![\"Japonsk\u00e9](\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/Sistemas_escritas_japonesas-300x200.jpg\")
<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\nObsah<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n- Co je t\u0159eba sledovat v japonsk\u00e9m textu<\/a><\/li>\n
- Jak si hiragana, katakana a kand\u017ei rozd\u011bluj\u00ed pr\u00e1ci<\/a><\/li>\n
- Japonsk\u00e1 v\u011bta analyzovan\u00e1 po \u010d\u00e1stech<\/a><\/li>\n
- Pro\u010d japon\u0161tina obvykle nepou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 mezery<\/a><\/li>\n
- Jak \u010d\u00edst horizont\u00e1ln\u00ed a vertik\u00e1ln\u00ed texty<\/a><\/li>\n
- Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed interpunk\u010dn\u00ed znam\u00e9nka<\/a><\/li>\n
- Jak furigana pom\u00e1h\u00e1, ani\u017e by nahrazovala kand\u017ei<\/a><\/li>\n
- Metoda v p\u011bti kroc\u00edch, jak za\u010d\u00edt se \u010dten\u00edm<\/a><\/li>\n
- Chyby, kter\u00e9 zt\u011b\u017euj\u00ed \u010dten\u00ed<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n
Co je t\u0159eba sledovat v japonsk\u00e9m textu<\/h2>\n\n
Prvn\u00ed \u010dten\u00ed lze rozd\u011blit do \u010dty\u0159 ot\u00e1zek:<\/p>\n\n
\n - Jak\u00e9 typy p\u00edsma se objevuj\u00ed?<\/strong> Identifikujte kand\u017ei, hiraganu a katakanu, ne\u017e se pokus\u00edte p\u0159ekl\u00e1dat.<\/li>\n
- Kde jsou jednotky v\u011bty?<\/strong> Sledujte \u010d\u00e1stice, flexe a zm\u011bny p\u00edsma, abyste na\u0161li mo\u017en\u00e9 hranice.<\/li>\n
- Jak\u00fdm sm\u011brem text pokra\u010duje?<\/strong> Ov\u011b\u0159te, zda je uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed vodorovn\u00e9 nebo svisl\u00e9.<\/li>\n
- Kter\u00e9 znaky organizuj\u00ed \u010dten\u00ed?<\/strong> Te\u010dky, \u010d\u00e1rky, uvozovky a z\u00e1vorky pom\u00e1haj\u00ed odd\u011blit my\u0161lenky, promluvy a dopl\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed informace.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n
Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek p\u0159edstavuje spole\u010dn\u00e9 fungov\u00e1n\u00ed t\u011bchto prvk\u016f. Chcete-li poznat ka\u017ed\u00fd syst\u00e9m zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165, pod\u00edvejte se na p\u0159ehled japonsk\u00e9 abecedy s hiraganou, katakanou a kand\u017ei<\/a>.<\/p>\n\nJak si hiragana, katakana a kand\u017ei rozd\u011bluj\u00ed pr\u00e1ci<\/h2>\n\n
Modern\u00ed japon\u0161tina pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 ve stejn\u00e9m textu r\u016fzn\u00e9 typy znak\u016f. N\u00e1rodn\u00ed institut japonsk\u00e9ho jazyka<\/a> p\u0159edstavuje kand\u017ei, hiraganu, katakanu a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e1 p\u00edsmena jako p\u00edsma, kter\u00e1 mohou v jazyce koexistovat. To neznamen\u00e1, \u017ee v\u0161echny pln\u00ed stejnou funkci.<\/p>\n\n\n - Kand\u017ei:<\/strong> se objevuje v mnoha z\u00e1kladech podstatn\u00fdch jmen, sloves a p\u0159\u00eddavn\u00fdch jmen a pom\u00e1h\u00e1 rozpozn\u00e1vat v\u00fdznamy.<\/li>\n
- Hiragana:<\/strong> zaznamen\u00e1v\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1stice, sklo\u0148ovan\u00e9 koncovky, r\u016fzn\u00e1 slova a pomocn\u00e1 \u010dten\u00ed.<\/li>\n
- Katakana:<\/strong> je \u010dast\u00e1 u v\u00fdp\u016fj\u010dek, ciz\u00edch jmen, technick\u00fdch term\u00edn\u016f, onomatopoick\u00fdch v\u00fdraz\u016f a grafick\u00fdch efekt\u016f.<\/li>\n
- R\u014dmaji:<\/strong> se objevuje ve zkratk\u00e1ch, zna\u010dk\u00e1ch, jm\u00e9nech, ozna\u010den\u00edch a kontextech zam\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch na p\u0159epis, ale nenahrazuje b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 japonsk\u00e9 p\u00edsmo.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n
Toto jsou trendy, ne absolutn\u00ed krabice. Slovo se m\u016f\u017ee objevit s jin\u00fdm pravopisem podle konvence, publika nebo stylistick\u00e9ho efektu. Pr\u016fvodce o tom, kdy pou\u017e\u00edt hiraganu, katakanu a kand\u017ei<\/a> prohlubuje tyto volby, ani\u017e by je zam\u011b\u0148oval s \u00fakolem \u010d\u00edst cel\u00fd text.<\/p>\n\nJaponsk\u00e1 v\u011bta analyzovan\u00e1 po \u010d\u00e1stech<\/h2>\n\n\n \u79c1\u306f\u30b3\u30fc\u30d2\u30fc\u3092\u98f2\u307f\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n
\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306f\u30b3\u30fc\u30d2\u30fc\u3092\u306e\u307f\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n
Watashi wa k\u014dh\u012b o nomimasu.<\/em><\/p>\n Piji k\u00e1vu.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n
V\u011bta neobsahuje mezery, ale funkce pom\u00e1haj\u00ed vid\u011bt jej\u00ed bloky:<\/p>\n\n
\n - \u79c1<\/strong> (watashi<\/em>) je \u201cj\u00e1\u201d a objevuje se v kand\u017ei;<\/li>\n
- \u306f<\/strong> ozna\u010duje t\u00e9ma a je v hiragan\u011b;<\/li>\n
- \u30b3\u30fc\u30d2\u30fc<\/strong> (k\u014dh\u012b<\/em>) je \u201ck\u00e1va\u201d a objevuje se v katakan\u011b;<\/li>\n
- \u3092<\/strong> ozna\u010duje p\u0159\u00edm\u00fd p\u0159edm\u011bt a je v hiragan\u011b;<\/li>\n
- \u98f2<\/strong> nese lexik\u00e1ln\u00ed z\u00e1klad \u201cp\u00edt\u201d, zat\u00edmco \u307f\u307e\u3059<\/strong> ukazuje slovesnou koncovku;<\/li>\n
- \u3002<\/strong> ukon\u010duje v\u011btu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n
St\u0159\u00edd\u00e1n\u00ed mezi kand\u017ei a kanou vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed vizu\u00e1ln\u00ed vod\u00edtka. M\u00edsto okam\u017eit\u00e9ho hled\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ekladu slovo od slova nejprve identifikujte \u010d\u00e1stice a sloveso. slovosledu v japon\u0161tin\u011b<\/a> pom\u00e1h\u00e1 pochopit, pro\u010d se sloveso obvykle objevuje bl\u00edzko konce.<\/p>\n\n\n![\"Japonsk\u00fd](\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/sistema_escrita_japonesa.jpg\" "\\"Japonsk\u00fd")
<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\nPro\u010d japon\u0161tina obvykle nepou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 mezery<\/h2>\n\n
V b\u011b\u017en\u00fdch japonsk\u00fdch textech se slova obvykle objevuj\u00ed v sekvenci, bez pravideln\u00e9ho grafick\u00e9ho odd\u011blen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se nach\u00e1z\u00ed v portugal\u0161tin\u011b. Materi\u00e1l N\u00e1rodn\u00edho institutu japonsk\u00e9ho jazyka o morfologick\u00e9 anal\u00fdze<\/a> vysv\u011btluje, \u017ee japon\u0161tina obvykle nepou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 psan\u00ed segmentovan\u00e9 mezerami, a ukazuje, jak stejn\u00e1 sekvence m\u016f\u017ee vy\u017eadovat anal\u00fdzu, aby byla rozd\u011blena na slova.<\/p>\n\n\u010cten\u00e1\u0159 nez\u00e1vis\u00ed na jedin\u00e9m vod\u00edtku. Kand\u017ei, kana, \u010d\u00e1stice, koncovky, slovn\u00ed z\u00e1soba a gramatick\u00e1 struktura spolupracuj\u00ed. V \u5b66\u6821\u3067\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3092\u52c9\u5f37\u3057\u307e\u3059, nap\u0159\u00edklad, \u3067 a \u3092 pom\u00e1haj\u00ed ozna\u010dit vztahy, zat\u00edmco bloky v kand\u017ei zv\u00fdraz\u0148uj\u00ed \u5b66\u6821, \u65e5\u672c\u8a9e a \u52c9\u5f37.<\/p>\n\n
Mezery se st\u00e1le mohou objevit v d\u011btsk\u00fdch materi\u00e1lech, v\u00fdukov\u00fdch zdroj\u00edch, titulc\u00edch, nadpisech, rozhran\u00edch nebo z grafick\u00e9ho rozhodnut\u00ed. Proto praktick\u00e9 pravidlo nen\u00ed \u201cjapon\u0161tina nikdy nepou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 mezery\u201d, ale \u201cb\u011b\u017en\u00e9 japonsk\u00e9 psan\u00ed systematicky neodd\u011bluje ka\u017ed\u00e9 slovo mezerami\u201d.<\/p>\n\n
Jak \u010d\u00edst horizont\u00e1ln\u00ed a vertik\u00e1ln\u00ed texty<\/h2>\n\n
Japon\u0161tina m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1na horizont\u00e1ln\u011b nebo vertik\u00e1ln\u011b. V modern\u00edm horizont\u00e1ln\u00edm form\u00e1tu, naz\u00fdvan\u00e9m yokogaki<\/em> (\u6a2a\u66f8\u304d), \u0159\u00e1dky obvykle postupuj\u00ed zleva doprava a shora dol\u016f. Je to p\u0159evl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00ed form\u00e1t na webech, v aplikac\u00edch, technick\u00fdch materi\u00e1lech a velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti digit\u00e1ln\u00edho obsahu.<\/p>\n\nVe vertik\u00e1ln\u00edm form\u00e1tu, naz\u00fdvan\u00e9m tategaki<\/em> (\u7e26\u66f8\u304d), znaky sestupuj\u00ed ve sloupc\u00edch a dal\u0161\u00ed sloupec je vlevo. \u010cten\u00ed tedy za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 v nejprav\u011bj\u0161\u00edm sloupci a postupuje doleva. Tento form\u00e1t z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 b\u011b\u017en\u00fd v rom\u00e1nech, novin\u00e1ch, manze, literatu\u0159e a tradi\u010dn\u00edch grafick\u00fdch projektech, i kdy\u017e ka\u017ed\u00e1 publikace m\u016f\u017ee kombinovat prvky.<\/p>\n\n\u010c\u00edsla, latinsk\u00e1 p\u00edsmena a znam\u00e9nka mohou m\u011bnit orientaci podle typografick\u00e9ho n\u00e1vrhu. M\u00edsto ment\u00e1ln\u00edho ot\u00e1\u010den\u00ed str\u00e1nky hledejte prvn\u00ed blok, sledujte zarovn\u00e1n\u00ed znak\u016f a n\u00e1sledujte sm\u011br \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f nebo sloupc\u016f. \u010cl\u00e1nek o japonsk\u00e9m vertik\u00e1ln\u00edm a horizont\u00e1ln\u00edm psan\u00ed<\/a> prohlubuje oba form\u00e1ty.<\/p>\n\nNejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed interpunk\u010dn\u00ed znam\u00e9nka<\/h2>\n\n
Japonsk\u00e1 interpunkce pom\u00e1h\u00e1 organizovat \u010dten\u00ed, ale ne v\u017edy odpov\u00edd\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 z\u00e1m\u011bn\u011b se znam\u00e9nky portugal\u0161tiny.<\/p>\n\n
\n - \u3002<\/strong> (kuten<\/em>) ukon\u010duje v\u011btu.<\/li>\n
- \u3001<\/strong> (t\u014dten<\/em>) ozna\u010duje pauzy a vnit\u0159n\u00ed vztahy, s pou\u017eit\u00edm z\u00e1visl\u00fdm na struktu\u0159e a stylu.<\/li>\n
- \u300c \u300d<\/strong> obvykle vymezuje \u0159e\u010d, citaci nebo zv\u00fdrazn\u011bn\u00ed.<\/li>\n
- \u300e \u300f<\/strong> se m\u016f\u017ee objevit v citac\u00edch uvnit\u0159 citac\u00ed a v n\u00e1zvech d\u011bl, podle redak\u010dn\u00edho kontextu.<\/li>\n
- \u30fb<\/strong> (nakaguro<\/em>) m\u016f\u017ee odd\u011blovat polo\u017eky, ciz\u00ed jm\u00e9na nebo \u010d\u00e1sti v\u00fd\u010dtu.<\/li>\n
- \uff08 \uff09<\/strong> dopl\u0148uje parentetickou informaci.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n
Sou\u010dasn\u00e9 sm\u011brnice Agentury pro kulturn\u00ed z\u00e1le\u017eitosti Japonska<\/a> p\u0159ij\u00edmaj\u00ed \u3002 a \u3001 jako standard pro ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 dokumenty, s mo\u017enost\u00ed z\u00e1padn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1rky v ur\u010dit\u00fdch horizont\u00e1ln\u00edch textech, pokud je pou\u017eit\u00ed konzistentn\u00ed. Pro v\u00edce znam\u00e9nek a p\u0159\u00edklad\u016f viz str\u00e1nku o interpunkci japonsk\u00fdch text\u016f<\/a>.<\/p>\n\nJak furigana pom\u00e1h\u00e1, ani\u017e by nahrazovala kand\u017ei<\/h2>\n\n
Furigana je mal\u00e9 \u010dten\u00ed, obvykle v hiragan\u011b, um\u00edst\u011bn\u00e9 vedle kand\u017ei. Objevuje se ve v\u00fdukov\u00fdch materi\u00e1lech, d\u00edlech pro mlad\u00e9 publikum, neobvykl\u00fdch jm\u00e9nech a slovech, jejich\u017e \u010dten\u00ed nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt p\u0159edv\u00eddateln\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n
P\u0159i setk\u00e1n\u00ed s furiganou \u010dt\u011bte celek jako jedno slovo: kand\u017ei poskytuje grafickou a s\u00e9mantickou informaci; kana informuje o v\u00fdslovnosti zvolen\u00e9 v dan\u00e9m kontextu. To se li\u0161\u00ed od p\u0159ekl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00e9ho znaku izolovan\u011b.<\/p>\n\n
Nen\u00ed nutn\u00e9 zn\u00e1t v\u0161echna kand\u017ei p\u0159ed za\u010d\u00e1tkem \u010dten\u00ed. C\u00edlem je postupn\u011b roz\u0161i\u0159ovat rozpozn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed slov pomoc\u00ed furigany, kontextu a slovn\u00edku jako podpory. Pr\u016fvodce japonsk\u00fdm kand\u017ei<\/a> organizuje toto u\u010den\u00ed podle slovn\u00ed z\u00e1soby a pou\u017eit\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n![\"Japonsk\u00fd_syst\u00e9m_p\u00edsma_Kanji\"](\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/sistema_escrita_japonesa_Kanji-1024x410.jpg\")
<\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\nMetoda v p\u011bti kroc\u00edch, jak za\u010d\u00edt se \u010dten\u00edm<\/h2>\n\n\n - Potvr\u010fte sm\u011br.<\/strong> Zjist\u011bte, zda je text v horizont\u00e1ln\u00edch \u0159\u00e1dc\u00edch nebo vertik\u00e1ln\u00edch sloupc\u00edch.<\/li>\n
- Najd\u011bte interpunkci.<\/strong> Rozd\u011blte pas\u00e1\u017e na men\u0161\u00ed v\u011bty, ne\u017e za\u010dnete analyzovat detaily.<\/li>\n
- Ozna\u010dte \u010d\u00e1stice a koncovky.<\/strong> Hiragana jako \u306f, \u304c, \u3092, \u306b a \u3067 odhaluje d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 vztahy.<\/li>\n
- Hledejte zn\u00e1m\u00e1 slova.<\/strong> Pou\u017eijte p\u0159echody mezi kanji, hiraganou a katakanou jako vod\u00edtko, ani\u017e byste p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dali, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00fd p\u0159echod vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed dokonalou hranici.<\/li>\n
- Ov\u011b\u0159te v kontextu.<\/strong> Zkontrolujte \u010dten\u00ed a v\u00fdznam cel\u00e9ho slova; pot\u00e9 si v\u011btu p\u0159e\u010dt\u011bte znovu, ani\u017e byste se spol\u00e9hali na r\u014dmaji.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n
Japan Foundation doporu\u010duje u\u010dit se znaky spojen\u00e9 s ji\u017e zn\u00e1m\u00fdmi slovy, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e psan\u00ed pova\u017euje za sou\u010d\u00e1st slovn\u00ed z\u00e1soby. Toto doporu\u010den\u00ed se objevuje v pedagogick\u00fdch pokynech Marugoto<\/a> a zabra\u0148uje memorov\u00e1n\u00ed symbol\u016f bez kontextu.<\/p>\n\nChyby, kter\u00e9 zt\u011b\u017euj\u00ed \u010dten\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n\n - Pou\u017e\u00edvat r\u014dmaji jako trvalou f\u00e1zi:<\/strong> m\u016f\u017ee podpo\u0159it za\u010d\u00e1tek, ale skr\u00fdv\u00e1 vod\u00edtka p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e1 v p\u016fvodn\u00edm p\u00edsmu.<\/li>\n
- Sna\u017eit se p\u0159ekl\u00e1dat p\u0159ed segmentac\u00ed:<\/strong> nejprve identifikujte v\u011btu, \u010d\u00e1stice a sloveso; pot\u00e9 hledejte p\u0159irozen\u00e9 ekvivalenty.<\/li>\n
- P\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00e9 kanji je izolovan\u00e9 slovo:<\/strong> mnoho znak\u016f se \u00fa\u010dastn\u00ed slo\u017eenin nebo dost\u00e1v\u00e1 koncovky v hiragan\u011b.<\/li>\n
- Ignorovat katakanu:<\/strong> p\u0159ejat\u00e1 slova, jm\u00e9na a technick\u00e9 term\u00edny mohou n\u00e9st kl\u00ed\u010dovou informaci pas\u00e1\u017ee.<\/li>\n
- Aplikovat absolutn\u00ed pravidla:<\/strong> grafie, interpunkce a prezentace se li\u0161\u00ed podle \u017e\u00e1nru, publika a redak\u010dn\u00edho stylu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n
Pro upevn\u011bn\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00edch tvar\u016f p\u0159ed \u010dten\u00edm del\u0161\u00edch text\u016f pou\u017eijte tabulku hiragany a katakany<\/a>. P\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o tom, jak se toto p\u00edsmo vytvo\u0159ilo, je v \u010dl\u00e1nku o p\u016fvod japonsk\u00e9 abecedy<\/a>.<\/p>\n\nCo procvi\u010dovat p\u0159i p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00edm \u010dten\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n
Vyberte si kr\u00e1tkou v\u011btu a p\u0159e\u010dt\u011bte si ji dvakr\u00e1t. P\u0159i prvn\u00edm \u010dten\u00ed nep\u0159ekl\u00e1dejte: identifikujte sm\u011br, interpunkci, typy p\u00edsma, \u010d\u00e1stice a mo\u017en\u00e9 bloky. P\u0159i druh\u00e9m \u010dten\u00ed potvr\u010fte slovn\u00ed z\u00e1sobu a znovu vytvo\u0159te p\u0159irozen\u00fd v\u00fdznam.<\/p>\n\n
S prax\u00ed text p\u0159estane vypadat jako souvisl\u00e1 sekvence symbol\u016f. Kombinace kand\u017ei, hiragany, katakany, znak\u016f a struktury za\u010dne v\u00e9st o\u010di \u2014 p\u0159esn\u011b to umo\u017e\u0148uje \u010d\u00edst bez z\u00e1vislosti na mezer\u00e1ch mezi v\u0161emi slovy.<\/p>\n\n
\n\n\nPou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 japon\u0161tina mezery mezi slovy?<\/h3>\n\n\nB\u011b\u017en\u00e9 japonsk\u00e9 texty systematicky neodd\u011bluj\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00e9 slovo mezerami. \u010cten\u00e1\u0159 pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 kand\u017ei, kana, \u010d\u00e1stice, koncovky, slovn\u00ed z\u00e1sobu a gramatiku k rozpozn\u00e1n\u00ed blok\u016f. Mezery se mohou objevit ve v\u00fdukov\u00fdch materi\u00e1lech, d\u011btsk\u00fdch materi\u00e1lech nebo z grafick\u00e9 volby.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n\u010cte se japon\u0161tina zprava doleva?<\/h3>\n\n\nZ\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed na uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed. V modern\u00edm horizont\u00e1ln\u00edm textu \u010dten\u00ed obvykle prob\u00edh\u00e1 zleva doprava. Ve vertik\u00e1ln\u00edm textu znaky klesaj\u00ed ve sloupc\u00edch a \u010dten\u00ed postupuje zprava doleva.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\nPro\u010d se hiragana, katakana a kand\u017ei objevuj\u00ed ve stejn\u00e9 v\u011bt\u011b?<\/h3>\n\n\nProto\u017ee pln\u00ed dopl\u0148kov\u00e9 funkce. Kand\u017ei zv\u00fdraz\u0148uje mnoho jader v\u00fdznamu, hiragana ukazuje gramatick\u00e9 prvky a sklo\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed, a katakana je b\u011b\u017en\u00e1 u v\u00fdp\u016fj\u010dek, ciz\u00edch jmen a dal\u0161\u00edch specifick\u00fdch pou\u017eit\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\nJe nutn\u00e9 zn\u00e1t v\u0161echny kand\u017ei, abyste mohli za\u010d\u00edt \u010d\u00edst?<\/h3>\n\n\nNe. Je mo\u017en\u00e9 za\u010d\u00edt s kr\u00e1tk\u00fdmi v\u011btami a postupn\u011b roz\u0161i\u0159ovat slovn\u00ed z\u00e1sobu. Furigana, kontext a slovn\u00edky pom\u00e1haj\u00ed potvrdit \u010dten\u00ed, ale ide\u00e1ln\u00ed je u\u010dit se kand\u017ei v r\u00e1mci skute\u010dn\u00fdch slov.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\nJe R\u014dmaji sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed japonsk\u00e9ho p\u00edsma?<\/h3>\n\n\n\u0158\u00edmsk\u00e1 p\u00edsmena se objevuj\u00ed v p\u0159episech, zkratk\u00e1ch, n\u00e1zvech, zna\u010dk\u00e1ch a ozna\u010den\u00edch. Mohou pomoci za\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edk\u016fm, ale nenahrazuj\u00ed sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00fd syst\u00e9m kand\u017ei a kany b\u011b\u017en\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd v japonsk\u00fdch textech.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Nau\u010dte se rozpozn\u00e1vat typy p\u00edsma, hranice slov, sm\u011br a interpunkci, abyste mohli za\u010d\u00edt \u010d\u00edst japonsk\u00e9 texty.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":23,"featured_media":239,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[2,3],"class_list":["post-223","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-japones","tag-idioma-japones","tag-nihongo","resize-featured-image"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/223","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/23"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=223"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/223\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4457,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/223\/revisions\/4457"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/239"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=223"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=223"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=223"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
Co je t\u0159eba sledovat v japonsk\u00e9m textu<\/h2>\n\n
Prvn\u00ed \u010dten\u00ed lze rozd\u011blit do \u010dty\u0159 ot\u00e1zek:<\/p>\n\n
- \n
- Jak\u00e9 typy p\u00edsma se objevuj\u00ed?<\/strong> Identifikujte kand\u017ei, hiraganu a katakanu, ne\u017e se pokus\u00edte p\u0159ekl\u00e1dat.<\/li>\n
- Kde jsou jednotky v\u011bty?<\/strong> Sledujte \u010d\u00e1stice, flexe a zm\u011bny p\u00edsma, abyste na\u0161li mo\u017en\u00e9 hranice.<\/li>\n
- Jak\u00fdm sm\u011brem text pokra\u010duje?<\/strong> Ov\u011b\u0159te, zda je uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed vodorovn\u00e9 nebo svisl\u00e9.<\/li>\n
- Kter\u00e9 znaky organizuj\u00ed \u010dten\u00ed?<\/strong> Te\u010dky, \u010d\u00e1rky, uvozovky a z\u00e1vorky pom\u00e1haj\u00ed odd\u011blit my\u0161lenky, promluvy a dopl\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed informace.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n
Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek p\u0159edstavuje spole\u010dn\u00e9 fungov\u00e1n\u00ed t\u011bchto prvk\u016f. Chcete-li poznat ka\u017ed\u00fd syst\u00e9m zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165, pod\u00edvejte se na p\u0159ehled japonsk\u00e9 abecedy s hiraganou, katakanou a kand\u017ei<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n
Jak si hiragana, katakana a kand\u017ei rozd\u011bluj\u00ed pr\u00e1ci<\/h2>\n\n
Modern\u00ed japon\u0161tina pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 ve stejn\u00e9m textu r\u016fzn\u00e9 typy znak\u016f. N\u00e1rodn\u00ed institut japonsk\u00e9ho jazyka<\/a> p\u0159edstavuje kand\u017ei, hiraganu, katakanu a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e1 p\u00edsmena jako p\u00edsma, kter\u00e1 mohou v jazyce koexistovat. To neznamen\u00e1, \u017ee v\u0161echny pln\u00ed stejnou funkci.<\/p>\n\n
- \n
- Kand\u017ei:<\/strong> se objevuje v mnoha z\u00e1kladech podstatn\u00fdch jmen, sloves a p\u0159\u00eddavn\u00fdch jmen a pom\u00e1h\u00e1 rozpozn\u00e1vat v\u00fdznamy.<\/li>\n
- Hiragana:<\/strong> zaznamen\u00e1v\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1stice, sklo\u0148ovan\u00e9 koncovky, r\u016fzn\u00e1 slova a pomocn\u00e1 \u010dten\u00ed.<\/li>\n
- Katakana:<\/strong> je \u010dast\u00e1 u v\u00fdp\u016fj\u010dek, ciz\u00edch jmen, technick\u00fdch term\u00edn\u016f, onomatopoick\u00fdch v\u00fdraz\u016f a grafick\u00fdch efekt\u016f.<\/li>\n
- R\u014dmaji:<\/strong> se objevuje ve zkratk\u00e1ch, zna\u010dk\u00e1ch, jm\u00e9nech, ozna\u010den\u00edch a kontextech zam\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch na p\u0159epis, ale nenahrazuje b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 japonsk\u00e9 p\u00edsmo.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n
Toto jsou trendy, ne absolutn\u00ed krabice. Slovo se m\u016f\u017ee objevit s jin\u00fdm pravopisem podle konvence, publika nebo stylistick\u00e9ho efektu. Pr\u016fvodce o tom, kdy pou\u017e\u00edt hiraganu, katakanu a kand\u017ei<\/a> prohlubuje tyto volby, ani\u017e by je zam\u011b\u0148oval s \u00fakolem \u010d\u00edst cel\u00fd text.<\/p>\n\n
Japonsk\u00e1 v\u011bta analyzovan\u00e1 po \u010d\u00e1stech<\/h2>\n\n
\n
\u79c1\u306f\u30b3\u30fc\u30d2\u30fc\u3092\u98f2\u307f\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n
\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306f\u30b3\u30fc\u30d2\u30fc\u3092\u306e\u307f\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n
Watashi wa k\u014dh\u012b o nomimasu.<\/em><\/p>\n
Piji k\u00e1vu.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n
V\u011bta neobsahuje mezery, ale funkce pom\u00e1haj\u00ed vid\u011bt jej\u00ed bloky:<\/p>\n\n
- \n
- \u79c1<\/strong> (watashi<\/em>) je \u201cj\u00e1\u201d a objevuje se v kand\u017ei;<\/li>\n
- \u306f<\/strong> ozna\u010duje t\u00e9ma a je v hiragan\u011b;<\/li>\n
- \u30b3\u30fc\u30d2\u30fc<\/strong> (k\u014dh\u012b<\/em>) je \u201ck\u00e1va\u201d a objevuje se v katakan\u011b;<\/li>\n
- \u3092<\/strong> ozna\u010duje p\u0159\u00edm\u00fd p\u0159edm\u011bt a je v hiragan\u011b;<\/li>\n
- \u98f2<\/strong> nese lexik\u00e1ln\u00ed z\u00e1klad \u201cp\u00edt\u201d, zat\u00edmco \u307f\u307e\u3059<\/strong> ukazuje slovesnou koncovku;<\/li>\n
- \u3002<\/strong> ukon\u010duje v\u011btu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n
St\u0159\u00edd\u00e1n\u00ed mezi kand\u017ei a kanou vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed vizu\u00e1ln\u00ed vod\u00edtka. M\u00edsto okam\u017eit\u00e9ho hled\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ekladu slovo od slova nejprve identifikujte \u010d\u00e1stice a sloveso. slovosledu v japon\u0161tin\u011b<\/a> pom\u00e1h\u00e1 pochopit, pro\u010d se sloveso obvykle objevuje bl\u00edzko konce.<\/p>\n\n\n
<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\nPro\u010d japon\u0161tina obvykle nepou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 mezery<\/h2>\n\n
V b\u011b\u017en\u00fdch japonsk\u00fdch textech se slova obvykle objevuj\u00ed v sekvenci, bez pravideln\u00e9ho grafick\u00e9ho odd\u011blen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se nach\u00e1z\u00ed v portugal\u0161tin\u011b. Materi\u00e1l N\u00e1rodn\u00edho institutu japonsk\u00e9ho jazyka o morfologick\u00e9 anal\u00fdze<\/a> vysv\u011btluje, \u017ee japon\u0161tina obvykle nepou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 psan\u00ed segmentovan\u00e9 mezerami, a ukazuje, jak stejn\u00e1 sekvence m\u016f\u017ee vy\u017eadovat anal\u00fdzu, aby byla rozd\u011blena na slova.<\/p>\n\n
\u010cten\u00e1\u0159 nez\u00e1vis\u00ed na jedin\u00e9m vod\u00edtku. Kand\u017ei, kana, \u010d\u00e1stice, koncovky, slovn\u00ed z\u00e1soba a gramatick\u00e1 struktura spolupracuj\u00ed. V \u5b66\u6821\u3067\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3092\u52c9\u5f37\u3057\u307e\u3059, nap\u0159\u00edklad, \u3067 a \u3092 pom\u00e1haj\u00ed ozna\u010dit vztahy, zat\u00edmco bloky v kand\u017ei zv\u00fdraz\u0148uj\u00ed \u5b66\u6821, \u65e5\u672c\u8a9e a \u52c9\u5f37.<\/p>\n\n
Mezery se st\u00e1le mohou objevit v d\u011btsk\u00fdch materi\u00e1lech, v\u00fdukov\u00fdch zdroj\u00edch, titulc\u00edch, nadpisech, rozhran\u00edch nebo z grafick\u00e9ho rozhodnut\u00ed. Proto praktick\u00e9 pravidlo nen\u00ed \u201cjapon\u0161tina nikdy nepou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 mezery\u201d, ale \u201cb\u011b\u017en\u00e9 japonsk\u00e9 psan\u00ed systematicky neodd\u011bluje ka\u017ed\u00e9 slovo mezerami\u201d.<\/p>\n\n
Jak \u010d\u00edst horizont\u00e1ln\u00ed a vertik\u00e1ln\u00ed texty<\/h2>\n\n
Japon\u0161tina m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1na horizont\u00e1ln\u011b nebo vertik\u00e1ln\u011b. V modern\u00edm horizont\u00e1ln\u00edm form\u00e1tu, naz\u00fdvan\u00e9m yokogaki<\/em> (\u6a2a\u66f8\u304d), \u0159\u00e1dky obvykle postupuj\u00ed zleva doprava a shora dol\u016f. Je to p\u0159evl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00ed form\u00e1t na webech, v aplikac\u00edch, technick\u00fdch materi\u00e1lech a velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti digit\u00e1ln\u00edho obsahu.<\/p>\n\n
Ve vertik\u00e1ln\u00edm form\u00e1tu, naz\u00fdvan\u00e9m tategaki<\/em> (\u7e26\u66f8\u304d), znaky sestupuj\u00ed ve sloupc\u00edch a dal\u0161\u00ed sloupec je vlevo. \u010cten\u00ed tedy za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 v nejprav\u011bj\u0161\u00edm sloupci a postupuje doleva. Tento form\u00e1t z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 b\u011b\u017en\u00fd v rom\u00e1nech, novin\u00e1ch, manze, literatu\u0159e a tradi\u010dn\u00edch grafick\u00fdch projektech, i kdy\u017e ka\u017ed\u00e1 publikace m\u016f\u017ee kombinovat prvky.<\/p>\n\n
\u010c\u00edsla, latinsk\u00e1 p\u00edsmena a znam\u00e9nka mohou m\u011bnit orientaci podle typografick\u00e9ho n\u00e1vrhu. M\u00edsto ment\u00e1ln\u00edho ot\u00e1\u010den\u00ed str\u00e1nky hledejte prvn\u00ed blok, sledujte zarovn\u00e1n\u00ed znak\u016f a n\u00e1sledujte sm\u011br \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f nebo sloupc\u016f. \u010cl\u00e1nek o japonsk\u00e9m vertik\u00e1ln\u00edm a horizont\u00e1ln\u00edm psan\u00ed<\/a> prohlubuje oba form\u00e1ty.<\/p>\n\n
Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed interpunk\u010dn\u00ed znam\u00e9nka<\/h2>\n\n
Japonsk\u00e1 interpunkce pom\u00e1h\u00e1 organizovat \u010dten\u00ed, ale ne v\u017edy odpov\u00edd\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 z\u00e1m\u011bn\u011b se znam\u00e9nky portugal\u0161tiny.<\/p>\n\n
- \n
- \u3002<\/strong> (kuten<\/em>) ukon\u010duje v\u011btu.<\/li>\n
- \u3001<\/strong> (t\u014dten<\/em>) ozna\u010duje pauzy a vnit\u0159n\u00ed vztahy, s pou\u017eit\u00edm z\u00e1visl\u00fdm na struktu\u0159e a stylu.<\/li>\n
- \u300c \u300d<\/strong> obvykle vymezuje \u0159e\u010d, citaci nebo zv\u00fdrazn\u011bn\u00ed.<\/li>\n
- \u300e \u300f<\/strong> se m\u016f\u017ee objevit v citac\u00edch uvnit\u0159 citac\u00ed a v n\u00e1zvech d\u011bl, podle redak\u010dn\u00edho kontextu.<\/li>\n
- \u30fb<\/strong> (nakaguro<\/em>) m\u016f\u017ee odd\u011blovat polo\u017eky, ciz\u00ed jm\u00e9na nebo \u010d\u00e1sti v\u00fd\u010dtu.<\/li>\n
- \uff08 \uff09<\/strong> dopl\u0148uje parentetickou informaci.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n
Sou\u010dasn\u00e9 sm\u011brnice Agentury pro kulturn\u00ed z\u00e1le\u017eitosti Japonska<\/a> p\u0159ij\u00edmaj\u00ed \u3002 a \u3001 jako standard pro ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 dokumenty, s mo\u017enost\u00ed z\u00e1padn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1rky v ur\u010dit\u00fdch horizont\u00e1ln\u00edch textech, pokud je pou\u017eit\u00ed konzistentn\u00ed. Pro v\u00edce znam\u00e9nek a p\u0159\u00edklad\u016f viz str\u00e1nku o interpunkci japonsk\u00fdch text\u016f<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n
Jak furigana pom\u00e1h\u00e1, ani\u017e by nahrazovala kand\u017ei<\/h2>\n\n
Furigana je mal\u00e9 \u010dten\u00ed, obvykle v hiragan\u011b, um\u00edst\u011bn\u00e9 vedle kand\u017ei. Objevuje se ve v\u00fdukov\u00fdch materi\u00e1lech, d\u00edlech pro mlad\u00e9 publikum, neobvykl\u00fdch jm\u00e9nech a slovech, jejich\u017e \u010dten\u00ed nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt p\u0159edv\u00eddateln\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n
P\u0159i setk\u00e1n\u00ed s furiganou \u010dt\u011bte celek jako jedno slovo: kand\u017ei poskytuje grafickou a s\u00e9mantickou informaci; kana informuje o v\u00fdslovnosti zvolen\u00e9 v dan\u00e9m kontextu. To se li\u0161\u00ed od p\u0159ekl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00e9ho znaku izolovan\u011b.<\/p>\n\n
Nen\u00ed nutn\u00e9 zn\u00e1t v\u0161echna kand\u017ei p\u0159ed za\u010d\u00e1tkem \u010dten\u00ed. C\u00edlem je postupn\u011b roz\u0161i\u0159ovat rozpozn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed slov pomoc\u00ed furigany, kontextu a slovn\u00edku jako podpory. Pr\u016fvodce japonsk\u00fdm kand\u017ei<\/a> organizuje toto u\u010den\u00ed podle slovn\u00ed z\u00e1soby a pou\u017eit\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n
<\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\nMetoda v p\u011bti kroc\u00edch, jak za\u010d\u00edt se \u010dten\u00edm<\/h2>\n\n
- \n
- Potvr\u010fte sm\u011br.<\/strong> Zjist\u011bte, zda je text v horizont\u00e1ln\u00edch \u0159\u00e1dc\u00edch nebo vertik\u00e1ln\u00edch sloupc\u00edch.<\/li>\n
- Najd\u011bte interpunkci.<\/strong> Rozd\u011blte pas\u00e1\u017e na men\u0161\u00ed v\u011bty, ne\u017e za\u010dnete analyzovat detaily.<\/li>\n
- Ozna\u010dte \u010d\u00e1stice a koncovky.<\/strong> Hiragana jako \u306f, \u304c, \u3092, \u306b a \u3067 odhaluje d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 vztahy.<\/li>\n
- Hledejte zn\u00e1m\u00e1 slova.<\/strong> Pou\u017eijte p\u0159echody mezi kanji, hiraganou a katakanou jako vod\u00edtko, ani\u017e byste p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dali, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00fd p\u0159echod vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed dokonalou hranici.<\/li>\n
- Ov\u011b\u0159te v kontextu.<\/strong> Zkontrolujte \u010dten\u00ed a v\u00fdznam cel\u00e9ho slova; pot\u00e9 si v\u011btu p\u0159e\u010dt\u011bte znovu, ani\u017e byste se spol\u00e9hali na r\u014dmaji.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n
Japan Foundation doporu\u010duje u\u010dit se znaky spojen\u00e9 s ji\u017e zn\u00e1m\u00fdmi slovy, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e psan\u00ed pova\u017euje za sou\u010d\u00e1st slovn\u00ed z\u00e1soby. Toto doporu\u010den\u00ed se objevuje v pedagogick\u00fdch pokynech Marugoto<\/a> a zabra\u0148uje memorov\u00e1n\u00ed symbol\u016f bez kontextu.<\/p>\n\n
Chyby, kter\u00e9 zt\u011b\u017euj\u00ed \u010dten\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n
- \n
- Pou\u017e\u00edvat r\u014dmaji jako trvalou f\u00e1zi:<\/strong> m\u016f\u017ee podpo\u0159it za\u010d\u00e1tek, ale skr\u00fdv\u00e1 vod\u00edtka p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e1 v p\u016fvodn\u00edm p\u00edsmu.<\/li>\n
- Sna\u017eit se p\u0159ekl\u00e1dat p\u0159ed segmentac\u00ed:<\/strong> nejprve identifikujte v\u011btu, \u010d\u00e1stice a sloveso; pot\u00e9 hledejte p\u0159irozen\u00e9 ekvivalenty.<\/li>\n
- P\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00e9 kanji je izolovan\u00e9 slovo:<\/strong> mnoho znak\u016f se \u00fa\u010dastn\u00ed slo\u017eenin nebo dost\u00e1v\u00e1 koncovky v hiragan\u011b.<\/li>\n
- Ignorovat katakanu:<\/strong> p\u0159ejat\u00e1 slova, jm\u00e9na a technick\u00e9 term\u00edny mohou n\u00e9st kl\u00ed\u010dovou informaci pas\u00e1\u017ee.<\/li>\n
- Aplikovat absolutn\u00ed pravidla:<\/strong> grafie, interpunkce a prezentace se li\u0161\u00ed podle \u017e\u00e1nru, publika a redak\u010dn\u00edho stylu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n
Pro upevn\u011bn\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00edch tvar\u016f p\u0159ed \u010dten\u00edm del\u0161\u00edch text\u016f pou\u017eijte tabulku hiragany a katakany<\/a>. P\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o tom, jak se toto p\u00edsmo vytvo\u0159ilo, je v \u010dl\u00e1nku o p\u016fvod japonsk\u00e9 abecedy<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n
Co procvi\u010dovat p\u0159i p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00edm \u010dten\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n
Vyberte si kr\u00e1tkou v\u011btu a p\u0159e\u010dt\u011bte si ji dvakr\u00e1t. P\u0159i prvn\u00edm \u010dten\u00ed nep\u0159ekl\u00e1dejte: identifikujte sm\u011br, interpunkci, typy p\u00edsma, \u010d\u00e1stice a mo\u017en\u00e9 bloky. P\u0159i druh\u00e9m \u010dten\u00ed potvr\u010fte slovn\u00ed z\u00e1sobu a znovu vytvo\u0159te p\u0159irozen\u00fd v\u00fdznam.<\/p>\n\n
S prax\u00ed text p\u0159estane vypadat jako souvisl\u00e1 sekvence symbol\u016f. Kombinace kand\u017ei, hiragany, katakany, znak\u016f a struktury za\u010dne v\u00e9st o\u010di \u2014 p\u0159esn\u011b to umo\u017e\u0148uje \u010d\u00edst bez z\u00e1vislosti na mezer\u00e1ch mezi v\u0161emi slovy.<\/p>\n\n
\n\n\nPou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 japon\u0161tina mezery mezi slovy?<\/h3>\n
\n\nB\u011b\u017en\u00e9 japonsk\u00e9 texty systematicky neodd\u011bluj\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00e9 slovo mezerami. \u010cten\u00e1\u0159 pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 kand\u017ei, kana, \u010d\u00e1stice, koncovky, slovn\u00ed z\u00e1sobu a gramatiku k rozpozn\u00e1n\u00ed blok\u016f. Mezery se mohou objevit ve v\u00fdukov\u00fdch materi\u00e1lech, d\u011btsk\u00fdch materi\u00e1lech nebo z grafick\u00e9 volby.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n\u010cte se japon\u0161tina zprava doleva?<\/h3>\n
\n\nZ\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed na uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed. V modern\u00edm horizont\u00e1ln\u00edm textu \u010dten\u00ed obvykle prob\u00edh\u00e1 zleva doprava. Ve vertik\u00e1ln\u00edm textu znaky klesaj\u00ed ve sloupc\u00edch a \u010dten\u00ed postupuje zprava doleva.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\nPro\u010d se hiragana, katakana a kand\u017ei objevuj\u00ed ve stejn\u00e9 v\u011bt\u011b?<\/h3>\n
\n\nProto\u017ee pln\u00ed dopl\u0148kov\u00e9 funkce. Kand\u017ei zv\u00fdraz\u0148uje mnoho jader v\u00fdznamu, hiragana ukazuje gramatick\u00e9 prvky a sklo\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed, a katakana je b\u011b\u017en\u00e1 u v\u00fdp\u016fj\u010dek, ciz\u00edch jmen a dal\u0161\u00edch specifick\u00fdch pou\u017eit\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\nJe nutn\u00e9 zn\u00e1t v\u0161echny kand\u017ei, abyste mohli za\u010d\u00edt \u010d\u00edst?<\/h3>\n
\n\nNe. Je mo\u017en\u00e9 za\u010d\u00edt s kr\u00e1tk\u00fdmi v\u011btami a postupn\u011b roz\u0161i\u0159ovat slovn\u00ed z\u00e1sobu. Furigana, kontext a slovn\u00edky pom\u00e1haj\u00ed potvrdit \u010dten\u00ed, ale ide\u00e1ln\u00ed je u\u010dit se kand\u017ei v r\u00e1mci skute\u010dn\u00fdch slov.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\nJe R\u014dmaji sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed japonsk\u00e9ho p\u00edsma?<\/h3>\n
\n\n\u0158\u00edmsk\u00e1 p\u00edsmena se objevuj\u00ed v p\u0159episech, zkratk\u00e1ch, n\u00e1zvech, zna\u010dk\u00e1ch a ozna\u010den\u00edch. Mohou pomoci za\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edk\u016fm, ale nenahrazuj\u00ed sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00fd syst\u00e9m kand\u017ei a kany b\u011b\u017en\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd v japonsk\u00fdch textech.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Nau\u010dte se rozpozn\u00e1vat typy p\u00edsma, hranice slov, sm\u011br a interpunkci, abyste mohli za\u010d\u00edt \u010d\u00edst japonsk\u00e9 texty.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":23,"featured_media":239,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[2,3],"class_list":["post-223","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-japones","tag-idioma-japones","tag-nihongo","resize-featured-image"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/223","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/23"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=223"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/223\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4457,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/223\/revisions\/4457"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/239"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=223"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=223"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=223"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
- Sna\u017eit se p\u0159ekl\u00e1dat p\u0159ed segmentac\u00ed:<\/strong> nejprve identifikujte v\u011btu, \u010d\u00e1stice a sloveso; pot\u00e9 hledejte p\u0159irozen\u00e9 ekvivalenty.<\/li>\n
- Najd\u011bte interpunkci.<\/strong> Rozd\u011blte pas\u00e1\u017e na men\u0161\u00ed v\u011bty, ne\u017e za\u010dnete analyzovat detaily.<\/li>\n
- \u3001<\/strong> (t\u014dten<\/em>) ozna\u010duje pauzy a vnit\u0159n\u00ed vztahy, s pou\u017eit\u00edm z\u00e1visl\u00fdm na struktu\u0159e a stylu.<\/li>\n
- \u306f<\/strong> ozna\u010duje t\u00e9ma a je v hiragan\u011b;<\/li>\n
- Hiragana:<\/strong> zaznamen\u00e1v\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1stice, sklo\u0148ovan\u00e9 koncovky, r\u016fzn\u00e1 slova a pomocn\u00e1 \u010dten\u00ed.<\/li>\n
- Kde jsou jednotky v\u011bty?<\/strong> Sledujte \u010d\u00e1stice, flexe a zm\u011bny p\u00edsma, abyste na\u0161li mo\u017en\u00e9 hranice.<\/li>\n