{"id":2132,"date":"2009-11-04T06:32:27","date_gmt":"2009-11-04T08:32:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/?p=2132"},"modified":"2026-08-15T17:29:12","modified_gmt":"2026-08-15T20:29:12","slug":"a-japan-igek-potencialis-alakja","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/hu\/forma-potencial-dos-verbos-japoneses\/","title":{"rendered":"A jap\u00e1n ig\u00e9k potenci\u00e1lis alakja: gyakorlati \u00fatmutat\u00f3"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>A <strong>potenci\u00e1lis alak jap\u00e1nul<\/strong> azt jelzi, hogy valaki k\u00e9pes v\u00e9grehajtani egy cselekv\u00e9st, vagy hogy egy cselekv\u00e9s lehets\u00e9ges az adott k\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00e9nyek k\u00f6z\u00f6tt. P\u00e9ld\u00e1ul:, <span lang=\"ja\">\u8a71\u305b\u307e\u3059<\/span> azt jelenti, hogy \u201ctudok besz\u00e9lni\u201d, m\u00edg a <span lang=\"ja\">\u4f7f\u3048\u307e\u305b\u3093<\/span> jelentheti azt, hogy \u201cnem lehet haszn\u00e1lni\u201d.<\/p>\n\n<p>Ez az alak \u00f6nmag\u00e1ban nem form\u00e1lis vagy inform\u00e1lis. Az udvariass\u00e1g a v\u00e9gz\u0151d\u00e9st\u0151l f\u00fcgg: <span lang=\"ja\">besz\u00e9lni tud<\/span> a egyszer\u0171 st\u00edlushoz tartozik, a <span lang=\"ja\">\u8a71\u305b\u307e\u3059<\/span> pedig az udvarias st\u00edlushoz. A <span lang=\"ja\">verbo + \u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b<\/span> szerkezet hasonl\u00f3 jelent\u00e9seket fejez ki, \u00e9s szint\u00e9n megjelenhet mindk\u00e9t regiszterben.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Mit fejez ki a potenci\u00e1lis alak?<\/h2>\n\n<p>A potenci\u00e1lis alak, amelyet <span lang=\"ja\">\u53ef\u80fd\u5f62<\/span> (<em>kan\u014dkei<\/em>-nek h\u00edvnak, egy cselekv\u00e9st lehets\u00e9gesk\u00e9nt mutat be. A kontextus mutatja meg, hogy a mondat a szem\u00e9ly k\u00e9pess\u00e9g\u00e9r\u0151l, egy lehet\u0151s\u00e9gr\u0151l vagy egy k\u00fcls\u0151 felt\u00e9telr\u0151l besz\u00e9l-e.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u79c1\u306f\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u304c\u8a71\u305b\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/><span lang=\"ja\">\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306f \u306b\u307b\u3093\u3054\u304c \u306f\u306a\u305b\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><br \/><em>Watashi wa nihongo ga hanasemasu.<\/em><br \/>Tudok jap\u00e1nul besz\u00e9lni.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e\u7f8e\u8853\u9928\u3067\u306f\u5199\u771f\u304c\u64ae\u308c\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e \u3073\u3058\u3085\u3064\u304b\u3093\u3067\u306f \u3057\u3083\u3057\u3093\u304c \u3068\u308c\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002<\/span><br \/><em>Kono bijutsukan de wa shashin ga toremasen.<\/em><br \/>Nem lehet f\u00e9nyk\u00e9pezni ebben a m\u00fazeumban.<\/p>\n\n<p>Az els\u0151 mondat egy k\u00e9pess\u00e9get \u00edr le. A m\u00e1sodik egy lehetetlens\u00e9get mutat be, amelyet a hely szab\u00e1lyai vagy felt\u00e9telei okoznak. Magyarul a k\u00e9t gondolatot \u00e1ltal\u00e1ban a \u201ctud\u201d vagy \u201clehet\u201d ig\u00e9kkel ford\u00edtjuk.<\/p>\n\n<h2>A potenci\u00e1lis forma \u00e9s a \u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b egyen\u00e9rt\u00e9k\u0171ek?<\/h2>\n\n<p>Mindk\u00e9t szerkezet kifejezhet k\u00e9pess\u00e9get \u00e9s lehet\u0151s\u00e9get. Nincs olyan szab\u00e1ly, amely szerint <span lang=\"ja\">lehet<\/span> sz\u00fcks\u00e9gszer\u0171en inform\u00e1lis lenne, \u00e9s a potenci\u00e1lis forma form\u00e1lis. Hasonl\u00edtsa \u00f6ssze:<\/p>\n\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr><th>Szerkezet<\/th><th>Egyszer\u0171 st\u00edlus<\/th><th>Udvarias st\u00edlus<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td>Potenci\u00e1lis forma<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u304c\u8a71\u305b\u308b<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u304c\u8a71\u305b\u307e\u3059<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><span lang=\"ja\">lehet<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3092\u8a71\u3059\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3092\u8a71\u3059\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3059<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<p>A potenci\u00e1lis forma \u00e1ltal\u00e1ban t\u00f6m\u00f6rebb. <span lang=\"ja\">lehet<\/span> explicit m\u00f3don egys\u00e9gk\u00e9nt mutatja be a cselekv\u00e9st \u2013 sz\u00f3 szerint: \u201clehets\u00e9ges elv\u00e9gezni a ... cselekv\u00e9s\u00e9t\u201d. Ez\u00e9rt gyakran megjelenik a szolg\u00e1ltat\u00e1sokkal, szab\u00e1lyokkal, er\u0151forr\u00e1sokkal \u00e9s el\u00e9rhet\u0151 tev\u00e9kenys\u00e9gekkel kapcsolatos magyar\u00e1zatokban. A v\u00e1laszt\u00e1s a mondatt\u00f3l \u00e9s a kontextust\u00f3l f\u00fcgg, nem pedig a formalit\u00e1s r\u00f6gz\u00edtett szemben\u00e1ll\u00e1s\u00e1t\u00f3l.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Hogyan k\u00e9pezz\u00fcnk ig\u00e9ket potenci\u00e1lis alakban<\/h2>\n\n<p>El\u0151sz\u00f6r hat\u00e1rozza meg, hogy az ige godan, ichidan vagy rendhagy\u00f3. Ha ez a feloszt\u00e1s m\u00e9g nem vil\u00e1gos, tekintse \u00e1t a <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/hu\/group-of-verbs-in-japan\/\">jap\u00e1n igacsoportok<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<h3>Godan ig\u00e9k: v\u00e1ltson az U oszlopr\u00f3l az E oszlopra, \u00e9s adjon hozz\u00e1 \u308b-t<\/h3>\n\n<p>A godan ig\u00e9kn\u00e9l az utols\u00f3 mora az E oszlop megfelel\u0151j\u00e9re v\u00e1ltozik, \u00e9s kap <span lang=\"ja\">\u308b<\/span>.<\/p>\n\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr><th>V\u00e9gz\u0151d\u00e9s<\/th><th>V\u00e1ltoz\u00e1s<\/th><th>P\u00e9lda<\/th><th>Potenci\u00e1lis forma<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3046<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3048\u308b<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">v\u00e1s\u00e1rolni<\/span> (<em>kau<\/em>)<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">megv\u00e1s\u00e1rolhat\u00f3<\/span> (<em>kaeru<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u304f<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3051\u308b<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u00cdrni<\/span> (<em>kaku<\/em>)<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u00cdrhat\u00f3<\/span> (<em>kakeru<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3050<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3052\u308b<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u6cf3\u3050<\/span> (<em>oyogu<\/em>)<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u6cf3\u3052\u308b<\/span> (<em>oyogeru<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3059<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u305b\u308b<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">besz\u00e9lni<\/span> (<em>hanasu<\/em>)<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">besz\u00e9lni tud<\/span> (<em>hanaseru<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3064<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">teru<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u5f85\u3064<\/span> (<em>matsu<\/em>)<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u5f85\u3066\u308b<\/span> (<em>materu<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u306c<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u306d\u308b<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">meghalni<\/span> (<em>shinu<\/em>)<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u6b7b\u306d\u308b<\/span> (<em>shineru<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3076<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3079\u308b<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">j\u00e1tszani<\/span> (<em>asobu<\/em>)<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u904a\u3079\u308b<\/span> (<em>asoberu<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3080<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">mer<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u8aad\u3080<\/span> (<em>yomu<\/em>)<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u8aad\u3081\u308b<\/span> (<em>yomeru<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u308b<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u308c\u308b<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u5e30\u308b<\/span> (<em>kaeru<\/em>)<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u5e30\u308c\u308b<\/span> (<em>kaereru<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<p>Az ige <span lang=\"ja\">\u5e30\u308b<\/span> v\u00e9get \u00e9r <span lang=\"ja\">\u308b<\/span>, de godan. Ez\u00e9rt a forma <span lang=\"ja\">\u5e30\u308c\u308b<\/span>, \u00e9s nem a <span lang=\"ja\">\u5e30\u3089\u308c\u308b<\/span>. A vizu\u00e1lis v\u00e9gz\u0151d\u00e9s \u00f6nmag\u00e1ban nem el\u00e9g a csoport meg\u00e1llap\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1hoz.<\/p>\n\n<h3>Ichidan ig\u00e9k: t\u00e1vol\u00edtsd el a \u308b-t, \u00e9s add hozz\u00e1 a \u3089\u308c\u308b-t<\/h3>\n\n<ul>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u98df\u3079\u308b \u2192 \u98df\u3079\u3089\u308c\u308b<\/span> (<em>taberu \u2192 taberareru<\/em>) \u2014 k\u00e9pes enni;<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u898b\u308b \u2192 \u898b\u3089\u308c\u308b<\/span> (<em>miru \u2192 mirareru<\/em>) \u2014 k\u00e9pes l\u00e1tni;<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u8d77\u304d\u308b \u2192 \u8d77\u304d\u3089\u308c\u308b<\/span> (<em>okiru \u2192 okirareru<\/em>) \u2014 k\u00e9pes fel\u00e9bredni vagy felkelni.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h3>Rendhagy\u00f3 ig\u00e9k<\/h3>\n\n<ul>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u3059\u308b \u2192 \u3067\u304d\u308b<\/span> (<em>suru \u2192 dekiru<\/em>) \u2014 k\u00e9pes megtenni;<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u6765\u308b \u2192 \u6765\u3089\u308c\u308b<\/span> (<em>kuru \u2192 korareru<\/em>) \u2014 k\u00e9pes elj\u00f6nni.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>\u00d6sszet\u00e9telek a <span lang=\"ja\">\u3059\u308b<\/span> ugyanazt a mint\u00e1t k\u00f6vetik: <span lang=\"ja\">\u4e88\u7d04\u3059\u308b<\/span> fordul <span lang=\"ja\">\u4e88\u7d04\u3067\u304d\u308b<\/span> e <span lang=\"ja\">\u52c9\u5f37\u3059\u308b<\/span> fordul <span lang=\"ja\">\u52c9\u5f37\u3067\u304d\u308b<\/span>.<\/p>\n\n<!--Ads6-->\n\n<h2>Hogyan ragozzunk egy potenci\u00e1lis ig\u00e9t<\/h2>\n\n<p>Kialakul\u00e1sa ut\u00e1n a legt\u00f6bb potenci\u00e1lis forma \u00fagy viselkedik, mint egy ichidan ige. \u00cdgy lehets\u00e9ges tagad\u00f3, m\u00falt idej\u0171 \u00e9s udvarias form\u00e1kat l\u00e9trehozni szab\u00e1lyos mint\u00e1val. Az oldalak a <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/hu\/a-japan-igek-informalis-alakjai\/\">az ig\u00e9k egyszer\u0171 form\u00e1ja<\/a> \u00e9s a <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/hu\/a-japan-igek-masu-forma\/\">\u307e\u3059 form\u00e1t<\/a> seg\u00edtenek \u00e1ttekinteni ezeket a v\u00e9gz\u0151d\u00e9seket.<\/p>\n\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr><th>Funkci\u00f3<\/th><th><span lang=\"ja\">besz\u00e9lni tud<\/span><\/th><th><span lang=\"ja\">ehet\u0151<\/span><\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td>Nem m\u00falt, \u00e1ll\u00edt\u00f3<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">besz\u00e9lni tud<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">ehet\u0151<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Nem m\u00falt, tagad\u00f3<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">Nem tudok besz\u00e9lni<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u98df\u3079\u3089\u308c\u306a\u3044<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>M\u00faltbeli igenl\u0151<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u8a71\u305b\u305f<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u98df\u3079\u3089\u308c\u305f<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Negat\u00edv m\u00falt<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u8a71\u305b\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u98df\u3079\u3089\u308c\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Udvarias \u00e1ll\u00edt\u00f3<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u8a71\u305b\u307e\u3059<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u98df\u3079\u3089\u308c\u307e\u3059<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Udvarias tagad\u00f3<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">Nem tudok besz\u00e9lni<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u98df\u3079\u3089\u308c\u307e\u305b\u3093<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<h2>Szem\u00e9lyes k\u00e9pess\u00e9g \u00e9s a helyzet lehet\u0151s\u00e9ge<\/h2>\n\n<h3>K\u00e9pess\u00e9g vagy j\u00e1rtass\u00e1g<\/h3>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u59b9\u306f\u767e\u30e1\u30fc\u30c8\u30eb\u6cf3\u3052\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/><span lang=\"ja\">\u3044\u3082\u3046\u3068\u306f \u3072\u3083\u304f\u30e1\u30fc\u30c8\u30eb \u304a\u3088\u3052\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><br \/><em>Im\u014dto wa hyaku m\u0113toru oyogemasu.<\/em><br \/>A h\u00fagom le tud \u00faszni sz\u00e1z m\u00e9tert.<\/p>\n\n<p>A mondat a szem\u00e9ly k\u00e9pess\u00e9g\u00e9t \u00edrja le. Ugyanez a gondolatmenet jelenik meg a <span lang=\"ja\">\u6f22\u5b57\u304c\u8aad\u3081\u308b<\/span> (\u201cel tud olvasni kandzsit\u201d) \u00e9s a <span lang=\"ja\">\u8eca\u3092\u904b\u8ee2\u3067\u304d\u308b<\/span> (\u201ctud vezetni\u201d) kifejez\u00e9sekben.<\/p>\n\n<h3>Felt\u00e9tel, lehet\u0151s\u00e9g vagy gyakorlati enged\u00e9ly<\/h3>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e\u56f3\u66f8\u9928\u3067\u306f\u7121\u6599\u3067Wi-Fi\u304c\u4f7f\u3048\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e \u3068\u3057\u3087\u304b\u3093\u3067\u306f \u3080\u308a\u3087\u3046\u3067 \u30ef\u30a4\u30d5\u30a1\u30a4\u304c \u3064\u304b\u3048\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><br \/><em>Kono toshokan de wa mury\u014d de waifai ga tsukaemasu.<\/em><br \/>Ebben a k\u00f6nyvt\u00e1rban ingyen lehet haszn\u00e1lni a Wi-Fi-t.<\/p>\n\n<p>A szem\u00e9lynek lehet, hogy nincs k\u00fcl\u00f6nleges k\u00e9pess\u00e9ge; a l\u00e9nyeg az, hogy a hely biztos\u00edtja ezt a lehet\u0151s\u00e9get. Ez\u00e9rt haszn\u00e1lj\u00e1k a t\u00e1bl\u00e1k, \u00fatmutat\u00f3k \u00e9s szolg\u00e1ltat\u00e1sle\u00edr\u00e1sok olyan gyakran a potenci\u00e1lis alakot, valamint a <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3059<\/span>.<\/p>\n\n<h2>A \u304c vagy a \u3092 partikul\u00e1t haszn\u00e1ljam?<\/h2>\n\n<p>A kezd\u0151knek tan\u00edtott \u00e1talak\u00edt\u00e1sban a <span lang=\"ja\">\u3092<\/span> \u00e1ltal jel\u00f6lt t\u00e1rgy \u00e1ltal\u00e1ban <span lang=\"ja\">\u304c<\/span> form\u00e1ban jelenik meg a potenci\u00e1lis alak el\u0151tt:<\/p>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3092\u8a71\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span> \u2014 Besz\u00e9lek jap\u00e1nul.<br \/><span lang=\"ja\">\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u304c\u8a71\u305b\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span> \u2014 Tudok jap\u00e1nul besz\u00e9lni.<\/p>\n\n<p>Ez egy semleges \u00e9s biztons\u00e1gos minta. Azonban a <span lang=\"ja\">\u3092<\/span> kifejez\u00e9sek a mai besz\u00e9dben \u00e9s \u00edr\u00e1sban is el\u0151fordulnak, k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen akkor, ha a besz\u00e9l\u0151 a cselekv\u00e9st \u00e9s annak t\u00e1rgy\u00e1t f\u00f3kuszban tartja. Ez\u00e9rt a, <span lang=\"ja\">\u79c1\u306f\u30d1\u30f3\u3092\u98df\u3079\u3089\u308c\u308b<\/span> kifejez\u00e9st nem szabad automatikusan hib\u00e1snak tekinteni.<\/p>\n\n<p>Kezd\u00e9sk\u00e9nt haszn\u00e1lja a <span lang=\"ja\">\u304c<\/span> kifejez\u00e9st semleges k\u00e9pess\u00e9g-kijelent\u00e9sekben, \u00e9s tanulja meg felismerni a <span lang=\"ja\">\u3092<\/span> kifejez\u00e9st val\u00f3s haszn\u00e1latban. A <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/hu\/alapveto-reszecskek-japanul\/\">alapvet\u0151 r\u00e9szecsk\u00e9k jap\u00e1nul<\/a> \u00fatmutat\u00f3 seg\u00edt \u00e1ttekinteni ezeknek a jeleknek az \u00e1ltal\u00e1nos funkci\u00f3j\u00e1t a mondatban.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Hogyan k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6ztethet\u0151 meg a potenci\u00e1l \u00e9s a passz\u00edv hang<\/h2>\n\n<p>Az ichidan ig\u00e9kn\u00e9l \u00e9s a <span lang=\"ja\">\u6765\u308b<\/span>, eset\u00e9ben a <span lang=\"ja\">-nak<\/span> forma passz\u00edv jelent\u00e9ssel is b\u00edrhat. A kontextus \u00e9s a partikul\u00e1k mutatj\u00e1k az \u00e9rtelmez\u00e9st.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u79c1\u306f\u9b5a\u304c\u98df\u3079\u3089\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/><em>Watashi wa sakana ga taberaremasu.<\/em><br \/>Tudok halat enni. <strong>(potenci\u00e1l)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u9b5a\u306f\u732b\u306b\u98df\u3079\u3089\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/><em>Sakana wa neko ni taberaremashita.<\/em><br \/>A halat megette a macska. <strong>(passz\u00edv)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p>Az els\u0151 mondatban, <span lang=\"ja\">\u79c1<\/span> az, akinek k\u00e9pess\u00e9ge van. A m\u00e1sodikban, <span lang=\"ja\">\u9b5a<\/span> kapja a cselekv\u00e9st, \u00e9s a <span lang=\"ja\">\u732b\u306b<\/span> jel\u00f6li az \u00e1genst. A v\u00e9gz\u0151d\u00e9s \u00f6nmag\u00e1ban t\u00f6rt\u00e9n\u0151 ford\u00edt\u00e1sa nem elegend\u0151.<\/p>\n\n<h2>\u898b\u308c\u308b e \u98df\u3079\u308c\u308b: o que \u00e9 \u3089\u629c\u304d?<\/h2>\n\n<p>Na fala, voc\u00ea tamb\u00e9m ouvir\u00e1 <span lang=\"ja\">megn\u00e9zhet\u0151<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">\u98df\u3079\u308c\u308b<\/span> e <span lang=\"ja\">\u6765\u308c\u308b<\/span>, formas em que o <span lang=\"ja\">\u3089<\/span> a <span lang=\"ja\">l\u00e1that\u00f3<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">ehet\u0151<\/span> e <span lang=\"ja\">elj\u00f6n<\/span> foi omitido. Esse fen\u00f4meno \u00e9 chamado <span lang=\"ja\">\u3089\u629c\u304d\u8a00\u8449<\/span> (<em>ranuki kotoba<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n<p>O uso \u00e9 real e difundido, sobretudo na l\u00edngua falada, mas a aceita\u00e7\u00e3o varia conforme regi\u00e3o, gera\u00e7\u00e3o e grau de formalidade. Para construir uma base est\u00e1vel e escrever em situa\u00e7\u00f5es mais cuidadosas, prefira primeiro as formas completas <span lang=\"ja\">l\u00e1that\u00f3<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">ehet\u0151<\/span> e <span lang=\"ja\">elj\u00f6n<\/span>. Ao ouvir as vers\u00f5es sem <span lang=\"ja\">\u3089<\/span>, reconhe\u00e7a-as como varia\u00e7\u00f5es de uso, n\u00e3o como um novo grupo verbal.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Forma potencial, forma \u305f\u3044 e \u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046<\/h2>\n\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr><th>Forma<\/th><th>Pergunta principal<\/th><th>P\u00e9lda<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td>Potencial<\/td><td>\u00c9 poss\u00edvel? A pessoa consegue?<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u304c\u8a71\u305b\u308b<\/span> \u2014 Tudok jap\u00e1nul besz\u00e9lni.<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><span lang=\"ja\">szeretn\u00e9k<\/span><\/td><td>A pessoa quer fazer?<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3092\u8a71\u3057\u305f\u3044<\/span> \u2014 Quero falar japon\u00eas.<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046<\/span><\/td><td>Vamos fazer juntos?<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3092\u8a71\u3057\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046<\/span> \u2014 Vamos falar japon\u00eas.<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<p>Capacidade, desejo e proposta s\u00e3o inten\u00e7\u00f5es diferentes. Para aprofundar o contraste, consulte a <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/hu\/japan-igek-a-tai-alakban\/\">forma \u305f\u3044 dos verbos<\/a> \u00e9s a <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/hu\/a-japan-igek-mashou-alakja\/\">\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046 forma<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Erros comuns com a forma potencial<\/h2>\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Tratar potencial como sin\u00f4nimo de formalidade:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">besz\u00e9lni tud<\/span> \u00e9 simples; <span lang=\"ja\">\u8a71\u305b\u307e\u3059<\/span> \u00e9 polido.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Dizer que \u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b \u00e9 sempre informal:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3059<\/span> \u00e9 uma constru\u00e7\u00e3o polida e perfeitamente normal.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Classificar todo verbo em \u3044\u308b ou \u3048\u308b como ichidan:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u5e30\u308b<\/span> \u00e9 godan e vira <span lang=\"ja\">\u5e30\u308c\u308b<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Conjugar \u3059\u308b regularmente:<\/strong> a forma potencial \u00e9 <span lang=\"ja\">lehets\u00e9ges<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Proibir \u3092 em qualquer frase potencial:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u304c<\/span> \u00e9 o padr\u00e3o did\u00e1tico neutro, mas <span lang=\"ja\">\u3092<\/span> tamb\u00e9m aparece no uso real.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ignorar a ambiguidade de \u3089\u308c\u308b:<\/strong> em verbos ichidan, o contexto separa potencial e passiva.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2>Mini di\u00e1logo com capacidade e possibilidade<\/h2>\n\n<p><strong>A:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u304c\u8a71\u305b\u307e\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><br \/><em>Nihongo ga hanasemasu ka.<\/em><br \/>Voc\u00ea consegue falar japon\u00eas?<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>B:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u5c11\u3057\u8a71\u305b\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3067\u3082\u3001\u6f22\u5b57\u306f\u3042\u307e\u308a\u8aad\u3081\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002<\/span><br \/><em>Sukoshi hanasemasu. Demo, kanji wa amari yomemasen.<\/em><br \/>Consigo falar um pouco. Mas n\u00e3o consigo ler muitos kanjis.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>A:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e\u30a2\u30d7\u30ea\u3067\u6f22\u5b57\u3092\u8abf\u3079\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3059\u3088\u3002<\/span><br \/><em>Kono apuri de kanji o shiraberu koto ga dekimasu yo.<\/em><br \/>\u00c9 poss\u00edvel consultar kanjis com este aplicativo.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>B:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u3046\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306a\u3089\u8aad\u3081\u305d\u3046\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><br \/><em>S\u014d desu ka. Kore nara yomes\u014d desu.<\/em><br \/>Entendi. Assim, parece que vou conseguir ler.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Exerc\u00edcios de forma potencial<\/h2>\n\n<p>Converta cada verbo para a forma potencial simples. Depois, complete as frases.<\/p>\n\n<ol>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u00cdrni<\/span> \u2192 ______<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u98df\u3079\u308b<\/span> \u2192 ______<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u6765\u308b<\/span> \u2192 ______<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u3059\u308b<\/span> \u2192 ______<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">besz\u00e9lni<\/span>: <span lang=\"ja\">\u79c1\u306f\u5c11\u3057\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u304c ______\u3002<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u898b\u308b<\/span>: <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3053\u304b\u3089\u6d77\u304c ______\u3002<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<details>\n<summary><strong>V\u00e1laszok megtekint\u00e9se<\/strong><\/summary>\n<ol>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u00cdrhat\u00f3<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">ehet\u0151<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">elj\u00f6n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">lehets\u00e9ges<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">besz\u00e9lni tud<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">l\u00e1that\u00f3<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/details>\n\n<h2>\u00d6sszefoglal\u00f3 \u00e9s k\u00f6vetkez\u0151 l\u00e9p\u00e9sek<\/h2>\n\n<p>Nos verbos godan, mude a mora final da coluna U para a coluna E e acrescente <span lang=\"ja\">\u308b<\/span>. Nos ichidan, retire <span lang=\"ja\">\u308b<\/span> e use <span lang=\"ja\">-nak<\/span>. Memorize tamb\u00e9m <span lang=\"ja\">\u3059\u308b \u2192 \u3067\u304d\u308b<\/span> e <span lang=\"ja\">\u6765\u308b \u2192 \u6765\u3089\u308c\u308b<\/span>.<\/p>\n\n<p>Depois da forma\u00e7\u00e3o, observe tr\u00eas pontos: o contexto separa habilidade de possibilidade; a termina\u00e7\u00e3o simples ou polida define o registro; e as part\u00edculas ajudam a interpretar a fun\u00e7\u00e3o dos participantes. Para conectar este tema ao restante do idioma, consulte os <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/hu\/alapveto-japan-nyelvtan\/\">a jap\u00e1n nyelvtan alapjai<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Perguntas frequentes sobre a forma potencial<\/h2>\n\n<div id=\"rank-math-faq\" class=\"rank-math-block\">\n<div class=\"rank-math-list\">\n<div id=\"faq-question-7cde76a66b534\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Mire val\u00f3 a potenci\u00e1lis forma jap\u00e1nul?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>A potenci\u00e1lis forma azt fejezi ki, hogy valaki k\u00e9pes elv\u00e9gezni egy cselekv\u00e9st, vagy hogy a cselekv\u00e9s lehets\u00e9ges egy adott helyzetben. A kontextus k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6zteti meg a k\u00e9pess\u00e9get, a lehet\u0151s\u00e9get \u00e9s a k\u00fcls\u0151 felt\u00e9telt.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-491c126caf4ec\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Hogyan alak\u00edtsunk \u00e1t egy ig\u00e9t potenci\u00e1lis form\u00e1v\u00e1?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>A godan ig\u00e9kn\u00e9l az U oszlop v\u00e9gz\u0151d\u00e9s\u00e9t cser\u00e9ld az E oszlopra, \u00e9s add hozz\u00e1 a \u308b-t. Az ichidan ig\u00e9kn\u00e9l t\u00e1vol\u00edtsd el a \u308b-t, \u00e9s haszn\u00e1ld a \u3089\u308c\u308b-t. A f\u0151 rendhagy\u00f3 ig\u00e9k: \u3059\u308b \u2192 \u3067\u304d\u308b \u00e9s \u6765\u308b \u2192 \u6765\u3089\u308c\u308b.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-83d3db996eabf\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Mi a k\u00fcl\u00f6nbs\u00e9g a potenci\u00e1lis forma \u00e9s a \u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b k\u00f6z\u00f6tt?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>Mindk\u00e9t szerkezet kifejezhet k\u00e9pess\u00e9get \u00e9s lehet\u0151s\u00e9get. A potenci\u00e1lis forma t\u00f6m\u00f6rebb; a \u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b explicit egys\u00e9gk\u00e9nt mutatja be a cselekv\u00e9st. Mindkett\u0151 lehet egyszer\u0171 vagy udvarias.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-186353a7f04f6\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Haszn\u00e1ljam a \u304c-t vagy a \u3092-t a potenci\u00e1lis form\u00e1val?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>\u304c a semleges standard, amelyet \u00e1ltal\u00e1ban tan\u00edtanak, mint p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul \u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u304c\u8a71\u305b\u307e\u3059. Azonban a \u3092 is megjelenik a kort\u00e1rs besz\u00e9dben \u00e9s \u00edr\u00e1sban, \u00e9s nem szabad automatikusan helytelennek tekinteni.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-d3ea5ae5e4b7a\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">A \u898b\u308c\u308b \u00e9s \u98df\u3079\u308c\u308b form\u00e1k helyesek?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>Ezek a \u3089 n\u00e9lk\u00fcli form\u00e1k gyakoriak a besz\u00e9dben, \u00e9s a \u3089\u629c\u304d nev\u0171 v\u00e1ltozatot k\u00e9pviselik. A biztos alap \u00e9s az ig\u00e9nyesebb helyzetek kedv\u00e9\u00e9rt el\u0151sz\u00f6r a \u898b\u3089\u308c\u308b, \u98df\u3079\u3089\u308c\u308b \u00e9s \u6765\u3089\u308c\u308b form\u00e1kat r\u00e9szes\u00edtse el\u0151nyben.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<h2>Fontes oficiais consultadas<\/h2>\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.irodori.jpf.go.jp\/assets\/data\/elementary02\/pdf\/Z_L05.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Irodori, li\u00e7\u00e3o 5 do n\u00edvel Elementary 2 \u2014 forma\u00e7\u00e3o e usos da forma potencial<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.irodori.jpf.go.jp\/assets\/data\/elementary01\/pdf\/Y_L05.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Irodori, li\u00e7\u00e3o 5 do n\u00edvel Elementary 1 \u2014 constru\u00e7\u00e3o verbo + \u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3059<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/kotoba.ninjal.ac.jp\/qa\/yokuaru\/qa-51\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NINJAL \u2014 varia\u00e7\u00e3o entre \u304c e \u3092 com verbos potenciais<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bunka.go.jp\/kokugo_nihongo\/sisaku\/joho\/joho\/kakuki\/20\/tosin03\/09.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ag\u00eancia de Assuntos Culturais do Jap\u00e3o \u2014 hist\u00f3rico e varia\u00e7\u00e3o de \u3089\u629c\u304d\u8a00\u8449<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/a2-2.marugotoweb.jp\/en\/grammar\/detail\/topic8-sec16-1\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Marugoto \u2014 exemplos de forma potencial afirmativa e negativa<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tanulja meg a potenci\u00e1lis alak\u00fa ig\u00e9k k\u00e9pz\u00e9s\u00e9t \u00e9s haszn\u00e1lat\u00e1t, k\u00fcl\u00f6nbs\u00e9get t\u00e9ve a k\u00e9pess\u00e9g \u00e9s a lehet\u0151s\u00e9g k\u00f6z\u00f6tt, hasonl\u00edtsa \u00f6ssze a \u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b kifejez\u00e9st, \u00e9s \u00e9rtse meg a \u304c \u00e9s \u3092 partikul\u00e1kat.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":23,"featured_media":2134,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[49,70,73],"tags":[69,2,3],"class_list":["post-2132","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-curso-de-japones-gratis","category-gramatica-japonesa","category-verbos-em-japones","tag-curso-japones-gratis","tag-idioma-japones","tag-nihongo","resize-featured-image"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2132","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/23"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2132"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2132\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4430,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2132\/revisions\/4430"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2134"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2132"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2132"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2132"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}