Tento pojem m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt \u0159adu dal\u0161\u00edch v\u00fdznam\u016f, ale v tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku se zam\u011b\u0159\u00edme na dv\u011b z\u00e1kladn\u00ed funkce: m\u00edsto, kde se d\u011bj odehr\u00e1v\u00e1, a instrumentalitu.<\/p>\n<h4>M\u00edsto, kde se akce odehr\u00e1v\u00e1<\/h4>\n<p>Kdy\u017e \u010d\u00e1stice\u00a0<acronym title=\"z\">\u3067<\/acronym>\u00a0se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 ve spojen\u00ed s v\u00fdrazem \"m\u00edsto\" k ozna\u010den\u00ed toho, co se d\u011bje na m\u00edst\u011b uveden\u00e9m ve v\u011bt\u011b. Nap\u0159\u00edklad:<\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"gakou de benkyousuru - Studium ve \u0161kole.\">\u5b66\u6821\u3067\u52c9\u5f37\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/acronym><\/p>\n<h4>Instrumentalita<\/h4>\n<p>V takov\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech se \u010d\u00e1stice\u00a0<acronym title=\"z\">\u3067<\/acronym>\u00a0slou\u017e\u00ed k informov\u00e1n\u00ed o tom, \u017ee \u010dinnost, kterou sloveso ozna\u010duje, bude provedena pomoc\u00ed n\u00e1stroje nebo pom\u016fcky. Nap\u0159:<\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"fooku de tabemashou - Jezme vidli\u010dkou.\">\u30d5\u30a9\u30fc\u30af\u3067\u98df\u3079\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002<\/acronym><\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"densha de iku - Jedu vlakem.\">\u96fb\u8eca\u3067\u884c\u304f\u3002<\/acronym><\/p>\n<h3>\u010c\u00e1stice pro ozna\u010den\u00ed sm\u011bru<\/h3>\n<p>\u010c\u00e1stice\u00a0<acronym title=\"e\">\u3078<\/acronym>\u00a0obvykle ozna\u010duje sm\u011br d\u011bje a \u010dasto se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se slovesy.\u00a0<acronym title=\"kuru - j\u00edt\">\u884c\u304f,\u00a0<\/acronym><acronym title=\"kuru - p\u0159ij\u00edt\"><\/acronym>\u6765\u308b a\u00a0<acronym title=\"kaeru - n\u00e1vrat\">\u5e30\u308b<\/acronym>; stejn\u011b jako n\u011bkolik dal\u0161\u00edch sloves.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>V\u0161imn\u011bte si, \u017ee zvuk slabiky\u00a0<acronym title=\"on\">\u3078<\/acronym>se p\u0159i pou\u017eit\u00ed jako \u010d\u00e1stice zm\u011bn\u00ed na\u00a0<strong>e<\/strong>\u00a0stejn\u011b jako slabika\u00a0<acronym title=\"ha\">\u306f<\/acronym>\u00a0zm\u011bny\u00a0<strong>wa<\/strong>\u00a0e\u00a0<acronym title=\"wo\">\u3092<\/acronym>\u00a0zm\u011bny\u00a0<strong>o<\/strong>.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><acronym title=\"nihon e iku - Jedu do Japonska.\">\u65e5\u672c\u3078\u884c\u304f\u3002<\/acronym><\/p>\n<h3>P\u0159\u00edm\u00fd objekt \u010d\u00e1stice<\/h3>\n<p>\u010c\u00e1stice\u00a0<acronym title=\"o\">\u3092<\/acronym>\u00a0se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 k ozna\u010den\u00ed p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho p\u0159edm\u011btu v\u011bty, tedy toho, kter\u00fd trp\u00ed d\u011bjem slovesa. V n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed v\u011bt\u011b,\u00a0<acronym title=\"ringo - jablko\">\u308a\u3093\u3054<\/acronym>\u00a0je ten, kdo trp\u00ed p\u016fsoben\u00edm\u00a0<acronym title=\"taberu - j\u00edst\">\u98df\u3079\u308b<\/acronym>tak\u017ee by m\u011bl b\u00fdt ozna\u010den \u010d\u00e1stic\u00ed\u00a0<acronym title=\"o\">\u3092<\/acronym>.<\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"Ringo o taberu - J\u00edst jablka.\">\u308a\u3093\u3054\u3092\u98df\u3079\u308b\u3002<\/acronym><\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"ocha o nomu - Pit\u00ed \u010daje\">\u304a\u8336\u3092\u98f2\u3080\u3002<\/acronym><\/p>\n<h3>Dal\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1stice s mnoha funkcemi<\/h3>\n<p>Na z\u00e1v\u011br na\u0161eho putov\u00e1n\u00ed po <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/zakladni-castice-v-japonstine\/\">z\u00e1kladn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1stice japonsk\u00e9ho jazyka<\/a>, seznamte se s \u010d\u00e1stic\u00ed\u00a0<acronym title=\"na\">\u3068<\/acronym>. A\u010dkoli m\u00e1 mnoho funkc\u00ed, pov\u011bzme si o dvou nejz\u00e1kladn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch: Komplexn\u00ed seznamy a citace.<\/p>\n<h4>Komplexn\u00ed seznamy<\/h4>\n<p>Rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 seznamy ch\u00e1pejte jako v\u00fdpis seznamu objekt\u016f, kde jsou uvedeny v\u0161echny objekty. Nap\u0159\u00edklad n\u00e1kupn\u00ed seznam je komplexn\u00ed seznam, i kdy\u017e rozs\u00e1hl\u00fd, kde je uveden seznam v\u0161ech v\u011bc\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se chyst\u00e1te koupit na trhu. Takov\u00fdm seznam\u016fm se \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 komplexn\u00ed seznamy, proto\u017ee si m\u016f\u017eete zapamatovat v\u0161echny objekty na seznamu.<\/p>\n<p>V japon\u0161tin\u011b se \u00fapln\u00fd seznam vytvo\u0159\u00ed um\u00edst\u011bn\u00edm \u010d\u00e1stice\u00a0<acronym title=\"na\">\u3068<\/acronym>\u00a0mezi jednotliv\u00fdmi objekty v seznamu. Nap\u0159\u00edklad:<\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"pen to kuruma to pan - Tu\u017eka a auto a chleba.\">\u30da\u30f3\u3068\u8eca\u3068\u30d1\u30f3<\/acronym><\/p>\n<p>V japon\u0161tin\u011b se sn\u00e1ze setk\u00e1te s v\u00fdrazy jako \"tu\u017eka, pero a pap\u00edr\" ne\u017e \"tu\u017eka, pero a pap\u00edr\". Japonci obvykle pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed \u010d\u00e1stici\u00a0<acronym title=\"na\">\u3068<\/acronym>\u00a0m\u00edsto odd\u011blov\u00e1n\u00ed objekt\u016f \u010d\u00e1rkami.<\/p>\n<p>Stejn\u00e9 pou\u017eit\u00ed se vyskytuje i v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee prvky seznamu jsou lid\u00e9. Pouze v tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b m\u00e1me pocit kamar\u00e1dstv\u00ed, toho, \u017ee jsme n\u011bco d\u011blali spole\u010dn\u011b s jin\u00fdmi lidmi. Nap\u0159:<\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"watashi to keiko wa nihon e iku - J\u00e1 a Keiko jedeme do Japonska.\">\u79c1\u3068\u4f73\u5b50\u306f\u65e5\u672c\u3078\u884c\u304f\u3002<\/acronym><\/p>\n<h3>Citace<\/h3>\n<p>\u010c\u00e1stice\u00a0<acronym title=\"na\">\u3068<\/acronym>\u00a0se tak\u00e9 \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 k vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed cit\u00e1t\u016f nebo k vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed toho, co \u0159ekli jin\u00ed lid\u00e9. Nap\u0159\u00edklad:<\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"&#039;ai shite iru&#039; to iu - \u0158ekni (nebo \u0159ekl) &#039;Miluji t\u011b&#039;\">\u300c\u611b\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300d\u3068\u8a00\u3046\u3002<\/acronym><\/p>\n<p>V\u0161imn\u011bte si, \u017ee ve v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e9 v\u011bt\u011b jsou symboly \"\u300c\" a \"\u300d\" pou\u017eity jako na\u0161e uvozovky pro ozna\u010den\u00ed toho, co bylo \u0159e\u010deno. D\u00e1le pak \u010d\u00e1stice\u00a0<acronym title=\"na\">\u3068<\/acronym>\u00a0pro ozna\u010den\u00ed cit\u00e1tu, po kter\u00e9m n\u00e1sleduje sloveso \u0159\u00edci (<acronym title=\"iu - \u0159\u00edkat, mluvit, vypr\u00e1v\u011bt\">\u8a00\u3046<\/acronym>).<\/p>\n<h2>Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n<p>To je prozat\u00edm v\u0161e, co pot\u0159ebujeme v\u011bd\u011bt o \u010d\u00e1stic\u00edch v japon\u0161tin\u011b. Jedn\u00e1 se o z\u00e1kladn\u00ed pou\u017eit\u00ed, kter\u00e1 se b\u011b\u017en\u011b vyskytuj\u00ed v japonsk\u00fdch jazykov\u00fdch textech.<\/p>\n<p>Postupem \u010dasu se budeme do na\u0161eho studia no\u0159it hloub\u011bji a hloub\u011bji a budeme komentovat dal\u0161\u00ed funkce a situace, kter\u00e9 zde nebyly zm\u00edn\u011bny.<\/p>\n<h2>Cvi\u010den\u00ed ru\u010dn\u00edho psan\u00ed kand\u017ei<\/h2>\n<p>N\u00ed\u017ee jsou uvedeny\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/jak-napsat-japonska-pismena-kandzi\/\">Japonsk\u00e9 ideografick\u00e9 symboly<\/a>\u00a0pou\u017eit\u00e9 v tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku. V\u00fdb\u011br po\u017eadovan\u00fdch kand\u017ei zkop\u00edrujte a vlo\u017ete je do pole\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/in\/imprimir-para-treinar-kanas-e-kanjis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pracovn\u00ed list pro procvi\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed kany a kand\u017ei<\/a>\u00a0otev\u0159e se nov\u00e9 okno, ve kter\u00e9m si m\u016f\u017eete prohl\u00e9dnout soubor k vytisknut\u00ed a procvi\u010dit si japonskou kaligrafii zakryt\u00edm \u0161ed\u00fdch symbol\u016f a n\u00e1sledn\u00fdm pokusem o vlastn\u00ed psan\u00ed. Sta\u010d\u00ed vytisknout a procvi\u010dovat.<\/p>\n<table style=\"height: 231px\" border=\"0\" width=\"565\" cellspacing=\"2\" cellpadding=\"2\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u5f7c<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u5973<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u884c<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u79c1<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u4eba<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u65e5<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u672c<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u8179<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u75db<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u9ed2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u677f<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u5b57<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u66f8<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u4f4f<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u72ac<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u592a<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u90ce<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u753b<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u7a3f<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u52c9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u5f37<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u98df<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u96fb<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u8eca<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u6765<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u5e30<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u8336<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u98f2<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u4f73<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u5b50<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u611b<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u8a00<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<div style=\"font-size: 0px; height: 0px; line-height: 0px; margin: 0; padding: 0; clear: both;\"><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Poznejte a nau\u010dte se v\u00edce o z\u00e1kladn\u00edch \u010d\u00e1stic\u00edch v japon\u0161tin\u011b! \u010c\u00e1stice jsou mal\u00e9 gramatick\u00e9 prvky, kter\u00e9 se obvykle zapisuj\u00ed jednou slabikou japonsk\u00e9 abecedy v hiragan\u011b a nemaj\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed p\u0159eklad. Funkce \u010d\u00e1stic<\/p>","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":1733,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[49,74],"tags":[69,27,71,2,3],"class_list":["post-1729","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-curso-de-japones-gratis","category-particulas-em-japones","tag-curso-japones-gratis","tag-gramatica","tag-gramatica-japonesa","tag-idioma-japones","tag-nihongo"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2009\/11\/particulas-basicas-em-japones.png?fit=500%2C400&ssl=1","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":2447,"url":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/como-formar-frases-em-japones\/","url_meta":{"origin":1729,"position":0},"title":"Jak tvo\u0159it v\u011bty v japon\u0161tin\u011b","author":"L\u00edngua Japonesa","date":"11 de \u0158\u00edjen de 2010","format":false,"excerpt":"Aprenda agora a\u00a0como formar frases em japon\u00eas! 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Para ficar mais\u2026","rel":"","context":"V \u201eCurso de Japon\u00eas Gr\u00e1tis\u201c","block_context":{"text":"Curso de Japon\u00eas Gr\u00e1tis","link":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/curso-de-japones-gratis\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"O sujeito das frases em japon\u00eas - part\u00edcula WA ","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/ha-150x150.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":1735,"url":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/particulas-para-final-de-frases-em-japones\/","url_meta":{"origin":1729,"position":2},"title":"\u010c\u00e1stice na konci v\u011bty v japon\u0161tin\u011b","author":"L\u00edngua Japonesa","date":"3 de Listopad de 2009","format":false,"excerpt":"Saiba mais sobre as\u00a0Part\u00edculas para o final de frases em japon\u00eas! Eu estava estudando a finaliza\u00e7\u00e3o de frases em japon\u00eas usando part\u00edculas e descobri algumas part\u00edculas b\u00e1sicas e bem interessantes. Part\u00edculas para o final de frases em japon\u00eas Apesar de possu\u00edrem significados semelhantes, essas part\u00edculas japonesas possuem caracter\u00edsticas bem particulares.\u2026","rel":"","context":"V \u201eCurso de Japon\u00eas Gr\u00e1tis\u201c","block_context":{"text":"Curso de Japon\u00eas Gr\u00e1tis","link":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/curso-de-japones-gratis\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Part\u00edculas para o final de frases em japon\u00eas","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/particulas-para-final-de-frases-em-japones.png?fit=500%2C400&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":1637,"url":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/gramatica-japonesa-fundamental\/","url_meta":{"origin":1729,"position":3},"title":"Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed japonsk\u00e1 gramatika","author":"L\u00edngua Japonesa","date":"7 de Listopad de 2009","format":false,"excerpt":"Aprenda mais sobre a\u00a0gram\u00e1tica japonesa fundamental para voc\u00ea estudante de nihongo! 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Dessa forma, podemos citar um conjunto de coisas existentes em algum lugar ou coisas que iremos fazer. Neste momento, muitos leitores devem estar lembrando da part\u00edcula japonesa\u00a0to, que tamb\u00e9m\u2026","rel":"","context":"V \u201eGram\u00e1tica Japonesa\u201c","block_context":{"text":"Gram\u00e1tica Japonesa","link":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/gramatica-japonesa\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"A part\u00edcula YA em japon\u00eas","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/a-particula-ya-em-japones.png?fit=600%2C600&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/a-particula-ya-em-japones.png?fit=600%2C600&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/a-particula-ya-em-japones.png?fit=600%2C600&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x"},"classes":[]},{"id":2820,"url":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/particula-mo-em-japones\/","url_meta":{"origin":1729,"position":5},"title":"\u010c\u00e1stice MO v japon\u0161tin\u011b","author":"L\u00edngua Japonesa","date":"6 de Leden de 2010","format":false,"excerpt":"Em japon\u00eas, a fun\u00e7\u00e3o mais comum da part\u00edcula\u00a0mo\u00a0\u00e9 indicar uma esp\u00e9cie de similaridade entre palavras da mesma senten\u00e7a. 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