{"id":2099,"date":"2009-11-03T06:27:29","date_gmt":"2009-11-03T08:27:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/?p=2099"},"modified":"2026-08-19T20:03:38","modified_gmt":"2026-08-19T23:03:38","slug":"imperativni-vety-v-japonstine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/frases-imperativas-em-japones\/","title":{"rendered":"Imperativ v japon\u0161tin\u011b: tvo\u0159en\u00ed, pou\u017eit\u00ed a alternativy"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>O <strong>imperativ v japon\u0161tin\u011b<\/strong> slou\u017e\u00ed k vyd\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed rozkaz\u016f, pokyn\u016f nebo varov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00edm\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem. Forma zvan\u00e1 <span lang=\"ja\">\u547d\u4ee4\u5f62<\/span> (<em>meireikei<\/em>) m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e1 v nouzov\u00fdch situac\u00edch, sportu, p\u0159\u00edkazech a dramatick\u00fdch projevech, ale v b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 konverzaci obvykle zn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 siln\u011b. Pro zdvo\u0159ilej\u0161\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dosti se obvykle vol\u00ed konstrukce jako <span lang=\"ja\">V\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044<\/span> nebo <span lang=\"ja\">V\u306a\u3044\u3067\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044<\/span>.<\/p>\n\n<p>V t\u00e9to p\u0159\u00edru\u010dce se nau\u010d\u00edte tvo\u0159it rozkazovac\u00ed v\u011bty v japon\u0161tin\u011b, rozli\u0161ovat t\u0159i skupiny sloves a vyb\u00edrat mezi <span lang=\"ja\">\u547d\u4ee4\u5f62<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">ud\u011blejte to<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">ud\u011blej to<\/span> a jin\u00fdmi alternativami. Hlavn\u00ed bod je tento: <strong>konjugace z\u00e1vis\u00ed na skupin\u011b slovesa a volba v\u00fdrazu z\u00e1vis\u00ed na situaci a vztahu mezi lidmi<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Imperativ v japon\u0161tin\u011b: rychl\u00fd p\u0159ehled<\/h2>\n\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr><th>Tvar<\/th><th>P\u0159\u00edklad<\/th><th>S\u00edla a obecn\u00e9 pou\u017eit\u00ed<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u547d\u4ee4\u5f62<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u884c\u3051<\/span><\/td><td>P\u0159\u00edm\u00fd a siln\u00fd rozkaz<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Slovn\u00edkov\u00e1 forma + <span lang=\"ja\">\u306a<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u884c\u304f\u306a<\/span><\/td><td>P\u0159\u00edm\u00fd z\u00e1kaz: \u201cnecho\u010f\u201d<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Kmen slovesa <span lang=\"ja\">\u307e\u3059<\/span> + <span lang=\"ja\">ud\u011blejte to<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u884c\u304d\u306a\u3055\u3044<\/span><\/td><td>Pokyn nebo d\u016ftka s autoritou<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Tvar <span lang=\"ja\">\u3066<\/span> + <span lang=\"ja\">\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u884c\u3063\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044<\/span><\/td><td>Zdvo\u0159il\u00e1 \u017e\u00e1dost nebo pokyn<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Tvar <span lang=\"ja\">\u306a\u3044\u3067<\/span> + <span lang=\"ja\">\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u884c\u304b\u306a\u3044\u3067\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044<\/span><\/td><td>Zdvo\u0159il\u00e1 \u017e\u00e1dost, aby n\u011bkdo n\u011bco ned\u011blal<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Tvar <span lang=\"ja\">\u3066<\/span> + <span lang=\"ja\">dej<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u884c\u3063\u3066\u304f\u308c<\/span><\/td><td>P\u0159\u00edm\u00e1 a neform\u00e1ln\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dost<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<p>Nezach\u00e1zejte s t\u011bmito tvary jako s dokonal\u00fdmi synonymy. V\u0161echny mohou usm\u011br\u0148ovat jedn\u00e1n\u00ed poslucha\u010de, ale li\u0161\u00ed se m\u00edrou nal\u00e9havosti, zdvo\u0159ilosti a bl\u00edzkosti. Pokud je\u0161t\u011b neovl\u00e1d\u00e1te slovesnou klasifikaci, zopakujte si <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/skupiny-sloves-v-japonstine\/\">skupiny sloves v japon\u0161tin\u011b<\/a> p\u0159ed zapamatov\u00e1n\u00edm konjuga\u010dn\u00ed tabulky.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Jak vytvo\u0159it rozkazovac\u00ed zp\u016fsob sloves 1. skupiny<\/h2>\n\n<p>U sloves 1. skupiny, naz\u00fdvan\u00fdch tak\u00e9 <strong>godan<\/strong>, posledn\u00ed m\u00f3r slovn\u00edkov\u00e9ho tvaru p\u0159ech\u00e1z\u00ed z \u0159ady <em>u<\/em> do \u0159ady <em>e<\/em>. V praxi vym\u011b\u0148te koncovku podle tabulky:<\/p>\n\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr><th>Koncovka<\/th><th>Rozkazovac\u00ed zp\u016fsob<\/th><th>P\u0159\u00edklad<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3046<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3048<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u8cb7\u3046 \u2192 \u8cb7\u3048<\/span> (<em>kau \u2192 kae<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u304f<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3051<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u66f8\u304f \u2192 \u66f8\u3051<\/span> (<em>kaku \u2192 kake<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3050<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3052<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u6cf3\u3050 \u2192 \u6cf3\u3052<\/span> (<em>oyogu \u2192 oyoge<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3059<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u305b<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u8a71\u3059 \u2192 \u8a71\u305b<\/span> (<em>hanasu \u2192 hanase<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3064<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3066<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u5f85\u3064 \u2192 \u5f85\u3066<\/span> (<em>matsu \u2192 mate<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u306c<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u306d<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u6b7b\u306c \u2192 \u6b7b\u306d<\/span> (<em>shinu \u2192 shine<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3076<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3079<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u904a\u3076 \u2192 \u904a\u3079<\/span> (<em>asobu \u2192 asobe<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3080<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3081<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u8aad\u3080 \u2192 \u8aad\u3081<\/span> (<em>yomu \u2192 yome<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u308b<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u308c<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u5e30\u308b \u2192 \u5e30\u308c<\/span> (<em>kaeru \u2192 kaere<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<p>Posledn\u00ed \u0159\u00e1dek se vyh\u00fdb\u00e1 \u010dast\u00e9 chyb\u011b: <strong>ne ka\u017ed\u00e9 sloveso kon\u010d\u00edc\u00ed na <span lang=\"ja\">\u308b<\/span> pat\u0159\u00ed do skupiny 2<\/strong>. <span lang=\"ja\">\u5e30\u308b<\/span> (vr\u00e1tit se), <span lang=\"ja\">\u5165\u308b<\/span> (vstoupit) a <span lang=\"ja\">\u8d70\u308b<\/span> (b\u011b\u017eet) jsou slovesa skupiny 1; proto se m\u011bn\u00ed na <span lang=\"ja\">Jdi dom\u016f<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">\u5165\u308c<\/span> e <span lang=\"ja\">\u8d70\u308c<\/span>. Vysv\u011btlen\u00ed o <a href=\"https:\/\/www.coelang.tufs.ac.jp\/modules\/ja\/gmod\/contents_m\/explanation\/039.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">t\u0159ech typech sloves od Tokyo University of Foreign Studies<\/a> tak\u00e9 upozor\u0148uje, \u017ee existuj\u00ed slovesa s <em>-iru<\/em> e <em>-eru<\/em> ve skupin\u011b 1.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Jak tvo\u0159it rozkazovac\u00ed zp\u016fsob u sloves skupiny 2<\/h2>\n\n<p>U sloves skupiny 2, neboli <strong>ichidan<\/strong>, odstra\u0148te koncov\u00e9 <span lang=\"ja\">\u308b<\/span> a p\u0159idejte <span lang=\"ja\">\u308d<\/span>:<\/p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u98df\u3079\u308b \u2192 \u98df\u3079\u308d<\/span> (<em>taberu \u2192 tabero<\/em>) \u2014 jez;<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u898b\u308b \u2192 \u898b\u308d<\/span> (<em>miru \u2192 miro<\/em>) \u2014 d\u00edvej se;<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u8d77\u304d\u308b \u2192 \u8d77\u304d\u308d<\/span> (<em>okiru \u2192 okiro<\/em>) \u2014 probu\u010f se;<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u6559\u3048\u308b \u2192 \u6559\u3048\u308d<\/span> (<em>oshieru \u2192 oshiero<\/em>) \u2014 u\u010d nebo \u0159ekni.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>N\u011bkter\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly tak\u00e9 zaznamen\u00e1vaj\u00ed koncovku <span lang=\"ja\">\u3088<\/span>jako <span lang=\"ja\">\u98df\u3079\u3088<\/span>, zejm\u00e9na v psan\u00e9m nebo liter\u00e1rn\u00edm stylu. Pro modern\u00ed komunikaci je, <span lang=\"ja\">\u98df\u3079\u308d<\/span> neju\u017eite\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed forma, kterou se nau\u010dit jako prvn\u00ed. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gavo.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp\/ojad\/search\/index\/textbook%3A13\/section%3A50\/order%3Aname\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">OJAD, z Tokijsk\u00e9 univerzity<\/a>, umo\u017e\u0148uje vyhled\u00e1vat rozkazovac\u00ed zp\u016fsob sloves podle skupin.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Rozkazovac\u00ed zp\u016fsob u \u3059\u308b a \u6765\u308b<\/h2>\n\n<p>Dv\u011b hlavn\u00ed nepravideln\u00e1 slovesa maj\u00ed sv\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed tvary:<\/p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u3059\u308b \u2192 \u3057\u308d<\/span> (<em>suru \u2192 shiro<\/em>) \u2014 d\u011blej;<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u6765\u308b \u2192 \u6765\u3044<\/span> (<em>kuru \u2192 koi<\/em>) \u2014 poj\u010f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">\u305b\u3088<\/span> je dal\u0161\u00ed forma <span lang=\"ja\">\u3059\u308b<\/span> kter\u00e1 se objevuje v psan\u00e9m jazyce, form\u00e1ln\u00edch pokynech, testov\u00fdch ot\u00e1zk\u00e1ch a ust\u00e1len\u00fdch v\u00fdrazech. V ka\u017edodenn\u00ed mluv\u011b se pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b setk\u00e1te s <span lang=\"ja\">b\u00edl\u00fd<\/span> \u010dast\u011bji.<\/p>\n\n<h3>P\u0159\u00edklady p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho rozkazovac\u00edho zp\u016fsobu<\/h3>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u5371\u306a\u3044\uff01\u9003\u3052\u308d\uff01<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Abunai! Nigero!<\/em><br \/>\nPerigo! Fuja!<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u30dc\u30fc\u30eb\u3092\u898b\u308d\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>B\u014dru o miro.<\/em><br \/>\nOlhe para a bola.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u9759\u304b\u306b\u3057\u308d\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Shizuka ni shiro.<\/em><br \/>\nFique quieto.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3063\u3061\u3078\u6765\u3044\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Kocchi e koi.<\/em><br \/>\nVenha para c\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n<p>As tradu\u00e7\u00f5es em portugu\u00eas podem parecer normais fora de contexto, mas as frases japonesas acima s\u00e3o diretas. Entona\u00e7\u00e3o, urg\u00eancia, papel social e situa\u00e7\u00e3o alteram a interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Como formar o imperativo negativo com \u306a<\/h2>\n\n<p>A proibi\u00e7\u00e3o direta \u00e9 formada com <strong>o verbo na forma do dicion\u00e1rio seguido de <span lang=\"ja\">\u306a<\/span><\/strong>. . <span lang=\"ja\">\u306a<\/span> vem depois do verbo:<\/p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u98df\u3079\u308b\u306a\u3002<\/span> (<em>Taberu na.<\/em>) \u2014 N\u00e3o coma.<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u884c\u304f\u306a\u3002<\/span> (<em>Iku na.<\/em>) \u2014 N\u00e3o v\u00e1.<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3053\u306b\u5165\u308b\u306a\u3002<\/span> (<em>Koko ni hairu na.<\/em>) \u2014 N\u00e3o entre aqui.<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u5fc3\u914d\u3059\u308b\u306a\u3002<\/span> (<em>Shinpai suru na.<\/em>) \u2014 N\u00e3o se preocupe.<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u6765\u308b\u306a\u3002<\/span> (<em>Kuru na.<\/em>) \u2014 N\u00e3o venha.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>N\u00e3o confunda essa constru\u00e7\u00e3o com outros usos de <span lang=\"ja\">\u306a<\/span> no fim da frase. Aqui, a sequ\u00eancia <span lang=\"ja\">V\u308b\u306a<\/span> funciona como uma proibi\u00e7\u00e3o forte. Para falar diretamente com algu\u00e9m com mais cuidado, use <span lang=\"ja\">V\u306a\u3044\u3067\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044<\/span>. Para explicar regras e coisas que n\u00e3o s\u00e3o permitidas, consulte o guia sobre <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/jak-povolit-a-zakazat-v-japonstine\/\">como pedir permiss\u00e3o e proibir em japon\u00eas<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<!--Ads6-->\n\n<h2>Quando a forma imperativa \u00e9 usada<\/h2>\n\n<p>A forma imperativa direta n\u00e3o \u00e9 simplesmente \u201cerrada\u201d ou \u201cproibida\u201d na conversa. Ela \u00e9 adequada quando a for\u00e7a do comando combina com a situa\u00e7\u00e3o. Pode aparecer em:<\/p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>avisos urgentes: <span lang=\"ja\">\u9003\u3052\u308d\uff01<\/span> \u2014 \u201cFuja!\u201d;<\/li>\n<li>instru\u00e7\u00f5es r\u00e1pidas em esportes e atividades de equipe;<\/li>\n<li>ordens institucionais, militares ou de algu\u00e9m com autoridade expl\u00edcita;<\/li>\n<li>frases de incentivo, lemas e linguagem ret\u00f3rica;<\/li>\n<li>di\u00e1logos de fic\u00e7\u00e3o e cita\u00e7\u00f5es de uma ordem: <span lang=\"ja\">\u300c\u6765\u3044\u300d\u3068\u8a00\u3063\u305f<\/span> \u2014 \u201cdisse \u2018venha\u2019\u201d.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>Entre desconhecidos, colegas sem intimidade ou em atendimento, a mesma forma pode soar agressiva. Anime, mang\u00e1, filmes e jogos s\u00e3o \u00fateis para reconhecer o padr\u00e3o, mas o di\u00e1logo dram\u00e1tico n\u00e3o deve ser copiado automaticamente para uma conversa real.<\/p>\n\n<p>Tamb\u00e9m n\u00e3o h\u00e1 uma divis\u00e3o segura do tipo \u201cesta forma \u00e9 de homem\u201d ou \u201caquela \u00e9 de mulher\u201d. Tend\u00eancias de fala variam por \u00e9poca, regi\u00e3o, personagem, grupo e identidade. Para aprender a usar o imperativo, observe principalmente <strong>registro, hierarquia, intimidade, urg\u00eancia e inten\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Alternativas ao imperativo direto<\/h2>\n\n<h3>V\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044: pedido ou instru\u00e7\u00e3o polida<\/h3>\n\n<p>Use a <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/sloveso-v-japonstine\/\">tvar \u3066<\/a> seguida de <span lang=\"ja\">\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044<\/span> para formular um pedido ou uma instru\u00e7\u00e3o polida:<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3053\u306b\u540d\u524d\u3092\u66f8\u3044\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Koko ni namae o kaite kudasai.<\/em><br \/>\nPor favor, escreva seu nome aqui.<\/p>\n\n<p>A <a href=\"https:\/\/www.kyozai.jpf.go.jp\/kyozai\/material\/BTS00149\/ja\/render.do\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">explica\u00e7\u00e3o da Japan Foundation para V\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044<\/a> apresenta a constru\u00e7\u00e3o como uma maneira polida de dar instru\u00e7\u00f5es ou comandos. \u201cPolida\u201d n\u00e3o significa necessariamente \u201copcional\u201d: em sala de aula, formul\u00e1rios e procedimentos, ela pode ser uma instru\u00e7\u00e3o que se espera que a pessoa siga.<\/p>\n\n<h3>V\u306a\u3044\u3067\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044: pe\u00e7a para n\u00e3o fazer<\/h3>\n\n<p>Para pedir que algu\u00e9m n\u00e3o realize uma a\u00e7\u00e3o, use a forma negativa em <span lang=\"ja\">\u306a\u3044<\/span>, acrescente <span lang=\"ja\">\u3067\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044<\/span> e obtenha <span lang=\"ja\">V\u306a\u3044\u3067\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044<\/span>:<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3053\u3067\u5199\u771f\u3092\u64ae\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3067\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Koko de shashin o toranaide kudasai.<\/em><br \/>\nPor favor, n\u00e3o tire fotos aqui.<\/p>\n\n<p>A <a href=\"https:\/\/www.kyozai.jpf.go.jp\/kyozai\/material\/BTS00136\/ja\/render.do\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Japan Foundation explica V\u306a\u3044\u3067\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044<\/a> como uma instru\u00e7\u00e3o para n\u00e3o fazer algo e destaca a import\u00e2ncia da rela\u00e7\u00e3o entre falante e ouvinte.<\/p>\n\n<h3>V\u306a\u3055\u3044: instru\u00e7\u00e3o, corre\u00e7\u00e3o ou repreens\u00e3o<\/h3>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">ud\u011blejte to<\/span> se liga ao radical da <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/masu-forma-sloves-v-japonstine\/\">formu \u307e\u3059<\/a>. Retire <span lang=\"ja\">\u307e\u3059<\/span> a p\u0159idejte <span lang=\"ja\">ud\u011blejte to<\/span>:<\/p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u66f8\u304d\u307e\u3059 \u2192 \u66f8\u304d\u306a\u3055\u3044<\/span> \u2014 escreva;<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u98df\u3079\u307e\u3059 \u2192 \u98df\u3079\u306a\u3055\u3044<\/span> \u2014 coma;<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u3057\u307e\u3059 \u2192 \u3057\u306a\u3055\u3044<\/span> \u2014 fa\u00e7a;<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u6765\u307e\u3059 \u2192 \u6765\u306a\u3055\u3044<\/span> \u2014 venha.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>Essa forma \u00e9 comum em instru\u00e7\u00f5es de pais ou respons\u00e1veis a crian\u00e7as, de professores a alunos e em outras rela\u00e7\u00f5es nas quais o falante assume autoridade ou responsabilidade. Ela pode soar menos abrupta que <span lang=\"ja\">\u547d\u4ee4\u5f62<\/span>, mas ainda \u00e9 uma ordem e n\u00e3o equivale simplesmente a \u201cpor favor\u201d. Seu uso n\u00e3o \u00e9 determinado pelo g\u00eanero do falante.<\/p>\n\n<h3>V\u3066 e V\u3066\u304f\u308c: pedidos informais<\/h3>\n\n<p>Entre pessoas pr\u00f3ximas, a forma <span lang=\"ja\">\u3066<\/span> sozinha pode funcionar como um pedido casual:<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3061\u3087\u3063\u3068\u5f85\u3063\u3066\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Chotto matte.<\/em><br \/>\nEspere um pouco.<\/p>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">V\u3066\u304f\u308c<\/span> apresenta a a\u00e7\u00e3o como algo que o ouvinte far\u00e1 para o falante. \u00c9 informal, direto e pode soar \u00e1spero:<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e\u624b\u7d19\u3092\u8aad\u3093\u3067\u304f\u308c\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Kono tegami o yonde kure.<\/em><br \/>\nLeia esta carta para mim.<\/p>\n\n<p>Com algu\u00e9m de posi\u00e7\u00e3o superior ou em um pedido delicado, prefira constru\u00e7\u00f5es interrogativas mais cuidadosas, como <span lang=\"ja\">V\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3060\u3051\u307e\u3059\u304b<\/span>m\u00edsto <span lang=\"ja\">V\u3066\u304f\u308c<\/span>.<\/p>\n\n<h3>V\u305f\u307e\u3048: forma marcada que conv\u00e9m reconhecer<\/h3>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">V\u305f\u307e\u3048<\/span> \u00e9 formado com o radical de <span lang=\"ja\">\u307e\u3059<\/span>: <span lang=\"ja\">\u5ea7\u308a\u307e\u3059 \u2192 \u5ea7\u308a\u305f\u307e\u3048<\/span>. Hoje, essa forma tende a soar marcada, antiga, autorit\u00e1ria ou associada a certos personagens e estilos. \u00c9 \u00fatil para compreens\u00e3o de fic\u00e7\u00e3o e textos, mas n\u00e3o deve ser tratada como alternativa neutra para pedidos cotidianos.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Compare a mesma a\u00e7\u00e3o em n\u00edveis diferentes<\/h2>\n\n<p>Veja como \u201cler este livro\u201d muda de acordo com a forma escolhida:<\/p>\n\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr><th>Frase<\/th><th>\u010cten\u00ed<\/th><th>Interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e\u672c\u3092\u8aad\u3081\u3002<\/span><\/td><td><em>Kono hon o yome.<\/em><\/td><td>Leia este livro. Ordem direta.<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e\u672c\u3092\u8aad\u307f\u306a\u3055\u3044\u3002<\/span><\/td><td><em>Kono hon o yominasai.<\/em><\/td><td>Leia este livro. Instru\u00e7\u00e3o com autoridade.<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e\u672c\u3092\u8aad\u3093\u3067\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044\u3002<\/span><\/td><td><em>Kono hon o yonde kudasai.<\/em><\/td><td>Por favor, leia este livro. Pedido ou instru\u00e7\u00e3o polida.<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e\u672c\u3092\u8aad\u3093\u3067\u3002<\/span><\/td><td><em>Kono hon o yonde.<\/em><\/td><td>L\u00ea este livro. Pedido casual, dependente da entona\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e\u672c\u3092\u8aad\u3093\u3067\u304f\u308c\u3002<\/span><\/td><td><em>Kono hon o yonde kure.<\/em><\/td><td>Leia este livro para mim. Pedido direto e informal.<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<p>A melhor op\u00e7\u00e3o n\u00e3o vem apenas da gram\u00e1tica. Pergunte: quem fala com quem, em qual ambiente, com que urg\u00eancia e com qual direito de orientar a a\u00e7\u00e3o? Essa an\u00e1lise de contexto faz parte dos <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/zakladni-japonska-gramatika\/\">z\u00e1klady japonsk\u00e9 gramatiky<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Erros comuns ao formar frases imperativas<\/h2>\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Trocar todo <span lang=\"ja\">\u308b<\/span> podle <span lang=\"ja\">\u308d<\/span>:<\/strong> isso funciona para o grupo 2, mas <span lang=\"ja\">\u5e30\u308b<\/span> \u00e9 do grupo 1 e vira <span lang=\"ja\">Jdi dom\u016f<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Colocar <span lang=\"ja\">\u306a<\/span> antes do verbo:<\/strong> a proibi\u00e7\u00e3o direta \u00e9 <span lang=\"ja\">\u98df\u3079\u308b\u306a<\/span>, com <span lang=\"ja\">\u306a<\/span> depois da forma do dicion\u00e1rio.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Traduzir <span lang=\"ja\">ud\u011blejte to<\/span> sempre como \u201cpor favor\u201d:<\/strong> a forma expressa instru\u00e7\u00e3o ou ordem e pressup\u00f5e alguma autoridade.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Copiar falas de personagens sem observar o contexto:<\/strong> uma frase natural em uma cena de conflito pode ser grosseira no cotidiano.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Confundir proibi\u00e7\u00e3o com pedido negativo:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u5165\u308b\u306a<\/span> \u00e9 forte; <span lang=\"ja\">\u5165\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3067\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044<\/span> formula um pedido ou instru\u00e7\u00e3o polida.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2>Exerc\u00edcio r\u00e1pido<\/h2>\n\n<p>Transforme ou complete as frases:<\/p>\n\n<ol>\n<li>P\u0159ev\u00e9st <span lang=\"ja\">\u5e30\u308b<\/span> para o imperativo direto.<\/li>\n<li>P\u0159ev\u00e9st <span lang=\"ja\">\u98df\u3079\u308b<\/span> para o imperativo direto.<\/li>\n<li>P\u0159ev\u00e9st <span lang=\"ja\">\u3059\u308b<\/span> para o imperativo direto.<\/li>\n<li>Diga \u201cN\u00e3o fale\u201d como proibi\u00e7\u00e3o direta, usando <span lang=\"ja\">\u8a71\u3059<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li>Diga \u201cPor favor, n\u00e3o entre\u201d com <span lang=\"ja\">\u5165\u308b<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li>Qual op\u00e7\u00e3o seria normalmente mais apropriada para pedir a um amigo que espere: <span lang=\"ja\">Po\u010dkej<\/span> nebo <span lang=\"ja\">\u3061\u3087\u3063\u3068\u5f85\u3063\u3066<\/span>?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<p><strong>Odpov\u011bdi:<\/strong> 1. <span lang=\"ja\">Jdi dom\u016f<\/span>; 2. <span lang=\"ja\">\u98df\u3079\u308d<\/span>; 3. <span lang=\"ja\">b\u00edl\u00fd<\/span>; 4. <span lang=\"ja\">\u8a71\u3059\u306a<\/span>; 5. <span lang=\"ja\">\u5165\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3067\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044<\/span>; 6. <span lang=\"ja\">\u3061\u3087\u3063\u3068\u5f85\u3063\u3066<\/span>, salvo se a situa\u00e7\u00e3o justificar uma ordem forte.<\/p>\n\n<h2>O que lembrar<\/h2>\n\n<ul>\n<li>Grupo 1: mude a termina\u00e7\u00e3o da linha de <em>u<\/em> do \u0159ady <em>e<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>Grupo 2: retire <span lang=\"ja\">\u308b<\/span> a p\u0159idejte <span lang=\"ja\">\u308d<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li>Irregulares: <span lang=\"ja\">\u3059\u308b \u2192 \u3057\u308d<\/span> e <span lang=\"ja\">\u6765\u308b \u2192 \u6765\u3044<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li>Proibi\u00e7\u00e3o direta: forma do dicion\u00e1rio + <span lang=\"ja\">\u306a<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">ud\u011blejte to<\/span> expressa instru\u00e7\u00e3o ou repreens\u00e3o com autoridade; n\u00e3o \u00e9 uma forma ligada a um g\u00eanero espec\u00edfico.<\/li>\n<li>Para pedidos comuns, <span lang=\"ja\">V\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">V\u306a\u3044\u3067\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044<\/span> e, entre pessoas pr\u00f3ximas, <span lang=\"ja\">V\u3066<\/span> costumam ser op\u00e7\u00f5es mais adequadas.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>Pratique primeiro com verbos cuja classifica\u00e7\u00e3o voc\u00ea conhece. Depois, compare a forma imperativa com a <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/neformalni-zpusoby-sloves-v-japonstine\/\">jednoduch\u00fd tvar japonsk\u00fdch sloves<\/a> para reconhecer quando a frase \u00e9 uma ordem, uma proibi\u00e7\u00e3o ou apenas uma afirma\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n\n<div id=\"rank-math-faq\" class=\"rank-math-block\">\n<div class=\"rank-math-list\">\n<div id=\"faq-question-808fcc2bc41b0\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Jak vytvo\u0159it rozkazovac\u00ed zp\u016fsob v japon\u0161tin\u011b?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>Z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed na slovesn\u00e9 skupin\u011b. Ve skupin\u011b 1 se koncovka m\u011bn\u00ed z \u0159ady u na \u0159adu e. Ve skupin\u011b 2 odeberte \u308b a p\u0159idejte \u308d. Hlavn\u00ed nepravideln\u00e1 slovesa jsou \u3059\u308b\u2192\u3057\u308d a \u6765\u308b\u2192\u6765\u3044.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-151382ecd572b\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Jak vypad\u00e1 rozkazovac\u00ed zp\u016fsob sloves 1. skupiny?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>Zm\u011b\u0148te koncovku na koncovku pro \u0159adu e: \u66f8\u304f\u2192\u66f8\u3051, \u8aad\u3080\u2192\u8aad\u3081, \u5f85\u3064\u2192\u5f85\u3066 a \u5e30\u308b\u2192\u5e30\u308c. Slovesa skupiny 1 kon\u010d\u00edc\u00ed na \u308b se ne\u0159\u00edd\u00ed pravidlem skupiny 2.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-a50ef6698531b\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Jak vypad\u00e1 rozkazovac\u00ed zp\u016fsob sloves 2. skupiny?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>Odstra\u0148te koncov\u00e9 \u308b a p\u0159idejte \u308d. Nap\u0159\u00edklad \u98df\u3079\u308b se zm\u011bn\u00ed na \u98df\u3079\u308d, \u898b\u308b na \u898b\u308d a \u8d77\u304d\u308b na \u8d77\u304d\u308d.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-c41560dba5688\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Jak\u00e9 je imperativ \u3059\u308b a \u6765\u308b?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>\u3059\u308b se zm\u011bn\u00ed na \u3057\u308d a \u6765\u308b na \u6765\u3044. Tvar \u305b\u3088 tak\u00e9 existuje pro \u3059\u308b a objevuje se hlavn\u011b v psan\u00e9m jazyce, instrukc\u00edch a form\u00e1ln\u00edch v\u00fdrazech.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-16fc53faa3bf3\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Jak \u0159\u00edct ned\u011blej v japon\u0161tin\u011b?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>P\u0159\u00edm\u00fd z\u00e1kaz pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 slovn\u00edkov\u00fd tvar n\u00e1sledovan\u00fd \u306a: \u98df\u3079\u308b\u306a znamen\u00e1 \u2018nejez\u2019 a \u884c\u304f\u306a znamen\u00e1 \u2018necho\u010f\u2019. Pro zdvo\u0159ilou \u017e\u00e1dost pou\u017eijte V\u306a\u3044\u3067\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-8a89d6fbe1bcf\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Jak\u00fd je rozd\u00edl mezi \u547d\u4ee4\u5f62 a V\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>\u547d\u4ee4\u5f62 vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed p\u0159\u00edm\u00fd a siln\u00fd rozkaz, jako \u884c\u3051. V\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044 formuluje zdvo\u0159ilou \u017e\u00e1dost nebo instrukci, jako \u884c\u3063\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044, i kdy\u017e st\u00e1le m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat, \u017ee instrukce bude spln\u011bna.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-aa6ae30bba946\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se forma \u306a\u3055\u3044 pouze \u017eenami?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>Ne. Pou\u017eit\u00ed \u306a\u3055\u3044 z\u00e1vis\u00ed na autorit\u011b, odpov\u011bdnosti a kontextu, ne na pohlav\u00ed mluv\u010d\u00edho. Je b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 v pokynech pe\u010dovatel\u016f d\u011btem, u\u010ditel\u016f \u017e\u00e1k\u016fm a p\u0159i napom\u00edn\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-445a66c393fbe\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Mohu pou\u017e\u00edvat rozkazovac\u00ed v\u011bty, kter\u00e9 sly\u0161\u00edm v anime?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>Pou\u017e\u00edvejte anime a fikci k rozpozn\u00e1n\u00ed gramatiky, ale nekop\u00edrujte \u0159e\u010d automaticky. Vhodn\u00e9 rozkazy v dramatick\u00fdch sc\u00e9n\u00e1ch mohou mezi nezn\u00e1m\u00fdmi lidmi, kolegy nebo p\u0159i obsluze zn\u00edt agresivn\u011b.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Nau\u010dte se tvo\u0159it a pou\u017e\u00edvat imperativ v japon\u0161tin\u011b, v\u010detn\u011b rozkaz\u016f, z\u00e1kaz\u016f, \u306a\u3055\u3044, \u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044 a vhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch alternativ pro ka\u017ed\u00fd kontext.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":23,"featured_media":2100,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[49,73,60],"tags":[69,2,3],"class_list":["post-2099","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-curso-de-japones-gratis","category-verbos-em-japones","category-vocabulario-japones","tag-curso-japones-gratis","tag-idioma-japones","tag-nihongo","resize-featured-image"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2099","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/23"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2099"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2099\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4445,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2099\/revisions\/4445"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2100"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2099"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2099"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2099"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}