{"id":1729,"date":"2009-11-15T09:19:47","date_gmt":"2009-11-15T11:19:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/?p=1729"},"modified":"2026-08-02T15:03:38","modified_gmt":"2026-08-02T18:03:38","slug":"zakladni-castice-v-japonstine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/particulas-basicas-em-japones\/","title":{"rendered":"\u010c\u00e1stice v japon\u0161tin\u011b: jak pou\u017e\u00edvat \u306f, \u304c, \u3092, \u306b a \u3067"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Ty <strong>\u010d\u00e1stice v japon\u0161tin\u011b<\/strong> objevuj\u00ed se za slovy nebo v\u00fdrazy, aby uk\u00e1zaly, jak souvis\u00ed se zbytkem v\u011bty. Mohou ozna\u010dovat t\u00e9ma, zd\u016fraz\u0148ovat informaci, ozna\u010dovat p\u0159edm\u011bt \u010dinnosti, spojovat podstatn\u00e1 jm\u00e9na nebo ud\u00e1vat m\u00edsto, sm\u011br, \u010das a spole\u010dnost.<\/p>\n\n<p>Nesna\u017ete se si ka\u017edou \u010d\u00e1stici zapamatovat, jako by to byla p\u0159edlo\u017eka v portugal\u0161tin\u011b. Stejn\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1stice m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt v\u00edce ne\u017e jednu funkci a jej\u00ed volba z\u00e1vis\u00ed na struktu\u0159e v\u011bty a na tom, co chce mluv\u010d\u00ed sd\u011blit.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"caj-learning-box\">\n<p><strong>V tomto pr\u016fvodci se dozv\u00edte:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>k \u010demu slou\u017e\u00ed japonsk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stice;<\/li>\n<li>jak pou\u017e\u00edvat \u306f, \u304c, \u3092, \u306b, \u3067, \u306e, \u3068, \u3078 a \u3082;<\/li>\n<li>hlavn\u00ed rozd\u00edly mezi \u306f a \u304c a mezi \u306b a \u3067;<\/li>\n<li>jak rozpoznat \u010d\u00e1stice ve skute\u010dn\u00fdch v\u011bt\u00e1ch;<\/li>\n<li>jak\u00e9 chyby se mezi brazilsk\u00fdmi studenty vyskytuj\u00ed nej\u010dast\u011bji.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n<h2>Co jsou to \u010d\u00e1stice v japon\u0161tin\u011b?<\/h2>\n\n<p>\u010c\u00e1stice jsou gramatick\u00e9 prvky, kter\u00e9 se obvykle vyskytuj\u00ed za slovem nebo skupinou slov. Funguj\u00ed jako sign\u00e1ly: pom\u00e1haj\u00ed \u010dten\u00e1\u0159i nebo poslucha\u010di pochopit \u00falohu dan\u00e9ho prvku a jeho vztah k p\u0159\u00edsudku.<\/p>\n\n<p>Pod\u00edvejte se na tuto jednoduchou strukturu:<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>t\u00e9ma + \u306f + informace o t\u00e9matu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">Jsem student.<\/span><br \/>\n\u010cten\u00ed: <em>Jsem student.<\/em><br \/>\nRomad\u017ei: <em>Jsem student.<\/em><br \/>\nP\u0159eklad: Jsem student.<\/p>\n\n<p>\u010c\u00e1stice \u306f nazna\u010duje, \u017ee \u79c1, \u201cj\u00e1\u201d, je podm\u011btem, o kter\u00e9m bude u\u010din\u011bno tvrzen\u00ed. Tato funkce je p\u0159esn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e pouh\u00fd p\u0159eklad \u306f jako \u201cjsem\u201d nebo tvrzen\u00ed, \u017ee tato \u010d\u00e1stice v\u017edy ozna\u010duje podm\u011bt.<\/p>\n\n<p>Pokud si teprve budujete svou z\u00e1kladnu, nejprve si projd\u011bte <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/zakladni-japonska-gramatika\/\">z\u00e1klady japonsk\u00e9 gramatiky<\/a>. \u010c\u00e1stice se daj\u00ed sn\u00e1ze rozpoznat, kdy\u017e v v\u011bt\u011b rozpozn\u00e1te podstatn\u00e1 jm\u00e9na, slovesa, p\u0159\u00eddavn\u00e1 jm\u00e9na a p\u0159\u00edsudek.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Jak se vyslovuj\u00ed \u306f, \u3092 a \u3078, kdy\u017e se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed jako \u010d\u00e1stice<\/h2>\n\n<p>T\u0159i velmi b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stice se vyslovuj\u00ed jinak, ne\u017e jak se obvykle vyslovuje stejn\u00e9 kana:<\/p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u306f<\/strong> je naps\u00e1no <em>ha<\/em>, ale jako \u010d\u00e1stice se vyslovuje <em>wa<\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u3092<\/strong> se obvykle vyslovuje <em>o<\/em> v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 japon\u0161tin\u011b;<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u3078<\/strong> je naps\u00e1no <em>on<\/em>, ale jako \u010d\u00e1stice se vyslovuje <em>e<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>Psan\u00e1 podoba se nem\u011bn\u00ed. V\u00fdslovnost ur\u010duje gramatick\u00e1 funkce v dan\u00e9m kontextu.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Tabulka hlavn\u00edch japonsk\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic<\/h2>\n\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u010c\u00e1stice<\/th>\n<th>Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed funkce<\/th>\n<th>Model<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u306f (<em>wa<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td>P\u0159edstavuje dan\u00e9 t\u00e9ma nebo vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed kontrast<\/td>\n<td><span lang=\"ja\">Jsem zam\u011bstnanec.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>ale (<em>ga<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td>Identifikuje nebo zv\u00fdrazn\u00ed prvek<\/td>\n<td><span lang=\"ja\">P\u0159ijde pan Tanaka.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u3092 (<em>o<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td>Ozna\u010duje p\u0159\u00edm\u00fd p\u0159edm\u011bt mnoha \u010dinnost\u00ed<\/td>\n<td><span lang=\"ja\">Napiju se vody.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>ni (<em>ni<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td>Ozna\u010duje c\u00edl, \u010das, existenci nebo adres\u00e1ta<\/td>\n<td><span lang=\"ja\">Jdu do \u0161koly.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>de (<em>z<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td>Ozna\u010duje m\u00edsto, kde se n\u011bco odehr\u00e1v\u00e1, nebo pou\u017eit\u00fd prost\u0159edek<\/td>\n<td><span lang=\"ja\">Budu se u\u010dit ve \u0161kole.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u306e (<em>v<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td>Spojuje podstatn\u00e1 jm\u00e9na ve vztaz\u00edch vlastnictv\u00ed nebo klasifikace<\/td>\n<td><span lang=\"ja\">Knihy v japon\u0161tin\u011b<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>a (<em>na<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td>Uve\u010fte spole\u010dnost, \u00fapln\u00fd seznam nebo cit\u00e1t<\/td>\n<td><span lang=\"ja\">Budu si pov\u00eddat s kamar\u00e1dy.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u3078 (<em>e<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td>Ur\u010duje sm\u011br pohybu<\/td>\n<td><span lang=\"ja\">Jedu do Japonska.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u3082 (<em>mo<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td>V z\u00e1porn\u00fdch v\u011bt\u00e1ch p\u0159idejte \u201ctak\u00e9\u201d nebo \u201cani\u201d<\/td>\n<td><span lang=\"ja\">J\u00e1 jsem tak\u00e9 student.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<!--Ads10-->\n\n<h2>Jak pou\u017e\u00edvat z\u00e1kladn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1stice v japon\u0161tin\u011b<\/h2>\n\n<h3>\u306f (wa): t\u00e9ma rozhovoru<\/h3>\n\n<p>\u201e\u306f\u201c uv\u00e1d\u00ed to, o \u010dem budeme hovo\u0159it. M\u016f\u017ee tak\u00e9 vytvo\u0159it kontrast mezi dv\u011bma prvky.<\/p>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">Dnes je horko.<\/span><br \/>\n\u010cten\u00ed: <em>Dnes je horko.<\/em><br \/>\nRomad\u017ei: <em>Dnes je horko.<\/em><br \/>\nP\u0159eklad: Dnes je teplo.<\/p>\n\n<p>T\u00e9matem je \u4eca\u65e5, \u201cdnes\u201d. V\u011bta uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee dnes je teplo. Chcete-li se sezn\u00e1mit s dal\u0161\u00edmi funkcemi a kontrasty, pod\u00edvejte se na kompletn\u00ed lekci o <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/a-particula-wa\/\">\u010d\u00e1stice WA<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<h3>\u304c (ga): identifikace a zam\u011b\u0159en\u00ed<\/h3>\n\n<p>\u201e\u304c\u201c \u010dasto ozna\u010duje prvek, kter\u00fd odpov\u00edd\u00e1 na ot\u00e1zku nebo uv\u00e1d\u00ed novou informaci. V z\u00e1vislosti na konstrukci tak\u00e9 ozna\u010duje prvek souvisej\u00edc\u00ed s existenc\u00ed, schopnost\u00ed, preferenc\u00ed nebo vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00edm.<\/p>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">Kdo p\u0159ijde? P\u0159ijde pan Tanaka.<\/span><br \/>\n\u010cten\u00ed: <em>Kdo p\u0159ijde? P\u0159ijde pan Tanaka.<\/em><br \/>\nRomad\u017ei: <em>Kdo p\u0159ijde? P\u0159ijde pan Tanaka.<\/em><br \/>\nP\u0159eklad: Kdo p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00ed? P\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00ed pan Tanaka.<\/p>\n\n<p>V odpov\u011bdi je jako identifikovan\u00e1 osoba uvedena pan\u00ed Tanaka. Podrobn\u00e9 vysv\u011btlen\u00ed najdete v \u010dl\u00e1nku o <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/ga-castice-a-jeji-funkce\/\">\u010d\u00e1stice GA a jej\u00ed funkce<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<h3>\u3092 (o): p\u0159edm\u011bt \u010dinnosti<\/h3>\n\n<p>\u201e\u3092\u201c ozna\u010duje p\u0159\u00edm\u00fd p\u0159edm\u011bt mnoha p\u0159echodn\u00fdch sloves: to, co \u010dlov\u011bk \u010dte, pije, kupuje, studuje nebo d\u011bl\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">Ka\u017ed\u00e9 r\u00e1no piji k\u00e1vu.<\/span><br \/>\n\u010cten\u00ed: <em>Ka\u017ed\u00e9 r\u00e1no piji k\u00e1vu<\/em><br \/>\nRomad\u017ei: <em>Maiasa, d\u00e1m si k\u014dh\u012b.<\/em><br \/>\nP\u0159eklad: Ka\u017ed\u00e9 r\u00e1no piju k\u00e1vu.<\/p>\n\n<p>K\u00e1va je to, na co se p\u0159\u00edmo vztahuje sloveso \u98f2\u307f\u307e\u3059, \u201cp\u00edt\u201d.<\/p>\n\n<h3>\u306b (ni): c\u00edl, \u010das, existence a adres\u00e1t<\/h3>\n\n<p>\u201e\u306b\u201c m\u00e1 n\u011bkolik funkc\u00ed. Pro za\u010d\u00e1tek si zapamatujte \u010dty\u0159i u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 souvislosti:<\/p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>c\u00edl:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u65e5\u672c\u306b\u884c\u304d\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span> \u2014 Jedu do Japonska;<\/li>\n<li><strong>konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed \u010das:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">Vst\u00e1v\u00e1m v sedm.<\/span> \u2014 Vst\u00e1v\u00e1m v sedm;<\/li>\n<li><strong>m\u00edsto existence:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">Na stole le\u017e\u00ed kniha.<\/span> \u2014 Na stole le\u017e\u00ed kniha;<\/li>\n<li><strong>p\u0159\u00edjemce:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">Po\u0161lu kamar\u00e1dovi e-mail.<\/span> \u2014 Pos\u00edl\u00e1m e-mail kamar\u00e1dovi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>Tyto v\u00fdznamy maj\u00ed spole\u010dnou p\u0159edstavu c\u00edle, orienta\u010dn\u00edho bodu nebo polohy. Existuj\u00ed i dal\u0161\u00ed funkce, proto je vhodn\u00e9 p\u0159ej\u00edt d\u00e1le ke konkr\u00e9tn\u00edmu pr\u016fvodci pro <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/ni-castice-v-japonstine\/\">\u010d\u00e1stice NI<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<h3>de: m\u00edsto d\u011bje a prost\u0159edek<\/h3>\n\n<p>\u201ede\u201c ud\u00e1v\u00e1, kde se n\u011bjak\u00e1 \u010dinnost odehr\u00e1v\u00e1 nebo jak\u00fd prost\u0159edek se k jej\u00edmu proveden\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">V knihovn\u011b se u\u010d\u00edm japon\u0161tinu.<\/span><br \/>\n\u010cten\u00ed: <em>V knihovn\u011b se u\u010d\u00edm japon\u0161tinu<\/em><br \/>\nRomad\u017ei: <em>Studuji japon\u0161tinu v knihovn\u011b.<\/em><br \/>\nP\u0159eklad: Studuji japon\u0161tinu v knihovn\u011b.<\/p>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">Do pr\u00e1ce jezd\u00edm vlakem.<\/span><br \/>\n\u010cten\u00ed: <em>Jedu vlakem do pr\u00e1ce<\/em><br \/>\nRomad\u017ei: <em>Jedu vlakem do pr\u00e1ce.<\/em><br \/>\nP\u0159eklad: Jedu do pr\u00e1ce vlakem.<\/p>\n\n<p>V prvn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edkladu v\u00fdraz \u3067 ozna\u010duje m\u00edsto, kde se studuje. Ve druh\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edkladu ozna\u010duje dopravn\u00ed prost\u0159edek. Dal\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edklady najdete v \u010dl\u00e1nku o <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/castice-of-v-japonstine\/\">p\u0159edlo\u017eka DE<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<h3>\u306e (no): vztah mezi podstatn\u00fdmi jm\u00e9ny<\/h3>\n\n<p>Spojuje dv\u011b podstatn\u00e1 jm\u00e9na. N\u011bkdy vyjad\u0159uje vlastnictv\u00ed, ale m\u016f\u017ee tak\u00e9 ozna\u010dovat p\u016fvod, druh, obsah nebo jin\u00fd vztah.<\/p>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">Tohle je auto m\u00e9 matky.<\/span><br \/>\n\u010cten\u00ed: <em>Tohle je auto maminky.<\/em><br \/>\nRomad\u017ei: <em>Tohle je m\u00e1ma auto.<\/em><br \/>\nP\u0159eklad: Tohle je auto m\u00e9 matky.<\/p>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">Knihy v japon\u0161tin\u011b<\/span>, co\u017e zase znamen\u00e1 \u201ckniha o japon\u0161tin\u011b\u201d. Nejedn\u00e1 se o knihu, kter\u00e1 se t\u00fdk\u00e1 tohoto jazyka; \u306e ozna\u010duje obsah knihy.<\/p>\n\n<h3>\u3068 (to): spole\u010dnost a kompletn\u00ed seznam<\/h3>\n\n<p>a m\u016f\u017ee spojovat \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edky ur\u010dit\u00e9 akce nebo polo\u017eky seznamu, kter\u00fd je v dan\u00e9m kontextu prezentov\u00e1n jako \u00fapln\u00fd.<\/p>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">\u0160el jsem s kamar\u00e1dy do kina.<\/span><br \/>\n\u010cten\u00ed: <em>\u0160li jsme s kamar\u00e1dy do kina<\/em><br \/>\nRomad\u017ei: <em>\u0160el jsem s kamar\u00e1dem do kina.<\/em><br \/>\nP\u0159eklad: S kamar\u00e1dem jsem se d\u00edval na film.<\/p>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">Koupil jsem si chl\u00e9b a ml\u00e9ko.<\/span><br \/>\n\u010cten\u00ed: <em>Koupil jsem si chleba a ml\u00e9ko.<\/em><br \/>\nRomad\u017ei: <em>Koupil jsem si chl\u00e9b a ml\u00e9ko.<\/em><br \/>\nP\u0159eklad: Koupil jsem chl\u00e9b a ml\u00e9ko.<\/p>\n\n<p>Dal\u0161\u00edm d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm vyu\u017eit\u00edm je zd\u016frazn\u011bn\u00ed obsahu \u0159e\u010di nebo my\u0161lenky. Podrobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed informace o tom najdete v lekci o <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/castice-to-v-japonstine\/\">\u010d\u00e1stice TO<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<h3>\u3078 (e): sm\u011br<\/h3>\n\n<p>\u3078 ud\u00e1v\u00e1 obecn\u00fd sm\u011br pohybu. \u010casto se vyskytuje u sloves jako \u884c\u304f (\u201cj\u00edt\u201d), \u6765\u308b (\u201cp\u0159ij\u00edt\u201d) a \u5e30\u308b (\u201cvr\u00e1tit se\u201d).<\/p>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">P\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00ed rok pojedu do Japonska.<\/span><br \/>\n\u010cten\u00ed: <em>P\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00ed rok pojedu do Japonska<\/em><br \/>\nRomad\u017ei: <em>Rainen, Nihon a ikimasu.<\/em><br \/>\nP\u0159eklad: P\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00ed rok pojedu do Japonska.<\/p>\n\n<p>V tomto v\u00fdznamu m\u016f\u017ee \u306b tak\u00e9 ozna\u010dovat c\u00edl. \u3078 v\u00edce zd\u016fraz\u0148uje sm\u011br pohybu. Lekce o <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/japonske-castice-a\/\">japonsk\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1stice E<\/a> tuto nuanci podrobn\u011bji rozeb\u00edr\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n<h3>\u3082 (mo): zahrnut\u00ed<\/h3>\n\n<p>\u201c\u3082\u201d dopl\u0148uje n\u011bkoho nebo n\u011bco k ji\u017e uveden\u00e9 informaci a obvykle odpov\u00edd\u00e1 v\u00fdrazu \u201etak\u00e9\u201c.<\/p>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">Maria je studentka. J\u00e1 jsem tak\u00e9 studentka.<\/span><br \/>\n\u010cten\u00ed: <em>Maria je studentka. J\u00e1 jsem tak\u00e9 studentka.<\/em><br \/>\nRomad\u017ei: <em>Maria-san je studentka. J\u00e1 jsem tak\u00e9 studentka.<\/em><br \/>\nP\u0159eklad: Maria je studentka. J\u00e1 jsem tak\u00e9 student.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Rozd\u00edl mezi \u306f a \u304c<\/h2>\n\n<p>Rozd\u00edl mezi \u306f a \u304c nelze ve v\u0161ech v\u011bt\u00e1ch vysv\u011btlit pravidlem \u201ct\u00e9ma versus podm\u011bt\u201d. Pro za\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edka je neju\u017eite\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed rozli\u0161ovat podle toho, na co se zpr\u00e1va zam\u011b\u0159uje:<\/p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u306f<\/strong> stanov\u00ed r\u00e1mec: \u201cpokud jde o X\u2026\u201d;<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u304c<\/strong> identifikuje nebo zv\u00fdraz\u0148uje X v r\u00e1mci dan\u00e9 informace.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>Porovnejte:<\/p>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">Jsem Brazilec.<\/span><br \/>\nCo se m\u011b t\u00fd\u010de, jsem Brazilec.<\/p>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">Kdo je Brazilec? J\u00e1 jsem Brazilec.<\/span><br \/>\nKdo je Brazilec? J\u00e1 jsem Brazilec.<\/p>\n\n<p>Ve druh\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b \u79c1\u304c p\u0159\u00edmo odpov\u00edd\u00e1 na \u3060\u308c, \u201ckdo\u201d. Kontext tuto volbu vysv\u011btluje l\u00e9pe ne\u017e izolovan\u00fd p\u0159eklad.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Rozd\u00edl mezi \u306b a \u3067<\/h2>\n\n<p>Pokud ob\u011b \u010d\u00e1stice ozna\u010duj\u00ed m\u00edsto, pod\u00edvejte se na v\u00fdznam slovesa:<\/p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u306b<\/strong> obvykle ozna\u010duje, kde se n\u011bkdo nebo n\u011bco nach\u00e1z\u00ed, existuje nebo kam doraz\u00ed;<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u3067<\/strong> obvykle ozna\u010duje m\u00edsto, kde se n\u011bco odehr\u00e1v\u00e1.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">V knihovn\u011b jsou studenti.<\/span><br \/>\nV knihovn\u011b jsou studenti.<\/p>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">Studenti se u\u010d\u00ed v knihovn\u011b.<\/span><br \/>\nStudenti se u\u010d\u00ed v knihovn\u011b.<\/p>\n\n<p>Knihovna je v prvn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edkladu m\u00edstem, kde se n\u011bco odehr\u00e1v\u00e1, a ve druh\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edkladu je d\u011bji\u0161t\u011bm \u010dinnosti, kterou je studium.<\/p>\n\n<h2>\u010cast\u00e9 chyby Brazilc\u016f<\/h2>\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Vyhledat pevn\u00fd p\u0159eklad:<\/strong> \u010c\u00e1stice ur\u010duj\u00ed gramatick\u00e9 vztahy; jejich ekvivalent v portugal\u0161tin\u011b se m\u016f\u017ee li\u0161it v z\u00e1vislosti na v\u011bt\u011b.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ve v\u0161ech p\u0159\u00edpadech pova\u017eujte \u201e\u306f\u201c za podm\u011bt:<\/strong> \u201e\u306f\u201c uv\u00e1d\u00ed t\u00e9ma a z\u00e1rove\u0148 vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed kontrast.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nahradit \u201e\u306b\u201c slovem \u201e\u3067\u201c:<\/strong> Zjist\u011bte, zda sloveso vyjad\u0159uje existenci, osud nebo \u010dinnost provedenou na dan\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Vyslovujte \u306f, \u3092 a \u3078 jako samostatn\u00e1 kana:<\/strong> jako \u010d\u00e1stice, jsou \u010dteny <em>wa<\/em>, <em>o<\/em> e <em>e<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Zdoben\u00ed seznam\u016f bez v\u011bt:<\/strong> Procvi\u010dujte si ka\u017edou \u010d\u00e1stici spolu s \u010dast\u00fdmi slovesy a situacemi.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Zbyte\u010dn\u00e9 opakov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1jmen:<\/strong> V japon\u0161tin\u011b se obvykle vynech\u00e1vaj\u00ed informace, kter\u00e9 lze odvodit z kontextu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2>P\u0159\u00edklad z praxe<\/h2>\n\n<p><strong>A:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">Kde se u\u010d\u00edte japon\u0161tinu?<\/span><br \/>\n<em>Kde se u\u010d\u00edte japon\u0161tinu?<\/em><br \/>\nKde se u\u010d\u00ed\u0161 japon\u0161tinu?<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>B:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">Budu se u\u010dit doma. V sobotu p\u016fjdu do knihovny.<\/span><br \/>\n<em>Budu se u\u010dit. V sobotu p\u016fjdu do knihovny.<\/em><br \/>\nU\u010d\u00edm se doma. V sobotu chod\u00edm do knihovny.<\/p>\n\n<p>V dialogu \u3067 ozna\u010duje m\u00edsto, kde se studuje, \u3092 ozna\u010duje p\u0159edm\u011bt \u201cjapon\u0161tina\u201d, \u306b ozna\u010duje \u010das a \u3078 ud\u00e1v\u00e1 sm\u011br pohybu.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Cvi\u010den\u00ed k japonsk\u00fdm \u010d\u00e1stic\u00edm<\/h2>\n\n<p>Dopl\u0148te \u306f, \u304c, \u3092, \u306b, \u3067, \u306e, \u3068, \u3078 nebo \u3082. V jin\u00e9m kontextu m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt mo\u017en\u00e9 v\u00edce ne\u017e jedna odpov\u011b\u010f, ale vyberte variantu, kter\u00e1 v dan\u00e9m textu zn\u00ed nejp\u0159irozen\u011bji.<\/p>\n\n<ol>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">Ka\u017ed\u00e9 r\u00e1no vst\u00e1v\u00e1m v \u0161est hodin ( ).<\/span> \u2014 Ka\u017ed\u00e9 r\u00e1no vst\u00e1v\u00e1m p\u0159esn\u011b v \u0161est.<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">V kav\u00e1rn\u011b ( ) si d\u00e1m k\u00e1vu ( ).<\/span> \u2014 Piju k\u00e1vu v kav\u00e1rn\u011b.<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">Toto je slovn\u00edk japon\u0161tiny ( ).<\/span> \u2014 Tohle je slovn\u00edk japon\u0161tiny.<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">Kdo ( ) p\u0159i\u0161el?<\/span> \u2014 Kdo p\u0159i\u0161el?<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">S kamar\u00e1dem ( ) jsem jel do Kj\u00f3ta ( ).<\/span> \u2014 Byl jsem v Kj\u00f3tu s kamar\u00e1dem.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<details>\n<summary><strong>Zobrazit odpov\u011bdi<\/strong><\/summary>\n<ol>\n<li>ni: ozna\u010duje konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed \u010das.<\/li>\n<li>de \/ wo: \u201ede\u201c ozna\u010duje m\u00edsto d\u011bje; \u201ewo\u201c ozna\u010duje to, co se pije.<\/li>\n<li>: spust\u00ed japon\u0161tinu a slovn\u00edk.<\/li>\n<li>\u201ega\u201c: ozna\u010duje osobu, na kterou se ot\u00e1zka vztahuje.<\/li>\n<li>\u201e\u3068\u201c \/ \u201e\u306b\u201c nebo \u201e\u3078\u201c: \u201e\u3068\u201c ozna\u010duje spole\u010dnost; \u201e\u306b\u201c ozna\u010duje c\u00edl a \u201e\u3078\u201c lze pou\u017e\u00edt tak\u00e9, pokud se klade d\u016fraz na sm\u011br.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/details>\n\n<h2>\u010casto kladen\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky<\/h2>\n\n<div id=\"rank-math-faq\" class=\"rank-math-block\">\n<div class=\"rank-math-list\">\n<div id=\"faq-question-168ebbc6cc42b\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Kolik \u010d\u00e1stic existuje v japon\u0161tin\u011b?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>Pro za\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edky neexistuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed \u010d\u00edslo, proto\u017ee gramatiky mohou jednoduch\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stice a jejich kombinace seskupovat r\u016fzn\u00fdmi zp\u016fsoby. Za\u010dn\u011bte s nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi funkcemi a roz\u0161i\u0159ujte sv\u016fj reperto\u00e1r postupn\u011b, jak budete objevovat nov\u00e9 vzorce.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-c789efc05db6f\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Existuje p\u0159eklad pro japonsk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stice?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>N\u011bkter\u00e9 z nich maj\u00ed podobn\u00fd v\u00fdznam jako p\u0159edlo\u017eky \u010di spojky v portugal\u0161tin\u011b, nemaj\u00ed v\u0161ak pevn\u011b dan\u00fd p\u0159eklad. Je lep\u0161\u00ed nau\u010dit se jejich funkci v r\u00e1mci cel\u00fdch v\u011bt.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-0556588d03dd1\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Jak\u00fd je rozd\u00edl mezi \u306f a \u304c?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>Zjednodu\u0161en\u011b \u0159e\u010deno, \u306f uv\u00e1d\u00ed t\u00e9ma nebo kontrast, zat\u00edmco \u304c identifikuje nebo zd\u016fraz\u0148uje ur\u010dit\u00fd prvek. P\u0159esn\u00e1 volba z\u00e1vis\u00ed na kontextu a skladb\u011b v\u011bty.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-e60e9d9c5037a\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Kdy pou\u017e\u00edt \u306b nebo \u3067 k ozna\u010den\u00ed m\u00edsta?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>S mnoha slovesy vyjad\u0159uj\u00edc\u00edmi existenci, setrv\u00e1n\u00ed nebo pohyb pou\u017e\u00edvejte \u306b; pro m\u00edsto, kde se akce odehr\u00e1v\u00e1, pou\u017e\u00edvejte \u3067. Hlavn\u00edm vod\u00edtkem je v\u00fdznam slovesa.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-efc82ef95734a\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Je mo\u017en\u00e9 vynechat \u010d\u00e1stice?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>V b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 \u0159e\u010di lze n\u011bkter\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stice vynechat, pokud je souvislost jasn\u00e1. Pro za\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edky je lep\u0161\u00ed nejprve se nau\u010dit \u00faplnou formu a teprve pot\u00e9 rozpozn\u00e1vat p\u0159irozen\u00e9 vynech\u00e1vky.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Dal\u0161\u00ed krok<\/h2>\n\n<p>Nyn\u00ed si vyberte dvojici, kter\u00e1 obvykle vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 nejasnosti, a prostudujte ji v kontextu. Za\u010dn\u011bte s \u306f a \u304c nebo s \u306b a \u3067, p\u0159e\u010dt\u011bte si p\u0159\u00edklady je\u0161t\u011b jednou a vytvo\u0159te pro ka\u017edou funkci t\u0159i vlastn\u00ed v\u011bty. Pot\u00e9 pou\u017eijte tyto \u010d\u00e1stice v pr\u016fvodci <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/jak-tvorit-vety-v-japonstine\/\">jak tvo\u0159it v\u011bty v japon\u0161tin\u011b<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<p>\u010c\u00e1stice na konci v\u011bty, jako nap\u0159\u00edklad \u306d a \u3088, pln\u00ed jinou funkci: vyjad\u0159uj\u00ed postoj mluv\u010d\u00edho a \u0159\u00edd\u00ed interakci. Jsou podrobn\u011bji vysv\u011btleny v \u010dl\u00e1nku o <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/konec-vety-castic-v-japonstine\/\">\u010d\u00e1stice na konci v\u011bt<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Zdroj a krit\u00e9ria revize<\/h2>\n\n<p>Funkce a rozd\u00edly popsan\u00e9 v tomto pr\u016fvodci byly ov\u011b\u0159eny na <a href=\"https:\/\/www.irodori.jpf.go.jp\/assets\/data\/Grammar_all.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed sb\u00edrka gramatick\u00fdch pozn\u00e1mek Irodori<\/a>, materi\u00e1l Japonsk\u00e9 nadace, kter\u00fd p\u0159edstavuje \u010d\u00e1stice v komunika\u010dn\u00edch situac\u00edch a mimo jin\u00e9 ukazuje rozd\u00edl mezi \u306b a \u3067 v z\u00e1vislosti na v\u00fdznamu slovesa. Zdroj byl ov\u011b\u0159en 1. srpna 2026.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Nau\u010dte se pou\u017e\u00edvat hlavn\u00ed japonsk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stice pomoc\u00ed tabulky, p\u0159\u00edklad\u016f, srovn\u00e1n\u00ed mezi \u306f a \u304c a mezi \u306b a \u3067, cvi\u010den\u00ed a dal\u0161\u00edch krok\u016f.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":4376,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[49,74],"tags":[69,27,71,2,3],"class_list":["post-1729","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-curso-de-japones-gratis","category-particulas-em-japones","tag-curso-japones-gratis","tag-gramatica","tag-gramatica-japonesa","tag-idioma-japones","tag-nihongo","resize-featured-image"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1729","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/18"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1729"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1729\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4375,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1729\/revisions\/4375"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4376"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1729"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1729"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1729"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}