{"id":2127,"date":"2009-11-04T06:28:12","date_gmt":"2009-11-04T08:28:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/?p=2127"},"modified":"2018-03-18T20:41:17","modified_gmt":"2018-03-18T23:41:17","slug":"koto-ga-dekiru-mohu-a-nemohu-v-japonstine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/koto-ga-dekiru-poder-e-nao-poder-em-japones\/","title":{"rendered":"Koto ga dekiru - Moc a ne-moc v japon\u0161tin\u011b"},"content":{"rendered":"

Bu\u010fte v obraze a dozv\u00edte se v\u00edce o Koto ga dekiru - Moc a ne-moc v japon\u0161tin\u011b<\/strong>!<\/em><\/p>\n

My\u0161lenku, \u017ee n\u011bco v japon\u0161tin\u011b lze nebo nelze ud\u011blat, lze vyj\u00e1d\u0159it r\u016fzn\u00fdmi zp\u016fsoby, od neform\u00e1ln\u00edch po form\u00e1ln\u00ed, a to v\u010detn\u011b r\u016fzn\u00fdch v\u00fdraz\u016f a slovesn\u00fdch konjugac\u00ed. Zpo\u010d\u00e1tku mi to p\u0159ipadalo dost slo\u017eit\u00e9, ale po chv\u00edli p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161len\u00ed se mi zd\u00e1, \u017ee se v\u011bci vyjas\u0148uj\u00ed a jsou sn\u00e1ze pochopiteln\u00e9.<\/p>\n

P\u0159esto se dnes budu zab\u00fdvat pouze nejjednodu\u0161\u0161\u00edm zp\u016fsobem, jak vyj\u00e1d\u0159it, co dok\u00e1\u017eeme a co se n\u00e1m neda\u0159\u00ed. Tento zp\u016fsob se naz\u00fdv\u00e1\u00a0\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b<\/acronym>.<\/p>\n

Sestaven\u00ed v\u00fdrazu \u201ekoto ga dekiru\u201c<\/h2>\n

Abychom si vysv\u011btlili, co v japon\u0161tin\u011b m\u016f\u017eeme a co nem\u016f\u017eeme \u0159\u00edkat, pou\u017eijeme slova\u00a0\u017ee<\/acronym>\u00a0a je to mo\u017en\u00e9. Kde\u00a0v\u011bc<\/acronym>\u00a0je to slovo, kter\u00e9 znamen\u00e1 \u201cv\u011bc\u201d nebo \u201co n\u011b\u010dem\u201d,\u00a0\u304c<\/acronym>\u00a0je na\u0161e zn\u00e1m\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1stice ozna\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed podm\u011bt a\u00a0\u3067\u304d\u308b<\/acronym>\u00a0je to japonsk\u00e9 sloveso \u201cmoci\u201d. Spole\u010dn\u011b tvo\u0159\u00ed tato slova v\u00fdraz, kter\u00fd znamen\u00e1 \u201cb\u00fdt schopen n\u011bco ud\u011blat\u201d, \u201cmoci nebo m\u00edt schopnost n\u011bco ud\u011blat\u201d, \u201cdok\u00e1zat n\u011bco ud\u011blat\u201d nebo prost\u011b \u201cmoci\u201d.<\/p>\n

P\u0159i \u010dten\u00ed text\u016f v japon\u0161tin\u011b mus\u00edme v\u011bnovat zv\u00fd\u0161enou pozornost, proto\u017ee\u00a0\u3067\u304d\u308b<\/acronym>obvykle se p\u00ed\u0161e v\u00a0hiragana<\/a>, ale m\u016f\u017ee se objevit ve sv\u00e9 podob\u011b v kanji\u00a0\u51fa\u6765\u308b<\/acronym>neform\u00e1ln\u011b nebo form\u00e1ln\u011b\u00a0To jde<\/acronym>.<\/p>\n

Jak pou\u017e\u00edvat v\u00fdraz \u201ekoto ga dekiru\u201c<\/h2>\n

Chcete-li vytvo\u0159it v\u011bty s\u00a0\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b<\/acronym>, sta\u010d\u00ed v\u011btu sestavit jako obvykle, ale sloveso \u010dasovat v jeho nejjednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed form\u011b, zn\u00e1m\u00e9 jako slovn\u00edkov\u00e1 forma.<\/p>\n

Pokud se chcete dozv\u011bd\u011bt v\u00edce o japonsk\u00fdch slovesech ve slovn\u00edkov\u00e9 podob\u011b, doporu\u010duji si p\u0159e\u010d\u00edst \u010dl\u00e1nek \u201cJaponsk\u00e1 slovesa v neform\u00e1ln\u00edm tvaru<\/a>\u201c.<\/p>\n

Kdy\u017e o tom tak p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161l\u00edme, m\u016f\u017eeme vytvo\u0159it v\u011btu\u00a0J\u00edm chl\u00e9b<\/acronym>\u00a0a zm\u011bnit jej\u00ed smysl p\u0159id\u00e1n\u00edm\u00a0\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b<\/acronym>\u00a0za slovesem. Tak dostaneme\u00a0M\u016f\u017eu j\u00edst chleba<\/acronym>.<\/p>\n

P\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b m\u016f\u017eete vym\u011bnit\u00a0\u3067\u304d\u308b<\/acronym>\u00a0sv\u00fdm form\u00e1ln\u00edm zp\u016fsobem, neboli formou \u201emasu\u201c,\u00a0To jde<\/acronym>, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se v\u011bta stane form\u00e1ln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. V\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e1 v\u011bta by tedy zn\u011bla\u00a0Mohu j\u00edst chl\u00e9b<\/acronym>.<\/p>\n

V\u0161imn\u011bte si, \u017ee struktura v\u011bt je v\u017edy\u00a0podm\u011bt + wa + p\u0159edm\u011bt + o + sloveso + koto ga dekiru\/dekimasu<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Co se d\u00e1 d\u011blat s minulost\u00ed<\/h2>\n

V v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edkladu jsme se nau\u010dili, jak pou\u017e\u00edt v\u00fdraz\u00a0\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b<\/acronym>\u00a0v p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e9m \u010dase form\u00e1ln\u00edm i neform\u00e1ln\u00edm. Nyn\u00ed p\u0159ejdeme k dal\u0161\u00edm \u010das\u016fm, po\u010d\u00ednaje minul\u00fdm \u010dasem v oznamovac\u00edm zp\u016fsobu.<\/p>\n

Bez ohledu na \u010das slovesa v japon\u0161tin\u011b se obvykle \u010dasuje pouze sloveso\u00a0\u3067\u304d\u308b<\/acronym>\u00a0aby se ve v\u011bt\u011b zm\u011bnil \u010das slovesa. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b minul\u00e9ho \u010dasu sta\u010d\u00ed vym\u011bnit\u00a0\u3067\u304d\u308b<\/acronym>\u00a0podle\u00a0Hotovo<\/acronym>, v neform\u00e1ln\u00edm minul\u00e9m \u010dase, nebo pomoc\u00ed\u00a0Poda\u0159ilo se to<\/acronym>\u00a0v minul\u00e9m form\u00e1ln\u00edm \u010dase.<\/p>\n

P\u0159\u00edklady:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Mohl jsem j\u00edst chl\u00e9b.<\/acronym>
\nPoda\u0159ilo se mi sn\u00edst chleba.<\/acronym><\/p>\n

Co lze ud\u011blat a negativn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00fd \u010das<\/h2>\n

Podle stejn\u00e9ho pravidla sta\u010d\u00ed k vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed, \u017ee n\u011bco m\u016f\u017eeme ud\u011blat v p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e9m \u010dasu s negac\u00ed, pouze zm\u011bnit sloveso\u00a0\u3067\u304d\u308b<\/acronym>\u00a0podle\u00a0nejde<\/acronym>, neform\u00e1ln\u011b \u0159e\u010deno, neboTo nejde<\/acronym>, form\u00e1ln\u011b \u0159e\u010deno.<\/p>\n

P\u0159\u00edklady:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nemohu j\u00edst chl\u00e9b.<\/acronym>
\nNemohu j\u00edst chl\u00e9b.<\/acronym><\/p>\n

Negativn\u00ed minulost s \u201ekoto ga dekiru\u201c<\/h2>\n

Negativn\u00ed minulost se utv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed t\u00edm, \u017ee se m\u011bn\u00ed\u00a0\u3067\u304d\u308b<\/acronym>\u00a0podle\u00a0ne\u0161lo<\/acronym>, neform\u00e1ln\u011b \u0159e\u010deno, nebo\u00a0Nepoda\u0159ilo se mi to<\/acronym>, form\u00e1ln\u011b \u0159e\u010deno.<\/p>\n

P\u0159\u00edklady:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nemohl jsem j\u00edst chleba.<\/acronym>
\nNemohl jsem j\u00edst chl\u00e9b.<\/acronym>
\n<\/p>\n

Dekiru a v\u011bty se slovesem suru<\/h2>\n

P\u0159i\u0161lo mi to velmi zaj\u00edmav\u00e9, kdy\u017e jsem zjistil, \u017ee v\u011bty tvo\u0159en\u00e9 slovesem\u00a0\u3059\u308b<\/acronym>, mohou zm\u011bnit sm\u011br, kdy\u017e se oto\u010d\u00edme\u00a0\u3059\u308b<\/acronym>\u00a0podle\u00a0\u3067\u304d\u308b<\/acronym>. V t\u011bchto p\u0159\u00edpadech se v\u00fdznam v\u011bty obvykle m\u011bn\u00ed z \u201cd\u011blat\u201d na \u201cmoci d\u011blat\u201d, \u201cum\u011bt d\u011blat\u201d nebo n\u011bco podobn\u00e9ho.<\/p>\n

P\u0159\u00edklad:<\/strong>
\nOna pilotuje letadlo<\/acronym>
\nUm\u00ed pilotovat letadlo<\/acronym><\/p>\n

Pou\u017eit\u00ed slova \u201edekiru\u201c v kr\u00e1tk\u00fdch v\u011bt\u00e1ch<\/h2>\n

V n\u011bkter\u00fdch kr\u00e1tk\u00fdch v\u011bt\u00e1ch m\u016f\u017eeme pou\u017e\u00edt sloveso\u00a0\u3067\u304d\u308b<\/acronym>\u00a0hned za podstatn\u00fdm jm\u00e9nem, s pou\u017eit\u00edm spojky\u00a0\u304c<\/acronym>. Pod\u00edvejte se na to:<\/p>\n

Pan Tanaka um\u00ed japonsky.<\/acronym>
\nNeum\u00edm hr\u00e1t na kytaru.<\/acronym><\/p>\n

Cvi\u010den\u00ed ru\u010dn\u00edho psan\u00ed kand\u017ei<\/h2>\n

N\u00ed\u017ee jsou uvedeny\u00a0Japonsk\u00e9 ideografick\u00e9 symboly<\/a>\u00a0pou\u017eit\u00e9 v tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku. V\u00fdb\u011br po\u017eadovan\u00fdch kand\u017ei zkop\u00edrujte a vlo\u017ete je do pole\u00a0Pracovn\u00ed list pro procvi\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed kany a kand\u017ei<\/a>\u00a0otev\u0159e se nov\u00e9 okno, ve kter\u00e9m si m\u016f\u017eete prohl\u00e9dnout soubor k vytisknut\u00ed a procvi\u010dit si japonskou kaligrafii zakryt\u00edm \u0161ed\u00fdch symbol\u016f a n\u00e1sledn\u00fdm pokusem o vlastn\u00ed psan\u00ed. Sta\u010d\u00ed vytisknout a procvi\u010dovat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u51fa<\/td>\n\u6765<\/td>\n\u98df<\/td>\n\u5f7c<\/td>\n\u5973<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u98db<\/td>\n\u884c<\/td>\n\u6a5f<\/td>\n\u64cd<\/td>\n\u7e26<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u7530<\/td>\n\u4e2d<\/td>\n\u65e5<\/td>\n\u672c<\/td>\n\u8a9e<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u50d5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Zjist\u011bte v\u00edce o Koto ga dekiru - s\u00edla a bezmoc v japon\u0161tin\u011b! My\u0161lenku moci a nemohoucnosti lze v japon\u0161tin\u011b vyj\u00e1d\u0159it r\u016fzn\u00fdmi zp\u016fsoby,<\/p>","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":2128,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[49,70,73],"tags":[69,2,3],"class_list":["post-2127","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-curso-de-japones-gratis","category-gramatica-japonesa","category-verbos-em-japones","tag-curso-japones-gratis","tag-idioma-japones","tag-nihongo","resize-featured-image"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2127","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/18"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2127"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2127\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2128"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2127"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2127"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2127"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}