{"id":1751,"date":"2009-11-03T05:37:49","date_gmt":"2009-11-03T07:37:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/?p=1751"},"modified":"2026-08-11T16:49:38","modified_gmt":"2026-08-11T19:49:38","slug":"neformalni-zpusoby-sloves-v-japonstine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/modo-informal-dos-verbos-em-japones\/","title":{"rendered":"Jednoduch\u00e9 tvary japonsk\u00fdch sloves: p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00fd, minul\u00fd a z\u00e1porn\u00fd"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>A <strong>jednoduch\u00fd tvar japonsk\u00fdch sloves<\/strong> nen\u00ed jedin\u00e1 konjugace. Zahrnuje \u010dty\u0159i kombinace: kladnou a z\u00e1pornou v nep\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e9m \u010dase, a tak\u00e9 kladnou a z\u00e1pornou v minul\u00e9m \u010dase. Slovn\u00edkov\u00e1 forma je pouze kladn\u00e1 verze nep\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e9ho \u010dasu, jako <strong>\u66f8\u304f<\/strong> (ps\u00e1t) a <strong>\u98df\u3079\u308b<\/strong> (j\u00edst).<\/p>\n\n<p>Tyto tvary se objevuj\u00ed na konci neform\u00e1ln\u00edch projev\u016f, ale tak\u00e9 uvnit\u0159 gramatick\u00fdch konstrukc\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch ve zdvo\u0159il\u00fdch v\u011bt\u00e1ch. Proto je \u201cjednoduch\u00fd tvar\u201d p\u0159esn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1zev ne\u017e ozna\u010dovat v\u0161echny pouze jako \u201cneform\u00e1ln\u00ed zp\u016fsob\u201d.<\/p>\n\n<h2>\u010cty\u0159i jednoduch\u00e9 tvary v tabulce<\/h2>\n\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr><th>Hodnota<\/th><th>Skupina 1<\/th><th>Skupina 2<\/th><th>\u3059\u308b<\/th><th>\u6765\u308b<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td>Nep\u0159\u00edtomn\u00fd \u010das kladn\u00fd<\/td><td>\u66f8\u304f<\/td><td>\u98df\u3079\u308b<\/td><td>\u3059\u308b<\/td><td>\u6765\u308b\uff08\u304f\u308b\uff09<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Nep\u0159\u00edtomn\u00fd \u010das z\u00e1porn\u00fd<\/td><td>\u66f8\u304b\u306a\u3044<\/td><td>\u98df\u3079\u306a\u3044<\/td><td>\u3057\u306a\u3044<\/td><td>\u6765\u306a\u3044\uff08\u3053\u306a\u3044\uff09<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Minulost kladn\u00e1<\/td><td>\u66f8\u3044\u305f<\/td><td>\u98df\u3079\u305f<\/td><td>\u3057\u305f<\/td><td>\u6765\u305f\uff08\u304d\u305f\uff09<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Negativn\u00ed minulost<\/td><td>\u66f8\u304b\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/td><td>\u98df\u3079\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/td><td>\u3057\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/td><td>\u6765\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\uff08\u3053\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\uff09<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<p>O <a href=\"https:\/\/a2.marugotoweb.jp\/en\/grammar\/reference\/001.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">tabulka zdvo\u0159il\u00fdch a jednoduch\u00fdch tvar\u016f Marugoto<\/a>, od Japan Foundation, p\u0159esn\u011b organizuje tyto \u010dty\u0159i kombinace. Zaznamen\u00e1v\u00e1 tak\u00e9 d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 speci\u00e1ln\u00ed tvary, jako <strong>\u3042\u308b \u2192 \u306a\u3044<\/strong> e <strong>\u884c\u304f \u2192 \u884c\u3063\u305f<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Slovn\u00edkov\u00e1 forma nen\u00ed infinitiv<\/h2>\n\n<p>Slovn\u00edkov\u00e1 forma se tak naz\u00fdv\u00e1, proto\u017ee je to heslo pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 k vyhled\u00e1n\u00ed slovesa. Nen\u00ed to \u201cprimitivn\u00ed\u201d forma ani p\u0159esn\u011b neodpov\u00edd\u00e1 portugalsk\u00e9mu infinitivu. V japon\u0161tin\u011b tato forma ji\u017e funguje jako p\u0159\u00edsudek a vyjad\u0159uje ud\u00e1lost v <strong>nep\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e9m \u010dase<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n<p>Nep\u0159\u00edtomn\u00fd \u010das m\u016f\u017ee ozna\u010dovat zvyk, obecnou pravdu, aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed stav nebo budoucnost, podle slovesa a kontextu:<\/p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u6bce\u65e5\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3092\u52c9\u5f37\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/strong><br \/>\u307e\u3044\u306b\u3061\u3001\u306b\u307b\u3093\u3054\u3092\u3079\u3093\u304d\u3087\u3046\u3059\u308b\u3002<br \/><em>Mainichi, Nihongo o benky\u014d suru.<\/em><br \/>Studuji japon\u0161tinu ka\u017ed\u00fd den.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Z\u00edtra se setk\u00e1m s p\u0159\u00edtelem.<\/strong><br \/>Z\u00edtra se setk\u00e1m s p\u0159\u00edtelem.<br \/><em>Ashita, tomodachi ni au.<\/em><br \/>Z\u00edtra se setk\u00e1m s p\u0159\u00edtelem.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>Tak\u017ee naz\u00fdvat to <strong>\u66f8\u304f<\/strong> jen \u201cp\u0159\u00edtomnost\u00ed\u201d smaz\u00e1v\u00e1 d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd rozd\u00edl. Japon\u0161tina stav\u00ed proti sob\u011b minulost a ne-minulost; v\u00fdrazy jako <strong>\u6bce\u65e5<\/strong> e <strong>\u660e\u65e5<\/strong> pom\u00e1haj\u00ed ur\u010dit \u010dasov\u00e9 \u010dten\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Nejprve identifikujte skupinu slovesa<\/h2>\n\n<p>Transformace z\u00e1vis\u00ed na skupin\u011b. Pokud v\u00e1m tato klasifikace st\u00e1le d\u011bl\u00e1 pot\u00ed\u017ee, zopakujte si <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/skupiny-sloves-v-japonstine\/\">slovesa godan, ichidan a nepravideln\u00e1<\/a> p\u0159ed pou\u017eit\u00edm n\u00ed\u017ee uveden\u00fdch pravidel.<\/p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Skupina 1, neboli godan:<\/strong> posledn\u00ed mora se m\u011bn\u00ed, jako v \u66f8\u304f, \u8aad\u3080 a \u5e30\u308b.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Skupina 2, neboli ichidan:<\/strong> koncov\u00e9 \u308b se odstra\u0148uje p\u0159ed r\u016fzn\u00fdmi koncovkami, jako v \u898b\u308b a \u98df\u3079\u308b.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Skupina 3:<\/strong> zahrnuje vzory \u3059\u308b a \u6765\u308b.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>Ne ka\u017ed\u00e9 sloveso kon\u010d\u00edc\u00ed na <em>-iru<\/em> nebo <em>-eru<\/em> pat\u0159\u00ed do skupiny 2. <strong>\u5e30\u308b<\/strong>, <strong>\u8d70\u308b<\/strong>, <strong>\u5207\u308b<\/strong> e <strong>\u8981\u308b<\/strong>, nap\u0159\u00edklad, pat\u0159\u00ed do skupiny 1.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Jak vytvo\u0159it z\u00e1por ne-minulosti<\/h2>\n\n<h3>Skupina 1: zm\u011b\u0148te posledn\u00ed moru na \u0159\u00e1dek a<\/h3>\n\n<p>U sloves godan se koncov\u00e1 mora m\u011bn\u00ed na odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed se zvukem <em>a<\/em> a obdr\u017e\u00ed <strong>\u306a\u3044<\/strong>. Koncovka <strong>\u3046<\/strong> je zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpad: m\u011bn\u00ed se na <strong>\u308f<\/strong>, ne na \u3042.<\/p>\n\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr><th>Koncovka<\/th><th>Zm\u011bna<\/th><th>P\u0159\u00edklad<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td>\u3046<\/td><td>\u308f\u306a\u3044<\/td><td>\u8cb7\u3046 \u2192 \u8cb7\u308f\u306a\u3044<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>\u304f<\/td><td>\u304b\u306a\u3044<\/td><td>\u66f8\u304f \u2192 \u66f8\u304b\u306a\u3044<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>\u3050<\/td><td>\u304c\u306a\u3044<\/td><td>\u6cf3\u3050 \u2192 \u6cf3\u304c\u306a\u3044<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>\u3059<\/td><td>\u3055\u306a\u3044<\/td><td>\u8a71\u3059 \u2192 \u8a71\u3055\u306a\u3044<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>\u3064<\/td><td>\u305f\u306a\u3044<\/td><td>\u5f85\u3064 \u2192 \u5f85\u305f\u306a\u3044<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>\u306c\u30fb\u3076\u30fb\u3080<\/td><td>\u306a\u306a\u3044\u30fb\u3070\u306a\u3044\u30fb\u307e\u306a\u3044<\/td><td>\u6b7b\u306c \u2192 \u6b7b\u306a\u306a\u3044; \u8aad\u3080 \u2192 \u8aad\u307e\u306a\u3044<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>\u308b<\/td><td>\u3089\u306a\u3044<\/td><td>\u5e30\u308b \u2192 \u5e30\u3089\u306a\u3044<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<p><strong>\u3042\u308b<\/strong> je zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed: jeho z\u00e1por se tvo\u0159\u00ed jako <strong>\u306a\u3044<\/strong>, a ne <span aria-label=\"nespr\u00e1vn\u00fd tvar\">\u3042\u3089\u306a\u3044<\/span>.<\/p>\n\n<h3>Skupiny 2 a 3<\/h3>\n\n<p>Ve skupin\u011b 2 odeberte <strong>\u308b<\/strong> a p\u0159idejte <strong>\u306a\u3044<\/strong>: <strong>\u898b\u308b \u2192 \u898b\u306a\u3044<\/strong> e <strong>\u98df\u3079\u308b \u2192 \u98df\u3079\u306a\u3044<\/strong>. Ve skupin\u011b 3 si zapamatujte dva \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed vzorce: <strong>\u3059\u308b \u2192 \u3057\u306a\u3044<\/strong> e <strong>\u6765\u308b \u2192 \u6765\u306a\u3044\uff08\u3053\u306a\u3044\uff09<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Jak vytvo\u0159it kladn\u00fd minul\u00fd \u010das<\/h2>\n\n<p>Jednoduch\u00fd minul\u00fd \u010das skupiny 1 se \u0159\u00edd\u00ed stejn\u00fdmi zvukov\u00fdmi skupinami jako forma \u3066. <a href=\"https:\/\/a2.marugotoweb.jp\/en\/grammar\/reference\/002.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">p\u0159\u00edloha o \u010dasov\u00e1n\u00ed sloves Marugoto<\/a> umo\u017e\u0148uje porovnat tvary slovn\u00edkov\u00e9, \u3066, \u305f a \u306a\u3044 vedle sebe.<\/p>\n\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr><th>Koncovky skupiny 1<\/th><th>Minulost<\/th><th>P\u0159\u00edklad<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td>\u3046\u30fb\u3064\u30fb\u308b<\/td><td>\u3063\u305f<\/td><td>\u8cb7\u3046 \u2192 \u8cb7\u3063\u305f; \u5f85\u3064 \u2192 \u5f85\u3063\u305f; \u5e30\u308b \u2192 \u5e30\u3063\u305f<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>\u3080\u30fb\u3076\u30fb\u306c<\/td><td>\u3093\u3060<\/td><td>\u8aad\u3080 \u2192 \u8aad\u3093\u3060; \u904a\u3076 \u2192 \u904a\u3093\u3060; \u6b7b\u306c \u2192 \u6b7b\u3093\u3060<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>\u304f<\/td><td>\u3044\u305f<\/td><td>\u66f8\u304f \u2192 \u66f8\u3044\u305f<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>\u3050<\/td><td>\u3044\u3060<\/td><td>\u6cf3\u3050 \u2192 \u6cf3\u3044\u3060<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>\u3059<\/td><td>\u3057\u305f<\/td><td>\u8a71\u3059 \u2192 \u8a71\u3057\u305f<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<p>Nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdjimkou je <strong>\u884c\u304f \u2192 \u884c\u3063\u305f<\/strong>. Ve skupin\u011b 2 odeberte \u308b a p\u0159idejte \u305f: <strong>\u898b\u308b \u2192 \u898b\u305f<\/strong> e <strong>\u98df\u3079\u308b \u2192 \u98df\u3079\u305f<\/strong>. Ve skupin\u011b 3 pou\u017eijte <strong>\u3059\u308b \u2192 \u3057\u305f<\/strong> e <strong>\u6765\u308b \u2192 \u6765\u305f\uff08\u304d\u305f\uff09<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n<!--Ads10-->\n\n<h2>Jak vytvo\u0159it z\u00e1por minul\u00e9ho \u010dasu<\/h2>\n\n<p>Po vytvo\u0159en\u00ed tvaru <strong>\u306a\u3044<\/strong>, odstra\u0148te koncov\u00e9 <strong>\u3044<\/strong> a p\u0159idejte <strong>\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/strong>. Postup plat\u00ed pro v\u0161echny t\u0159i skupiny:<\/p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u66f8\u304b\u306a\u3044 \u2192 \u66f8\u304b\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/strong> (nenapsal);<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u98df\u3079\u306a\u3044 \u2192 \u98df\u3079\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/strong> (nejedl);<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u3057\u306a\u3044 \u2192 \u3057\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/strong> (neud\u011blal);<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u6765\u306a\u3044 \u2192 \u6765\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/strong>\uff08\u3053\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f, nep\u0159i\u0161el\uff09;<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u306a\u3044 \u2192 \u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/strong> (nebyl; neexistoval, pro \u3042\u308b).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>Tato pravidelnost je u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e1: m\u00edsto memorov\u00e1n\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed cel\u00e9 tabulky vych\u00e1z\u00edte z negativn\u00edho ne-minul\u00e9ho tvaru, kter\u00fd u\u017e zn\u00e1te.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Kdy pou\u017e\u00edt prost\u00fd tvar<\/h2>\n\n<p>Na konci hlavn\u00ed v\u011bty je prost\u00fd styl b\u011b\u017en\u00fd v neform\u00e1ln\u00edch rozhovorech. Volba z\u00e1vis\u00ed na vztahu mezi lidmi a situaci, ne pouze na pevn\u00e9m seznamu \u201cp\u0159\u00e1tel a rodiny\u201d. Materi\u00e1l <a href=\"https:\/\/www.irodori.jpf.go.jp\/assets\/data\/pre-intermediate\/pdf\/ZZ_L09.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Irodori o zdvo\u0159ilostn\u00edch a prost\u00fdch stylech<\/a> zd\u016fraz\u0148uje pr\u00e1v\u011b toto p\u0159izp\u016fsoben\u00ed se partnerovi a kontextu.<\/p>\n\n<p>V rozhovoru mezi bl\u00edzk\u00fdmi lidmi:<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>A: \u660e\u65e5\u3001\u56f3\u66f8\u9928\u306b\u884c\u304f\uff1f<\/strong><br \/>\u3042\u3057\u305f\u3001\u3068\u3057\u3087\u304b\u3093\u306b\u3044\u304f\uff1f<br \/><em>Ashita, toshokan ni iku?<\/em><br \/>Jde\u0161 z\u00edtra do knihovny?<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>B: \u3046\u3093\u3001\u884c\u304f\u3002<\/strong><br \/><em>Un, iku.<\/em><br \/>Ano, jdu.<\/p>\n\n<p>Ale prost\u00fd tvar se tak\u00e9 objevuje uvnit\u0159 zdvo\u0159il\u00fdch v\u011bt, p\u0159ed prvky, kter\u00e9 vy\u017eaduj\u00ed toto spojen\u00ed:<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>\u65e5\u672c\u3078\u884c\u304f\u3068\u601d\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/strong><br \/>\u306b\u307b\u3093\u3078\u3044\u304f\u3068\u304a\u3082\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<br \/><em>Nihon e iku to omoimasu.<\/em><br \/>Mysl\u00edm, \u017ee pojedu do Japonska.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>\u884c\u304f<\/strong> je v prost\u00e9m tvaru p\u0159ed <strong>\u3068<\/strong>, zat\u00edmco <strong>\u601d\u3044\u307e\u3059<\/strong> zachov\u00e1v\u00e1 zdvo\u0159il\u00fd konec. To ukazuje, pro\u010d \u201cprost\u00fd tvar\u201d a \u201cneform\u00e1ln\u00ed mluva\u201d nejsou p\u0159esn\u011b tot\u00e9\u017e.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Prost\u00fd tvar p\u0159ed podstatn\u00fdmi jm\u00e9ny a jin\u00fdmi strukturami<\/h2>\n\n<p>\u010cty\u0159i prost\u00e9 tvary mohou p\u0159\u00edmo modifikovat podstatn\u00e9 jm\u00e9no. <a href=\"https:\/\/a2.marugotoweb.jp\/en\/grammar\/description\/016.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Pozn\u00e1mky Marugoto o sloveso + podstatn\u00e9 jm\u00e9no<\/a> ukazuj\u00ed \u00fapln\u00fd kontrast mezi <strong>\u98df\u3079\u308b<\/strong>, <strong>\u98df\u3079\u306a\u3044<\/strong>, <strong>\u98df\u3079\u305f<\/strong> e <strong>\u98df\u3079\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>\u671d\u3054\u306f\u3093\u3092\u98df\u3079\u306a\u3044\u4eba\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/strong><br \/>\u3042\u3055\u3054\u306f\u3093\u3092\u305f\u3079\u306a\u3044\u3072\u3068\u3067\u3059\u3002<br \/><em>Asa-gohan o tabenai hito desu.<\/em><br \/>Je to \u010dlov\u011bk, kter\u00fd nesn\u00edd\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n<p>Dal\u0161\u00ed \u010dast\u00e9 konstrukce zahrnuj\u00ed:<\/p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>sloveso + \u3053\u3068:<\/strong> \u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3092\u52c9\u5f37\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068 (studovat japon\u0161tinu);<\/li>\n<li><strong>v\u011bta + \u3068\u601d\u3044\u307e\u3059:<\/strong> \u6765\u308b\u3068\u601d\u3044\u307e\u3059 (mysl\u00edm, \u017ee p\u0159ijde);<\/li>\n<li><strong>modlitba + \u3093\u3067\u3059:<\/strong> \u3061\u3087\u3063\u3068\u805e\u304d\u305f\u3044\u3093\u3067\u3059 (je to tak, \u017ee bych se cht\u011bl na n\u011bco zeptat);<\/li>\n<li><strong>sloveso + podstatn\u00e9 jm\u00e9no:<\/strong> \u6628\u65e5\u8cb7\u3063\u305f\u672c (kniha, kterou jsem koupil v\u010dera).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>Pro sestaven\u00ed \u00fapln\u00fdch v\u011bt s t\u011bmito prvky se pod\u00edvejte tak\u00e9 na pr\u016fvodce o <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/jak-tvorit-vety-v-japonstine\/\">jak tvo\u0159it v\u011bty v japon\u0161tin\u011b<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<h2>\u010cast\u00e9 chyby s prost\u00fdm tvarem<\/h2>\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Naz\u00fdvat slovn\u00edkov\u00fd tvar infinitivem:<\/strong> srovn\u00e1n\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee na za\u010d\u00e1tku pomoci, ale nepopisuje v\u0161echny japonsk\u00e9 funkce.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Zam\u011b\u0148ovat prost\u00fd tvar za jedinou koncovku:<\/strong> zahrnuje \u308b, \u306a\u3044, \u305f a \u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f, podle \u010dasu a polarity.<\/li>\n<li><strong>P\u0159ekl\u00e1dat nep\u0159\u00edtomn\u00fd \u010das v\u017edy jako p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00fd:<\/strong> <strong>\u660e\u65e5\u884c\u304f<\/strong> obvykle ozna\u010duje budoucnost.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Klasifikovat ka\u017ed\u00e9 sloveso na -iru nebo -eru jako skupinu 2:<\/strong> potvr\u010fte v\u00fdjimky jako \u5e30\u308b a \u8d70\u308b.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pou\u017e\u00edvat prost\u00fd tvar na konci jak\u00e9koli konverzace:<\/strong> zhodno\u0165te vztah, situaci a o\u010dek\u00e1van\u00fd stupe\u0148 zdvo\u0159ilosti.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Vkl\u00e1dat mezery do \u010dasov\u00e1n\u00ed:<\/strong> napi\u0161te <strong>\u8cb7\u308f\u306a\u3044<\/strong>, ne <span aria-label=\"nespr\u00e1vn\u00fd tvar\">\u8cb7\u308f \u306a\u3044<\/span>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2>Komentovan\u00e9 cvi\u010den\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n<p>P\u0159eve\u010fte ka\u017ed\u00e9 sloveso do \u010dty\u0159 tvar\u016f: nep\u0159\u00edtomn\u00fd kladn\u00fd, nep\u0159\u00edtomn\u00fd z\u00e1porn\u00fd, minul\u00fd kladn\u00fd a minul\u00fd z\u00e1porn\u00fd.<\/p>\n\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u66f8\u304f:<\/strong> \u66f8\u304f\u30fb\u66f8\u304b\u306a\u3044\u30fb\u66f8\u3044\u305f\u30fb\u66f8\u304b\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u98df\u3079\u308b:<\/strong> \u98df\u3079\u308b\u30fb\u98df\u3079\u306a\u3044\u30fb\u98df\u3079\u305f\u30fb\u98df\u3079\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u884c\u304f:<\/strong> \u884c\u304f\u30fb\u884c\u304b\u306a\u3044\u30fb\u884c\u3063\u305f\u30fb\u884c\u304b\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f. Kladn\u00fd minul\u00fd \u010das je zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u3059\u308b:<\/strong> \u3059\u308b\u30fb\u3057\u306a\u3044\u30fb\u3057\u305f\u30fb\u3057\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u6765\u308b:<\/strong> \u6765\u308b\uff08\u304f\u308b\uff09\u30fb\u6765\u306a\u3044\uff08\u3053\u306a\u3044\uff09\u30fb\u6765\u305f\uff08\u304d\u305f\uff09\u30fb\u6765\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\uff08\u3053\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\uff09.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<p>Jako rychl\u00e9 pravidlo: ur\u010dete skupinu, vytvo\u0159te z\u00e1por s \u306a\u3044, vytvo\u0159te minul\u00fd \u010das s \u305f a odvo\u010fte z\u00e1porn\u00fd minul\u00fd \u010das z\u00e1m\u011bnou \u3044 v \u306a\u3044 za \u304b\u3063\u305f.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Dal\u0161\u00ed kroky<\/h2>\n\n<p>Po zvl\u00e1dnut\u00ed \u010dty\u0159 jednoduch\u00fdch tvar\u016f je porovnejte s <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/masu-forma-sloves-v-japonstine\/\">formou \u307e\u3059 sloves<\/a>. Pot\u00e9 procvi\u010dte <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/sloveso-v-japonstine\/\">tvar \u3066<\/a> a a <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/potencialni-forma-japonskych-sloves\/\">potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed formu<\/a>. Pro p\u0159ehled m\u00edsta t\u011bchto tvar\u016f v syst\u00e9mu jazyka se vra\u0165te k <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/zakladni-japonska-gramatika\/\">z\u00e1klady japonsk\u00e9 gramatiky<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<div id=\"rank-math-faq\" class=\"rank-math-block\">\n<div class=\"rank-math-list\">\n<div id=\"faq-question-9d22e4e2ee8ce\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Jak\u00fd je rozd\u00edl mezi jednoduch\u00fdm tvarem a tvarem slovn\u00edkov\u00fdm?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>Slovn\u00edkov\u00e1 forma je pouze jednoduch\u00fd kladn\u00fd tvar nep\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e9ho \u010dasu, jako \u66f8\u304f a \u98df\u3079\u308b. Soubor jednoduch\u00fdch tvar\u016f tak\u00e9 zahrnuje verze v \u306a\u3044, \u305f a \u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-e13f8d7309ae3\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Je jednoduch\u00e1 forma v\u017edy neform\u00e1ln\u00ed?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>Ne. Na konci hlavn\u00ed v\u011bty je charakteristick\u00e1 pro jednoduch\u00fd styl a obvykle se objevuje v neform\u00e1ln\u00edch interakc\u00edch. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b je tak\u00e9 vy\u017eadov\u00e1na ve struktur\u00e1ch jako sloveso + podstatn\u00e9 jm\u00e9no, \uff5e\u3068\u601d\u3044\u307e\u3059 a \uff5e\u3093\u3067\u3059, i kdy\u017e v\u011bta kon\u010d\u00ed zdvo\u0159ile.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-a5d845164eeba\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Ozna\u010duje slovn\u00edkov\u00fd tvar p\u0159\u00edtomnost nebo budoucnost?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>Je to forma nep\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e9ho \u010dasu. M\u016f\u017ee vyjad\u0159ovat zvyk, aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed stav nebo budoucnost v z\u00e1vislosti na typu slovesa a kontextu. \u6bce\u65e5\u52c9\u5f37\u3059\u308b popisuje zvyk; \u660e\u65e5\u884c\u304f obvykle ukazuje na budoucnost.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-6e747724149b3\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Jak se tvo\u0159\u00ed z\u00e1porn\u00fd minul\u00fd \u010das prost\u00fd?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>Vych\u00e1zejte z negativn\u00edho tvaru na \u306a\u3044, odstra\u0148te koncov\u00e9 \u3044 a p\u0159idejte \u304b\u3063\u305f: \u66f8\u304b\u306a\u3044 se zm\u011bn\u00ed na \u66f8\u304b\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f, \u98df\u3079\u306a\u3044 na \u98df\u3079\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f, \u3057\u306a\u3044 na \u3057\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f a \u6765\u306a\u3044 na \u6765\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-3e06913bb8830\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Je ka\u017ed\u00e9 sloveso kon\u010d\u00edc\u00ed na -iru nebo -eru ze skupiny 2?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>Ne. Tato koncovka je pouze vod\u00edtko. Slovesa jako \u5e30\u308b, \u8d70\u308b, \u5207\u308b a \u8981\u308b pat\u0159\u00ed do skupiny 1 a tvo\u0159\u00ed z\u00e1por s \u3089\u306a\u3044.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Nau\u010dte se \u010dty\u0159i jednoduch\u00e9 tvary japonsk\u00fdch sloves, \u010dasujte godan, ichidan a nepravideln\u00e1 slovesa a pochopte, kdy pou\u017e\u00edt jednoduch\u00fd styl.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":23,"featured_media":1752,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[49,70,73],"tags":[27,71,2,3],"class_list":["post-1751","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-curso-de-japones-gratis","category-gramatica-japonesa","category-verbos-em-japones","tag-gramatica","tag-gramatica-japonesa","tag-idioma-japones","tag-nihongo","resize-featured-image"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1751","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/23"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1751"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1751\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4420,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1751\/revisions\/4420"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1752"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1751"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1751"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1751"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}