{"id":2144,"date":"2009-11-04T06:40:58","date_gmt":"2009-11-04T08:40:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/?p=2144"},"modified":"2026-08-15T15:42:32","modified_gmt":"2026-08-15T18:42:32","slug":"form-mashou-dos-verbos-em-japones","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/forma-mashou-dos-verbos-em-japones\/","title":{"rendered":"Tvar \u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046 (mashou): pozv\u00e1nky a n\u00e1vrhy v japon\u0161tin\u011b"},"content":{"rendered":"

A forma \u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046 (mashou<\/em>)<\/strong> se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 hlavn\u011b k n\u00e1vrhu spole\u010dn\u00e9 akce: \u201cpoj\u010fme d\u011blat?\u201d. Objevuje se v pozv\u00e1nk\u00e1ch, n\u00e1vrz\u00edch, spole\u010dn\u00fdch rozhodnut\u00edch a kladn\u00fdch odpov\u011bd\u00edch na pozv\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n

A\u010dkoli \u010dasto odpov\u00edd\u00e1 \u010desk\u00e9mu \u201cpoj\u010fme\u201d, \u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046 nen\u00ed budouc\u00ed \u010das, potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed tvar ani vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed p\u0159\u00e1n\u00ed. Kontext ukazuje, zda osoba pod\u00e1v\u00e1 n\u00e1vrh, p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1 pozv\u00e1n\u00ed nebo povzbuzuje skupinu k akci.<\/p>\n\n

Co znamen\u00e1 \u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046 v japon\u0161tin\u011b?<\/h2>\n\n

\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046 je zdvo\u0159il\u00fd volitivn\u00ed tvar<\/strong> japonsk\u00fdch sloves. \u201cVolitivn\u00ed\u201d znamen\u00e1, \u017ee konstrukce vyjad\u0159uje v\u016fli nebo iniciativu. S \u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046 tato iniciativa obvykle zahrnuje partnera nebo skupinu.<\/p>\n\n

\u3044\u3063\u3057\u3087\u306b\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3092\u52c9\u5f37\u3057\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002<\/strong>
Issho ni nihongo o benky\u014d shimash\u014d.<\/em>
Poj\u010fme se spolu u\u010dit japon\u0161tinu.<\/p>\n\n

P\u0159epis v r\u00f3mad\u017ei se m\u016f\u017ee objevit jako mash\u014d<\/em> nebo mashou<\/em>. V obou p\u0159\u00edpadech m\u00e1 koncovka \u3057\u3087\u3046 dlouhou samohl\u00e1sku a zn\u00ed p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b jako \u201cma\u0161\u00f3\u201d.<\/p>\n\n

Je tak\u00e9 d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 rozli\u0161ovat pojmy. \u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046 neznamen\u00e1, \u017ee n\u011bkdo \u201cm\u016f\u017ee\u201d prov\u00e9st akci, co\u017e je vysv\u011btleno v potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed tvar japonsk\u00fdch sloves<\/a>. Tak\u00e9 neznamen\u00e1 \u201cchci d\u011blat\u201d, co\u017e vyjad\u0159uje tvar \u305f\u3044<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n

Jak tvo\u0159it slovesa s \u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046<\/h2>\n\n

Praktick\u00e9 pravidlo je jednoduch\u00e9: dejte sloveso do tvaru \u307e\u3059 a nahra\u010fte \u307e\u3059<\/strong> podle \u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n

Z\u00e1klad slovesa + \u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Slovn\u00edkov\u00fd tvar<\/th>\nTvar \u307e\u3059<\/th>\nTvar \u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046<\/th>\nZ\u00e1kladn\u00ed v\u00fdznam<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
\u884c\u304f (iku<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u884c\u304d\u307e\u3059<\/td>\n\u884c\u304d\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046<\/td>\nPoj\u010fme<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u8a71\u3059 (hanasu<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u8a71\u3057\u307e\u3059<\/td>\n\u8a71\u3057\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046<\/td>\nPromluvme si<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u98df\u3079\u308b (taberu<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u98df\u3079\u307e\u3059<\/td>\n\u98df\u3079\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046<\/td>\nPoj\u010fme j\u00edst<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u3059\u308b (suru<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u3057\u307e\u3059<\/td>\n\u3057\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3087\u3046<\/td>\nPoj\u010fme to ud\u011blat<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u6765\u308b (kuru<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u6765\u307e\u3059<\/td>\n\u6765\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046<\/td>\nPoj\u010fme<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n

Proto ti, kdo u\u017e ovl\u00e1daj\u00ed forma \u307e\u3059 japonsk\u00fdch sloves<\/a> nemus\u00ed memorizovat jin\u00e9 pravidlo pro ka\u017edou skupinu. Sta\u010d\u00ed odstranit \u307e\u3059 a p\u0159idat \u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046.<\/p>\n\n

Pokud m\u00e1te st\u00e1le pot\u00ed\u017ee naj\u00edt z\u00e1klad sloves jako \u884c\u304f, \u98df\u3079\u308b a \u3059\u308b, zopakujte si skupiny sloves v japon\u0161tin\u011b<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jak pou\u017e\u00edvat formu \u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046<\/h2>\n\n

1. Navrhnout spole\u010dnou akci<\/h3>\n\n

Nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pou\u017eit\u00ed \u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046 je navrhnout, aby mluv\u010d\u00ed a poslucha\u010d d\u011blali n\u011bco spole\u010dn\u011b.<\/p>\n\n

\u4f11\u307f\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002<\/strong>
Yasumimash\u014d.<\/em>
Poj\u010fme si odpo\u010dinout.<\/p>\n\n

\u3053\u306e\u554f\u984c\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u8a71\u3057\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002<\/strong>
Kono mondai ni tsuite hanashimash\u014d.<\/em>
Poj\u010fme si promluvit o tomto probl\u00e9mu.<\/p>\n\n

V z\u00e1vislosti na situaci a intonaci m\u016f\u017ee v\u011bta zn\u00edt jako p\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00fd n\u00e1vrh, povzbuzen\u00ed nebo pokyn pro skupinu.<\/p>\n\n

2. P\u0159ijmout pozv\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3>\n\n

Velmi p\u0159irozenou kombinac\u00ed je p\u0159ijmout pozv\u00e1n\u00ed s \u307e\u305b\u3093\u304b a odpov\u011bd\u011bt s \u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046.<\/p>\n\n

A: \u571f\u66dc\u65e5\u3001\u3044\u3063\u3057\u3087\u306b\u663c\u3054\u98ef\u3092\u98df\u3079\u307e\u305b\u3093\u304b\u3002<\/strong>
Doy\u014dbi, issho ni hirugohan o tabemasen ka.<\/em>
Voc\u00ea gostaria de almo\u00e7ar comigo no s\u00e1bado?<\/p>\n\n

B: \u3044\u3044\u3067\u3059\u306d\u3002\u98df\u3079\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002<\/strong>
Ii desu ne. Tabemash\u014d.<\/em>
Boa ideia. Vamos.<\/p>\n\n

Nesse di\u00e1logo, \u307e\u305b\u3093\u304b faz o convite e deixa espa\u00e7o para a outra pessoa aceitar ou recusar. A resposta \u98df\u3079\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046 confirma a proposta.<\/p>\n\n

3. Combinar um plano<\/h3>\n\n

\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046 tamb\u00e9m serve para fechar uma decis\u00e3o ou estabelecer um plano compartilhado.<\/p>\n\n

\u4e09\u6642\u306b\u99c5\u3067\u4f1a\u3044\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002<\/strong>
Sanji ni eki de aimash\u014d.<\/em>
Vamos nos encontrar na esta\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0s tr\u00eas horas.<\/p>\n\n

\u4eca\u65e5\u306f\u3053\u3053\u307e\u3067\u306b\u3057\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002<\/strong>
Ky\u014d wa koko made ni shimash\u014d.<\/em>
Vamos encerrar por aqui hoje.<\/p>\n\n

4. Incentivar ou orientar um grupo<\/h3>\n\n

Professores, apresentadores e materiais did\u00e1ticos usam \u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046 para convidar todos a realizar uma atividade.<\/p>\n\n

\u4f8b\u3092\u898b\u3066\u307f\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002<\/strong>
Rei o mite mimash\u014d.<\/em>
Vamos observar um exemplo.<\/p>\n\n

\u6bce\u65e5\u5c11\u3057\u305a\u3064\u7df4\u7fd2\u3057\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002<\/strong>
Mainichi sukoshi zutsu rensh\u016b shimash\u014d.<\/em>
Vamos praticar um pouco todos os dias.<\/p>\n\n

Nesse uso, a tradu\u00e7\u00e3o pode ser \u201cvamos\u201d, mas a frase tamb\u00e9m funciona como um incentivo inclusivo: o falante conduz a atividade sem recorrer a uma ordem direta.<\/p>\n\n

Como usar \u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\u304b<\/h2>\n\n

Ao acrescentar a part\u00edcula interrogativa \u304b, obtemos \u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\u304b<\/strong>. Essa constru\u00e7\u00e3o pode oferecer ajuda ou pedir que o interlocutor participe de uma decis\u00e3o.<\/p>\n\n

Oferecer-se para fazer algo<\/h3>\n\n

\u8377\u7269\u3092\u6301\u3061\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\u304b\u3002<\/strong>
Nimotsu o mochimash\u014d ka.<\/em>
Quer que eu carregue a bagagem?<\/p>\n\n

\u7a93\u3092\u958b\u3051\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\u304b\u3002<\/strong>
Mado o akemash\u014d ka.<\/em>
Quer que eu abra a janela?<\/p>\n\n

Nesses exemplos, quem fala se oferece para agir. Por isso, traduzir mecanicamente como \u201cvamos carregar?\u201d ou \u201cvamos abrir?\u201d apagaria o sentido mais natural da situa\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n\n

Decidir algo em conjunto<\/h3>\n\n

Com uma palavra interrogativa, \u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\u304b pode pedir uma decis\u00e3o compartilhada:<\/p>\n\n

\u3069\u3053\u3067\u4f1a\u3044\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\u304b\u3002<\/strong>
Doko de aimash\u014d ka.<\/em>
Onde vamos nos encontrar?<\/p>\n\n

\u4f55\u6642\u306b\u51fa\u767a\u3057\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\u304b\u3002<\/strong>
Nanji ni shuppatsu shimash\u014d ka.<\/em>
A que horas vamos partir?<\/p>\n\n

Diferen\u00e7a entre \u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046, \u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\u304b e \u307e\u305b\u3093\u304b<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Struktura<\/th>\nHlavn\u00ed funkce<\/th>\nP\u0159\u00edklad<\/th>\nTradu\u00e7\u00e3o natural<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046<\/td>\nPropor, aceitar ou confirmar uma a\u00e7\u00e3o<\/td>\n\u884c\u304d\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002<\/td>\nVamos.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\u304b<\/td>\nOferecer ajuda ou pedir uma decis\u00e3o<\/td>\n\u624b\u4f1d\u3044\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\u304b\u3002<\/td>\nQuer que eu ajude?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u307e\u305b\u3093\u304b<\/td>\nConvidar de modo aberto<\/td>\n\u884c\u304d\u307e\u305b\u3093\u304b\u3002<\/td>\nVoc\u00ea gostaria de ir?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n

Ao iniciar um convite, \u307e\u305b\u3093\u304b costuma deixar mais espa\u00e7o para a resposta do interlocutor. \u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046 apresenta a a\u00e7\u00e3o como proposta ou encaminhamento e pode soar mais decidido. Nenhuma das duas \u00e9 automaticamente rude; a escolha depende da rela\u00e7\u00e3o, da situa\u00e7\u00e3o e da inten\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n\n

Forma \u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046 e forma volitiva simples<\/h2>\n\n

O texto antigo tratava \u884c\u3053\u3046, \u98df\u3079\u3088\u3046 e \u3057\u3088\u3046 como uma \u201cforma mashou informal\u201d. \u00c9 mais preciso cham\u00e1-las de forma volitiva simples<\/strong>. Elas cumprem fun\u00e7\u00f5es relacionadas, mas pertencem ao registro casual.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Skupina<\/th>\nRegra da volitiva simples<\/th>\nP\u0159\u00edklad<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Godan<\/td>\nTroque a s\u00edlaba final da coluna U pela correspondente da coluna O e acrescente \u3046<\/td>\n\u884c\u304f \u2192 \u884c\u3053\u3046; \u8a71\u3059 \u2192 \u8a71\u305d\u3046<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ichidan<\/td>\nRetire \u308b e acrescente \u3088\u3046<\/td>\n\u98df\u3079\u308b \u2192 \u98df\u3079\u3088\u3046<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Irregulares<\/td>\nUse as formas pr\u00f3prias<\/td>\n\u3059\u308b \u2192 \u3057\u3088\u3046; \u6765\u308b \u2192 \u6765\u3088\u3046<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n

\u6620\u753b\u3092\u898b\u3088\u3046\u3002<\/strong>
Eiga o miy\u014d.<\/em>
Vamos assistir a um filme.<\/p>\n\n

A forma simples \u00e9 natural entre pessoas pr\u00f3ximas. Ela tamb\u00e9m participa de constru\u00e7\u00f5es de inten\u00e7\u00e3o, como \u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3092\u52c9\u5f37\u3057\u3088\u3046\u3068\u601d\u3044\u307e\u3059 (\u201cestou pensando em estudar japon\u00eas\u201d). Para revisar o registro casual que serve de base para essas conjuga\u00e7\u00f5es, consulte a jednoduch\u00fd tvar japonsk\u00fdch sloves<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n

Mini di\u00e1logo com \u307e\u305b\u3093\u304b e \u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046<\/h2>\n\n

A:<\/strong> \u65e5\u66dc\u65e5\u3001\u3044\u3063\u3057\u3087\u306b\u6620\u753b\u3092\u898b\u306b\u884c\u304d\u307e\u305b\u3093\u304b\u3002
Nichiy\u014dbi, issho ni eiga o mi ni ikimasen ka.<\/em>
Voc\u00ea gostaria de ir ao cinema comigo no domingo?<\/p>\n\n

B:<\/strong> \u3044\u3044\u3067\u3059\u306d\u3002\u884c\u304d\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002
Ii desu ne. Ikimash\u014d.<\/em>
Boa ideia. Vamos.<\/p>\n\n

A:<\/strong> \u4f55\u6642\u306b\u4f1a\u3044\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\u304b\u3002
Nanji ni aimash\u014d ka.<\/em>
A que horas vamos nos encontrar?<\/p>\n\n

B:<\/strong> \u4e09\u6642\u306b\u99c5\u3067\u4f1a\u3044\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002
Sanji ni eki de aimash\u014d.<\/em>
Vamos nos encontrar na esta\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0s tr\u00eas horas.<\/p>\n\n

O di\u00e1logo percorre uma sequ\u00eancia natural: convite com \u307e\u305b\u3093\u304b, aceita\u00e7\u00e3o com \u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046, decis\u00e3o conjunta com \u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\u304b e confirma\u00e7\u00e3o do plano com \u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046.<\/p>\n\n

Erros comuns com \u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046<\/h2>\n\n