{"id":1665,"date":"2009-11-03T04:43:39","date_gmt":"2009-11-03T06:43:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/?p=1665"},"modified":"2026-08-09T13:52:00","modified_gmt":"2026-08-09T16:52:00","slug":"mi-a-ser-ige-jelentese-japanul","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/hu\/desu-o-verbo-ser-em-japones\/","title":{"rendered":"\u3067\u3059 (desu) jap\u00e1nul: jelent\u00e9s, haszn\u00e1lat \u00e9s form\u00e1k"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>\u3067\u3059 (<em>desu<\/em>)<\/strong> udmurt nyelv\u0171, sok jap\u00e1n mondat v\u00e9g\u00e9n haszn\u00e1lt udvarias forma. Portug\u00e1l ford\u00edt\u00e1sokban megjelenhet \u201cvan\u201d, \u201cvan\u201d, \u201cvagyok\u201d vagy \u201cvannak\u201d alakban, de nem \u00fagy m\u0171k\u00f6dik, mint egy \u201clenni\u201d ige, amely b\u00e1rmely mondatba beilleszthet\u0151. A szerepe <span lang=\"ja\">\u3067\u3059<\/span> az el\u0151tte \u00e1ll\u00f3 \u00e1ll\u00edtm\u00e1ny t\u00edpus\u00e1t\u00f3l f\u00fcgg.<\/p>\n\n<p>A gyakorlati szab\u00e1ly: haszn\u00e1lja <span lang=\"ja\">\u3067\u3059<\/span> f\u0151leg f\u0151nevek \u00e9s \u306a mell\u00e9knevek ut\u00e1n udvarias mondatokban. \u3044 mell\u00e9knevek ut\u00e1n udvarias\u00e1got ad hozz\u00e1, m\u00edg maga a mell\u00e9kn\u00e9v fejezi ki \u00e9s ragozza az \u00e1llapotot. Ig\u00e9kkel az udvarias forma \u00e1ltal\u00e1ban <span lang=\"ja\">\u307e\u3059<\/span>, -ra v\u00e9gz\u0151dik, nem <span lang=\"ja\">\u3067\u3059<\/span>.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Mit jelent a desu jap\u00e1nul?<\/h2>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">\u3067\u3059<\/span> seg\u00edt udvarias \u00e1ll\u00edtm\u00e1nyt alkotni. Hasonl\u00edtsa \u00f6ssze h\u00e1rom mondatt\u00edpust:<\/p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">Tanaka-san sensei desu.<\/span><br \/><em>Tanaka-san wa sensei desu.<\/em><br \/>Tanaka tan\u00e1r.<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e\u753a\u306f\u9759\u304b\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><br \/><em>Kono machi wa shizuka desu.<\/em><br \/>Ez a v\u00e1ros csendes.<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">Ma meleg van.<\/span><br \/><em>Ma meleg van.<\/em><br \/>Ma meleg van.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>Az els\u0151 mondatban, <span lang=\"ja\">\u5148\u751f<\/span> f\u0151n\u00e9v. A m\u00e1sodikban, <span lang=\"ja\">\u9759\u304b<\/span> \u306a mell\u00e9kn\u00e9v. A harmadikban, <span lang=\"ja\">\u6691\u3044<\/span> \u3044 mell\u00e9kn\u00e9v: m\u00e1r tartalmazza a \u201cmeleg van\u201d gondolat\u00e1t, \u00e9s <span lang=\"ja\">\u3067\u3059<\/span> udvariass\u00e1 teszi a mondatot.<\/p>\n\n<p>Ez a k\u00fcl\u00f6nbs\u00e9g elker\u00fcli az egyes r\u00e9szek mechanikus ford\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1t. Az \u00e1ll\u00edtm\u00e1ny mondatszervez\u0151 szerep\u00e9nek meg\u00e9rt\u00e9s\u00e9hez olvassa el az \u00fatmutat\u00f3t a <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/hu\/hogyan-kell-mondatokat-alkotni-japanul\/\">hogyan kell mondatokat alkotni jap\u00e1nul<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<h2>A Desu nem univerz\u00e1lis \u201clenni\u201d ige<\/h2>\n\n<p>A <span lang=\"ja\">\u3067\u3059<\/span> \u201clenni\u201d ig\u00e9nek nevez\u00e9se seg\u00edthet az els\u0151 ford\u00edt\u00e1sban, de hib\u00e1kat okoz, ha abszol\u00fat szab\u00e1lly\u00e1 v\u00e1lik. Nem helyettes\u00edti a portug\u00e1l \u201cser\u201d \u00e9s \u201cestar\u201d \u00f6sszes haszn\u00e1lat\u00e1t, \u00e9s nem szabad minden jap\u00e1n ige ut\u00e1n hozz\u00e1adni.<\/p>\n\n<p>Az ige udvarias alakja \u00e1ltal\u00e1ban <span lang=\"ja\">\u307e\u3059<\/span>:<\/p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Helyes:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">Minden nap jap\u00e1nul tanulok.<\/span><br \/><em>Minden nap jap\u00e1nul tanulok.<\/em><br \/>Minden nap tanulok jap\u00e1nul.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Helytelen:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u6bce\u65e5\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3092\u52c9\u5f37\u3059\u308b\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>Tov\u00e1bb\u00e1 nincs egy az egyhez megfelel\u00e9s az \u201cestar\u201d \u00e9s <span lang=\"ja\">\u3067\u3059<\/span>. A l\u00e9tez\u00e9s, a helymeghat\u00e1roz\u00e1s, a folyamatban l\u00e9v\u0151 cselekv\u00e9sek \u00e9s az \u00e1llapotv\u00e1ltoz\u00e1sok m\u00e1s szerkezeteket haszn\u00e1lnak. Ez\u00e9rt \u00e9rdemes el\u0151sz\u00f6r megtanulni a k\u00fcl\u00f6nbs\u00e9get a f\u0151nevek, mell\u00e9knevek \u00e9s ig\u00e9k k\u00f6z\u00f6tt a <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/hu\/alapveto-japan-nyelvtan\/\">jap\u00e1n nyelvtanban kezd\u0151knek<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Udvarias form\u00e1k f\u0151nevekkel \u00e9s \u306a mell\u00e9knevekkel<\/h2>\n\n<p>A jap\u00e1n nyelv els\u0151sorban megk\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6zteti a <strong>nem m\u00falt<\/strong> e <strong>m\u00falt<\/strong>. A nem m\u00falt id\u0151 le\u00edrhatja a jelent, a szok\u00e1sokat vagy a j\u00f6v\u0151beli helyzeteket; a kontextus jelzi a megfelel\u0151 \u00e9rtelmez\u00e9st. Az <a href=\"https:\/\/www.irodori.jpf.go.jp\/assets\/data\/elementary01\/pdf\/Y_L04.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Irodori nyelvtani t\u00e1bl\u00e1zata<\/a> bemutatja ezt a szemben\u00e1ll\u00e1st, \u00e9s elk\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00edti a f\u0151neveket, mell\u00e9kneveket \u00e9s ig\u00e9ket.<\/p>\n\n<table>\n<thead><tr><th>\u00c9rt\u00e9k<\/th><th>Udvarias forma<\/th><th>P\u00e9lda f\u0151n\u00e9vvel<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td>Nem m\u00falt, \u00e1ll\u00edt\u00f3<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3067\u3059<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u4eca\u65e5\u306f\u4f11\u307f\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><br \/>Ma szabadnap van.<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Nem m\u00falt, tagad\u00f3<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3058\u3083\u306a\u3044\u3067\u3059<\/span><br \/><span lang=\"ja\">nem<\/span><br \/><span lang=\"ja\">\u3067\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u4eca\u65e5\u306f\u4f11\u307f\u3058\u3083\u306a\u3044\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><br \/>Ma nem szabadnap.<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>M\u00faltbeli igenl\u0151<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3067\u3057\u305f<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u6628\u65e5\u306f\u4f11\u307f\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/span><br \/>Tegnap szabadnap volt.<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Negat\u00edv m\u00falt<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3058\u3083\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3067\u3059<\/span><br \/><span lang=\"ja\">nem \u00edgy volt<\/span><br \/><span lang=\"ja\">\u3067\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3067\u3057\u305f<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u6628\u65e5\u306f\u4f11\u307f\u3058\u3083\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><br \/>Tegnap nem volt szabadnap.<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">\u3058\u3083<\/span> gyakori a besz\u00e9dben. <span lang=\"ja\">\u3067\u306f<\/span> ink\u00e1bb \u00edr\u00e1sban \u00e9s form\u00e1lis kontextusban fordul el\u0151. Ez nem teszi <span lang=\"ja\">nem<\/span> \u201chaszn\u00e1laton k\u00edv\u00fcliv\u00e9\u201d: a v\u00e1laszt\u00e1s a regisztert\u0151l \u00e9s a szerkezett\u0151l f\u00fcgg. Az Irodori kezdeti anyaga meger\u0151s\u00edti <a href=\"https:\/\/www.irodori.jpf.go.jp\/assets\/data\/starter\/pdf\/X_L03.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a tagad\u00f3 form\u00e1kat <span lang=\"ja\">\u3058\u3083\u306a\u3044\u3067\u3059<\/span> e <span lang=\"ja\">nem<\/span><\/a> \u00e9s megmagyar\u00e1zza a <span lang=\"ja\">\u3067\u306f<\/span> preferenci\u00e1j\u00e1t \u00edr\u00e1sban.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Mi a k\u00fcl\u00f6nbs\u00e9g a desu \u00e9s a da k\u00f6z\u00f6tt?<\/h2>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">\u3067\u3059<\/span> a udvarias st\u00edlushoz tartozik; <span lang=\"ja\">\u3060<\/span> az egyszer\u0171 st\u00edlushoz tartozik. <span lang=\"ja\">\u3060<\/span> nem csup\u00e1n a <span lang=\"ja\">\u3067\u3059<\/span>. r\u00f6vid kiejt\u00e9se. A csere megv\u00e1ltoztatja a mondat regiszter\u00e9t, \u00e9s illeszkednie kell a helyzethez \u00e9s a mondat t\u00f6bbi r\u00e9sz\u00e9hez.<\/p>\n\n<table>\n<thead><tr><th>\u00c9rt\u00e9k<\/th><th>Udvarias st\u00edlus<\/th><th>Egyszer\u0171 st\u00edlus<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td>Nem m\u00falt, \u00e1ll\u00edt\u00f3<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u5b66\u751f\u3067\u3059<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u5b66\u751f\u3060<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Nem m\u00falt, tagad\u00f3<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u5b66\u751f\u3058\u3083\u306a\u3044\u3067\u3059<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u5b66\u751f\u3058\u3083\u306a\u3044<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>M\u00faltbeli igenl\u0151<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u5b66\u751f\u3067\u3057\u305f<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u5b66\u751f\u3060\u3063\u305f<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Negat\u00edv m\u00falt<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u5b66\u751f\u3058\u3083\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3067\u3059<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u5b66\u751f\u3058\u3083\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<p>Inform\u00e1lis besz\u00e9lget\u00e9sekben a <span lang=\"ja\">\u3060<\/span> v\u00e9gz\u0151d\u00e9s bizonyos mondatokban elhagyhat\u00f3, k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen r\u00f6vid k\u00e9rd\u00e9sekn\u00e9l: <span lang=\"ja\">\u5b66\u751f\uff1f<\/span> (\u201cDi\u00e1k?\u201d) Ez nem azt jelenti, hogy <span lang=\"ja\">\u3060<\/span> e <span lang=\"ja\">\u3067\u3059<\/span> b\u00e1rmilyen kontextusban felcser\u00e9lhet\u0151k lenn\u00e9nek. A <a href=\"https:\/\/www.irodori.jpf.go.jp\/assets\/data\/elementary01\/pdf\/Y_L18.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Japan Foundation egyszer\u0171 form\u00e1k t\u00e1bl\u00e1zata<\/a> r\u00f6gz\u00edti a <span lang=\"ja\">\u3060\uff0f\u3060\u3063\u305f\uff0f\u3058\u3083\u306a\u3044\uff0f\u3058\u3083\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/span> form\u00e1kat f\u0151nevek \u00e9s \u306a-mell\u00e9knevek eset\u00e9n.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Hogyan m\u0171k\u00f6dik a desu az \u3044-mell\u00e9knevekkel?<\/h2>\n\n<p>Az \u3044-mell\u00e9knevek \u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3an ragoz\u00f3dnak. Ne alak\u00edtsd \u00e1t egyszer\u0171en a <span lang=\"ja\">\u3067\u3059<\/span> a  c\u00edmen. <span lang=\"ja\">\u3067\u3057\u305f<\/span>. A v\u00e1ltoz\u00e1s a mell\u00e9kn\u00e9vben t\u00f6rt\u00e9nik:<\/p>\n\n<table>\n<thead><tr><th>\u00c9rt\u00e9k<\/th><th>Forma<\/th><th>Ford\u00edt\u00e1s<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td>Nem m\u00falt, \u00e1ll\u00edt\u00f3<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u9ad8\u3044\u3067\u3059<\/span><br \/><em>takai desu<\/em><\/td><td>Dr\u00e1ga.<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Nem m\u00falt, tagad\u00f3<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u9ad8\u304f\u306a\u3044\u3067\u3059<\/span><br \/><em>takakunai desu<\/em><\/td><td>Nem dr\u00e1ga.<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>M\u00faltbeli igenl\u0151<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u9ad8\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3067\u3059<\/span><br \/><em>takakatta desu<\/em><\/td><td>Dr\u00e1ga volt.<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Negat\u00edv m\u00falt<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u9ad8\u304f\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3067\u3059<\/span><br \/><em>takakunakatta desu<\/em><\/td><td>Nem volt dr\u00e1ga.<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<p>\u00cdgy, <span lang=\"ja\">\u9ad8\u3044\u3067\u3057\u305f<\/span> helytelen. A ragoz\u00e1s m\u00e9lyebb meg\u00e9rt\u00e9s\u00e9hez l\u00e1sd: <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/hu\/hogyan-hasznaljuk-a-mellekneveket-japanul\/\">hogyan haszn\u00e1ljuk a mell\u00e9kneveket jap\u00e1nul<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Hogyan ejts\u00fck ki a desu-t?<\/h2>\n\n<p>A leitura \u00e9 <em>desu<\/em>. Em muitas variedades e situa\u00e7\u00f5es de fala, a vogal <em>u<\/em> final fica enfraquecida ou n\u00e3o recebe voz, fazendo a palavra soar pr\u00f3xima de \u201cdes\u201d. Isso n\u00e3o autoriza apagar o som de maneira for\u00e7ada em todas as situa\u00e7\u00f5es. Regi\u00e3o, idade, velocidade, \u00eanfase e grau de formalidade podem alterar a pron\u00fancia. O <a href=\"https:\/\/kotoba.ninjal.ac.jp\/qa\/yokuaru\/qa-215\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NINJAL explica a varia\u00e7\u00e3o de pron\u00fancia em <span lang=\"ja\">\u3067\u3059\u30fb\u307e\u3059<\/span><\/a> e observa diferen\u00e7as regionais e geracionais.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Como transformar uma frase com desu em pergunta?<\/h2>\n\n<p>No registro educado, acrescente <span lang=\"ja\">\u304b<\/span> ao final:<\/p>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">\u7530\u4e2d\u3055\u3093\u306f\u5148\u751f\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><br \/><em>Tanaka-san wa sensei desu ka.<\/em><br \/>Tanaka \u00e9 professor?<\/p>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e\u753a\u306f\u9759\u304b\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><br \/><em>Kono machi wa shizuka desu ka.<\/em><br \/>Esta cidade \u00e9 tranquila?<\/p>\n\n<p>Na fala informal, a entona\u00e7\u00e3o e outras termina\u00e7\u00f5es podem formar perguntas sem <span lang=\"ja\">\u304b<\/span>. O guia sobre <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/hu\/hogyan-kell-japanul-kerdezni\/\">hogyan kell jap\u00e1nul k\u00e9rdezni<\/a> explica a diferen\u00e7a entre perguntas educadas e informais.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Erros comuns com desu<\/h2>\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Usar depois de um verbo no dicion\u00e1rio:<\/strong> prefira <span lang=\"ja\">\u884c\u304d\u307e\u3059<\/span> no estilo educado, n\u00e3o <span lang=\"ja\">\u884c\u304f\u3067\u3059<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Fazer o passado de um adjetivo \u3044 como <span lang=\"ja\">\u9ad8\u3044\u3067\u3057\u305f<\/span>:<\/strong> a forma correta \u00e9 <span lang=\"ja\">\u9ad8\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3067\u3059<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tratar <span lang=\"ja\">\u3060<\/span> como abrevia\u00e7\u00e3o educada:<\/strong> az egyszer\u0171 st\u00edlushoz tartozik, \u00e9s bizonyos kapcsolatokban t\u00fal k\u00f6zvetlennek hangozhat.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Azt \u00e1ll\u00edtani, hogy <span lang=\"ja\">nem<\/span> nem haszn\u00e1latos:<\/strong> a forma tov\u00e1bbra is \u00e9rv\u00e9nyes; <span lang=\"ja\">nem<\/span> csak besz\u00e9lget\u0151sebb.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Mindig \u201cdes\u201d-nek kiejteni:<\/strong> a <em>u<\/em> v\u00e1ltozik; el\u0151sz\u00f6r \u0151rizd meg a ritmust, \u00e9s hallgass besz\u00e9l\u0151ket k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6z\u0151 kontextusokban.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2>R\u00f6vid p\u00e1rbesz\u00e9d a desu-val<\/h2>\n\n<p><strong>A:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u7530\u4e2d\u3055\u3093\u306f\u5148\u751f\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><br \/><em>Tanaka-san wa sensei desu ka.<\/em><br \/>Tanaka \u00e9 professor?<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>B:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u3044\u3044\u3048\u3001\u5148\u751f\u3058\u3083\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u4f1a\u793e\u54e1\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><br \/><em>Iie, sensei ja arimasen. Kaishain desu.<\/em><br \/>Nem, nem tan\u00e1r. Egy c\u00e9g alkalmazottja.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>A:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u6628\u65e5\u3082\u4ed5\u4e8b\u3067\u3057\u305f\u304b\u3002<\/span><br \/><em>Kin\u014d mo shigoto deshita ka.<\/em><br \/>Tegnap is munkanap volt?<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>B:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u3044\u3044\u3048\u3001\u4f11\u307f\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/span><br \/><em>Iie, yasumi deshita.<\/em><br \/>Nem, szabadnap volt.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Gyakorlat: v\u00e1laszd ki a helyes form\u00e1t<\/h2>\n\n<ol>\n<li>\u201cTegnap nyugodt volt\u201d: <span lang=\"ja\">\u6628\u65e5\u306f\u9759\u304b\uff08\u3067\u3059\uff0f\u3067\u3057\u305f\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/li>\n<li>\u201cMa nem \u00fcnnepnap van\u201d: <span lang=\"ja\">\u4eca\u65e5\u306f\u795d\u65e5\uff08\u3058\u3083\u306a\u3044\u3067\u3059\uff0f\u3060\u3063\u305f\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/li>\n<li>\u201cDr\u00e1ga volt\u201d: <span lang=\"ja\">\u9ad8\u3044\u3067\u3057\u305f\uff0f\u9ad8\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/li>\n<li>\u201cJap\u00e1nba megyek\u201d udvarias st\u00edlusban: <span lang=\"ja\">\u65e5\u672c\u3078\u884c\u304f\u3067\u3059\uff0f\u65e5\u672c\u3078\u884c\u304d\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<p><strong>V\u00e1laszok:<\/strong> 1) <span lang=\"ja\">\u3067\u3057\u305f<\/span>, mert a mondat m\u00falt id\u0151ben van; 2) <span lang=\"ja\">\u3058\u3083\u306a\u3044\u3067\u3059<\/span>, udvarias tagad\u00e1s nem m\u00falt id\u0151ben; 3) <span lang=\"ja\">\u9ad8\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3067\u3059<\/span>, mert az \u3044 mell\u00e9kn\u00e9v ragoz\u00e1st kap; 4) <span lang=\"ja\">\u65e5\u672c\u3078\u884c\u304d\u307e\u3059<\/span>, mert az ig\u00e9k \u00e1ltal\u00e1ban <span lang=\"ja\">\u307e\u3059<\/span> udvarias st\u00edlusban haszn\u00e1latosak.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Gyakran ism\u00e9telt k\u00e9rd\u00e9sek<\/h2>\n\n<div id=\"rank-math-faq\" class=\"rank-math-block\">\n<div class=\"rank-math-list\">\n<div id=\"faq-question-327455de07c61\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Mit jelent a desu jap\u00e1nul?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>A \u201c\u3067\u3059 (desu)\u201d udvariass\u00e1 teszi a mondatot, \u00e9s seg\u00edt \u00e1ll\u00edtm\u00e1nyt k\u00e9pezni f\u0151nevekkel \u00e9s mell\u00e9knevekkel. A ford\u00edt\u00e1s lehet \u201cvan\u201d, \u201cvan\u201d, \u201cvagyok\u201d vagy \u201evannak\u201d, de a pontos jelent\u00e9s a kontextust\u00f3l \u00e9s az el\u0151tte \u00e1ll\u00f3 elemt\u0151l f\u00fcgg.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-6eaab8f05fa53\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">A desu a jap\u00e1n \"lenni\" ige?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>Nem univerz\u00e1lisan. Ez a ford\u00edt\u00e1s egyszer\u0171 mondatokban seg\u00edthet, de a \u3067\u3059 nem helyettes\u00edti a \u201clenni\u201d \u00e9s \u201clenni\u201d minden haszn\u00e1lat\u00e1t. A jap\u00e1n ig\u00e9k \u00e1ltal\u00e1ban \u307e\u3059-t haszn\u00e1lnak udvarias st\u00edlusban, m\u00edg a f\u0151nevek \u00e9s mell\u00e9knevek saj\u00e1t mint\u00e1kat k\u00f6vetnek.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-78c00be5160ac\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Mi a k\u00fcl\u00f6nbs\u00e9g a desu \u00e9s a da k\u00f6z\u00f6tt?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>A \u3067\u3059 udvarias st\u00edlushoz tartozik; a \u3060 pedig a semleges st\u00edlushoz. F\u0151nevek \u00e9s \u306a mell\u00e9knevek ut\u00e1n megfelel\u0151 szerepeket t\u00f6lthetnek be, de a v\u00e1laszt\u00e1s megv\u00e1ltoztatja a regisztert \u00e9s a besz\u00e9lget\u0151partnerhez f\u0171z\u0151d\u0151 viszonyt. A \u3060 nem csup\u00e1n a \u3067\u3059 r\u00f6vid\u00edt\u00e9se.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-4ba13b3d77d08\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Hogyan tegy\u00fck a desu-t m\u00falt id\u0151be \u00e9s tagad\u00f3 form\u00e1ba?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>A \u306a f\u0151nevek \u00e9s mell\u00e9knevek eset\u00e9n a m\u00falt id\u0151 kijelent\u0151 form\u00e1j\u00e1ban a \u3067\u3057\u305f-t haszn\u00e1ljuk. A tagad\u00e1shoz gyakori form\u00e1k a \u3058\u3083\u306a\u3044\u3067\u3059, \u3058\u3083\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093 \u00e9s \u3067\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093; a m\u00falt idej\u0171 tagad\u00e1sban a \u3058\u3083\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3067\u3059, \u3058\u3083\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3067\u3057\u305f vagy \u3067\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3067\u3057\u305f form\u00e1kat haszn\u00e1ljuk.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-7eb9c5d674bd2\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Haszn\u00e1lhatom a desu-t b\u00e1rmely ige ut\u00e1n?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>Nem. Az udvarias alak\u00fa ige \u00e1ltal\u00e1ban \u307e\u3059-ra v\u00e9gz\u0151dik: p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul \u884c\u304d\u307e\u3059. Az \u884c\u304f\u3067\u3059 szerkezet helytelen a standard jap\u00e1nban. A \u3067\u3059 megjelenhet n\u00e9h\u00e1ny olyan forma ut\u00e1n, amelyek m\u00e1r predik\u00e1tumk\u00e9nt m\u0171k\u00f6dnek, de nem helyettes\u00edti az igeragoz\u00e1st.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<h2>K\u00f6vetkez\u0151 l\u00e9p\u00e9s: ismerd fel az \u00e1ll\u00edtm\u00e1ny t\u00edpus\u00e1t<\/h2>\n\n<p>Miel\u0151tt kiv\u00e1lasztan\u00e1d <span lang=\"ja\">\u3067\u3059<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">\u3060<\/span> vagy <span lang=\"ja\">\u307e\u3059<\/span>, hat\u00e1rozd meg, hogy a mondat magja f\u0151n\u00e9v, \u306a mell\u00e9kn\u00e9v, \u3044 mell\u00e9kn\u00e9v vagy ige. Ez az egyszer\u0171 d\u00f6nt\u00e9s elker\u00fcli a hib\u00e1k nagy r\u00e9sz\u00e9t, \u00e9s \u00f6sszekapcsolja ezt a t\u00e9m\u00e1t a <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/hu\/japan-szorend\/\">jap\u00e1n sz\u00f3rend<\/a> \u00e9s a <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/hu\/alapveto-reszecskek-japanul\/\">partikul\u00e1kkal, amelyek a csoportok funkci\u00f3j\u00e1t jel\u00f6lik<\/a>.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00c9rtsd meg, mit jelent a \u3067\u3059 (desu), mikor haszn\u00e1ld ezt az udvarias form\u00e1t, \u00e9s hogyan k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6ztesd meg a f\u0151neveket, mell\u00e9kneveket \u00e9s ig\u00e9ket a jap\u00e1n mondatokban.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":1667,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[49,70,73,60],"tags":[27,71,2,3],"class_list":["post-1665","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-curso-de-japones-gratis","category-gramatica-japonesa","category-verbos-em-japones","category-vocabulario-japones","tag-gramatica","tag-gramatica-japonesa","tag-idioma-japones","tag-nihongo","resize-featured-image"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1665","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/18"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1665"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1665\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4403,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1665\/revisions\/4403"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1667"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1665"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1665"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1665"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}