{"id":1098,"date":"2009-11-01T17:21:51","date_gmt":"2009-11-01T19:21:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/?p=1098"},"modified":"2026-08-08T19:54:53","modified_gmt":"2026-08-08T22:54:53","slug":"alfabet-japans-hiragana-e-katakana","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/nl\/alfabeto-japones-hiragana-e-katakana\/","title":{"rendered":"Het Japanse alfabet: de hiragana- en katakana-tabellen"},"content":{"rendered":"

De zogenaamde Japans alfabet<\/strong> omvat twee sets fonetische tekens: de hiragana<\/strong> en de katakana<\/strong>. De twee vertegenwoordigen over het algemeen dezelfde klanken, maar worden in verschillende contexten gebruikt. Deze pagina verzamelt de basistabellen, de romanisatie en de belangrijkste leesregels van de kana.<\/p>\n\n

In technische zin zijn hiragana en katakana geen alfabetten zoals het Latijnse. Het zijn kana<\/em>: elk teken vertegenwoordigt meestal een mora, een ritmische eenheid van het Japans. De term \u201cJapans alfabet\u201d blijft nuttig als zoekterm en als eerste uitleg, zolang dit verschil duidelijk is.<\/p>\n\n

Als je nog niet weet hoe kana en kanji samen voorkomen, begin dan met het overzicht van de Japanse schrijfsystemen<\/a>. Hier ligt de focus op het raadplegen en begrijpen van hiragana en katakana naast elkaar.<\/p>\n\n

Voor de historische context, lees de oorsprong van het Japanse alfabet<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n

Wat is het verschil tussen hiragana en katakana?<\/h2>\n\n

O hiragana<\/strong> komt voor in partikels, grammaticale uitgangen, woorden die vaak zonder kanji worden geschreven en ondersteunende lezingen genaamd furigana<\/em>. De katakana<\/strong> is gebruikelijk bij leenwoorden uit andere talen, buitenlandse namen, onomatopee\u00ebn, technische termen en accentuerende effecten.<\/p>\n\n

Om elke set afzonderlijk te raadplegen, zie de volledige hiragana-tabel<\/a> en de volledige katakana-tabel<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n

Basistabel van hiragana en katakana<\/h2>\n\n

De traditionele volgorde volgt de klinkers a, i, u, e, o<\/em>. Daarna komen de rijen gevormd door de combinatie van deze klinkers met medeklinkers. De spaties in de tabel geven klanken aan die geen deel uitmaken van de moderne basisset.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
Rij<\/th>Romanisatie<\/th>Hiragana<\/th>Katakana<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Leden<\/td>a, i, u, e, o<\/td>\u3042 \u3044 \u3046 \u3048 \u304a<\/td>\u30a2 \u30a4 \u30a6 \u30a8 \u30aa<\/td><\/tr>\n
K<\/td>ka, ki, ku, ke, ko<\/td>\u304b \u304d \u304f \u3051 \u3053<\/td>\u30ab \u30ad \u30af \u30b1 \u30b3<\/td><\/tr>\n
S<\/td>sa, shi, su, se, so<\/td>\u3055 \u3057 \u3059 \u305b \u305d<\/td>\u30b5 \u30b7 \u30b9 \u30bb \u30bd<\/td><\/tr>\n
T<\/td>ta, chi, tsu, te, to<\/td>\u305f \u3061 \u3064 \u3066 \u3068<\/td>\u30bf \u30c1 \u30c4 \u30c6 \u30c8<\/td><\/tr>\n
N<\/td>na, ni, nu, ne, no<\/td>\u306a \u306b \u306c \u306d \u306e<\/td>\u30ca \u30cb \u30cc \u30cd \u30ce<\/td><\/tr>\n
H<\/td>ha, hi, fu, he, ho<\/td>\u306f \u3072 \u3075 \u3078 \u307b<\/td>\u30cf \u30d2 \u30d5 \u30d8 \u30db<\/td><\/tr>\n
M<\/td>ma, mi, mu, me, mo<\/td>\u307e \u307f \u3080 \u3081 \u3082<\/td>\u30de \u30df \u30e0 \u30e1 \u30e2<\/td><\/tr>\n
Y<\/td>ya, yu, yo<\/td>\u3084 \u3086 \u3088<\/td>\u30e4 \u30e6 \u30e8<\/td><\/tr>\n
R<\/td>ra, ri, ru, re, ro<\/td>\u3089 \u308a \u308b \u308c \u308d<\/td>\u30e9 \u30ea \u30eb \u30ec \u30ed<\/td><\/tr>\n
W<\/td>wa, o<\/td>\u308f \u3092<\/td>\u30ef \u30f2<\/td><\/tr>\n
N final<\/td>n<\/td>\u3093<\/td>\u30f3<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n

N\u00e3o existe um kana b\u00e1sico moderno correspondente a \u201cwu\u201d. As formas hist\u00f3ricas \u3090\/\u30f0 (wi<\/em>) e \u3091\/\u30f1 (we<\/em>) tamb\u00e9m n\u00e3o fazem parte da tabela de uso cotidiano atual. J\u00e1 \u3092\/\u30f2 \u00e9 romanizado como wo<\/em> em alguns m\u00e9todos de digita\u00e7\u00e3o, mas, no japon\u00eas contempor\u00e2neo, normalmente \u00e9 pronunciado o<\/em> quando funciona como part\u00edcula.<\/p>\n\n

Como pronunciar os kana<\/h2>\n\n

A romaniza\u00e7\u00e3o ajuda no come\u00e7o, mas n\u00e3o reproduz a pron\u00fancia. Use \u00e1udio e palavras reais para associar cada sinal ao som. Quatro leituras merecem aten\u00e7\u00e3o: \u3057 \u00e9 shi<\/em>, \u3061 \u00e9 chi<\/em>, \u3064 \u00e9 tsu<\/em> e \u3075 \u00e9 fu<\/em>, com uma fric\u00e7\u00e3o mais suave do que o \u201cf\u201d comum do portugu\u00eas.<\/p>\n\n

A linha R \u2014 \u3089, \u308a, \u308b, \u308c, \u308d \u2014 usa um toque r\u00e1pido da l\u00edngua, diferente do R forte e do L do portugu\u00eas. O som de \u3093 varia conforme o som seguinte; aprenda-o em palavras.<\/p>\n\n

A tabela oficial de kana do Irodori, da Japan Foundation<\/a>, re\u00fane os sinais b\u00e1sicos, as combina\u00e7\u00f5es e exemplos com vogais longas e consoantes geminadas. Ela foi usada para conferir as formas e a romaniza\u00e7\u00e3o desta p\u00e1gina.<\/p>\n\n

Dakuten e handakuten: sons modificados<\/h2>\n\n

O sinal \u309b \u00e9 chamado dakuten<\/strong> e modifica algumas linhas. O pequeno c\u00edrculo \u309c \u00e9 o handakuten<\/strong> e cria a linha P. Eles n\u00e3o s\u00e3o acentos gr\u00e1ficos como os do portugu\u00eas; s\u00e3o marcas que mudam o valor sonoro do kana.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
Transforma\u00e7\u00e3o<\/th>Romanisatie<\/th>Hiragana<\/th>Katakana<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
K \u2192 G<\/td>ga, gi, gu, ge, go<\/td>\u304c \u304e \u3050 \u3052 \u3054<\/td>\u30ac \u30ae \u30b0 \u30b2 \u30b4<\/td><\/tr>\n
S \u2192 Z<\/td>za, ji, zu, ze, zo<\/td>\u3056 \u3058 \u305a \u305c \u305e<\/td>\u30b6 \u30b8 \u30ba \u30bc \u30be<\/td><\/tr>\n
T \u2192 D<\/td>da, ji, zu, de, do<\/td>\u3060 \u3062 \u3065 \u3067 \u3069<\/td>\u30c0 \u30c2 \u30c5 \u30c7 \u30c9<\/td><\/tr>\n
H \u2192 B<\/td>ba, bi, bu, be, bo<\/td>\u3070 \u3073 \u3076 \u3079 \u307c<\/td>\u30d0 \u30d3 \u30d6 \u30d9 \u30dc<\/td><\/tr>\n
H \u2192 P<\/td>pa, pi, pu, pe, po<\/td>\u3071 \u3074 \u3077 \u307a \u307d<\/td>\u30d1 \u30d4 \u30d7 \u30da \u30dd<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n

Na pron\u00fancia padr\u00e3o atual, \u3058 e \u3062 costumam soar como ji<\/em>, enquanto \u305a e \u3065 costumam soar como zu<\/em>. Isso n\u00e3o torna as grafias intercambi\u00e1veis: cada palavra conserva sua escrita. As formas com \u3062 e \u3065 s\u00e3o menos frequentes e aparecem em voc\u00e1bulos espec\u00edficos e em certas combina\u00e7\u00f5es morfol\u00f3gicas.<\/p>\n\n

Y\u014don: combina\u00e7\u00f5es com \u3083, \u3085 e \u3087 pequenos<\/h2>\n\n

O y\u014don<\/strong> combina um kana da coluna I com \u3083, \u3085 ou \u3087 em tamanho pequeno. A leitura forma uma \u00fanica sequ\u00eancia, e n\u00e3o duas s\u00edlabas separadas. Compare \u304d\u3084 (kiya<\/em>) com \u304d\u3083 (kya<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
Grupo<\/th>Hiragana<\/th>Katakana<\/th>Romanisatie<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
K<\/td>\u304d\u3083 \u304d\u3085 \u304d\u3087<\/td>\u30ad\u30e3 \u30ad\u30e5 \u30ad\u30e7<\/td>kya, kyu, kyo<\/td><\/tr>\n
S<\/td>\u3057\u3083 \u3057\u3085 \u3057\u3087<\/td>\u30b7\u30e3 \u30b7\u30e5 \u30b7\u30e7<\/td>sha, shu, sho<\/td><\/tr>\n
T<\/td>\u3061\u3083 \u3061\u3085 \u3061\u3087<\/td>\u30c1\u30e3 \u30c1\u30e5 \u30c1\u30e7<\/td>cha, chu, cho<\/td><\/tr>\n
N<\/td>\u306b\u3083 \u306b\u3085 \u306b\u3087<\/td>\u30cb\u30e3 \u30cb\u30e5 \u30cb\u30e7<\/td>nya, nyu, nyo<\/td><\/tr>\n
H<\/td>\u3072\u3083 \u3072\u3085 \u3072\u3087<\/td>\u30d2\u30e3 \u30d2\u30e5 \u30d2\u30e7<\/td>hya, hyu, hyo<\/td><\/tr>\n
M<\/td>\u307f\u3083 \u307f\u3085 \u307f\u3087<\/td>\u30df\u30e3 \u30df\u30e5 \u30df\u30e7<\/td>mya, myu, myo<\/td><\/tr>\n
R<\/td>\u308a\u3083 \u308a\u3085 \u308a\u3087<\/td>\u30ea\u30e3 \u30ea\u30e5 \u30ea\u30e7<\/td>rya, ryu, ryo<\/td><\/tr>\n
G<\/td>\u304e\u3083 \u304e\u3085 \u304e\u3087<\/td>\u30ae\u30e3 \u30ae\u30e5 \u30ae\u30e7<\/td>gya, gyu, gyo<\/td><\/tr>\n
J<\/td>\u3058\u3083 \u3058\u3085 \u3058\u3087<\/td>\u30b8\u30e3 \u30b8\u30e5 \u30b8\u30e7<\/td>ja, ju, jo<\/td><\/tr>\n
B<\/td>\u3073\u3083 \u3073\u3085 \u3073\u3087<\/td>\u30d3\u30e3 \u30d3\u30e5 \u30d3\u30e7<\/td>bya, byu, byo<\/td><\/tr>\n
P<\/td>\u3074\u3083 \u3074\u3085 \u3074\u3087<\/td>\u30d4\u30e3 \u30d4\u30e5 \u30d4\u30e7<\/td>pya, pyu, pyo<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n

\u3063, \u30c3 e as consoantes geminadas<\/h2>\n\n

O \u3063 ou \u30c3 pequeno indica uma pausa breve antes da consoante seguinte. Na romaniza\u00e7\u00e3o, essa consoante costuma ser duplicada. Assim, \u304d\u3063\u3066 \u00e9 kitte<\/em> (\u201cselo\u201d) e \u30ab\u30c3\u30d7 \u00e9 kappu<\/em> (\u201ccopo\u201d ou \u201cx\u00edcara\u201d). O sinal pequeno precisa ser distinguido de \u3064\/\u30c4 em tamanho normal.<\/p>\n\n

Como representar vogais longas<\/h2>\n\n

No hiragana, a vogal longa pode ser escrita de maneiras diferentes conforme a palavra. Sons longos de E aparecem muitas vezes com \u3044, e sons longos de O, muitas vezes com \u3046, mas h\u00e1 exce\u00e7\u00f5es que precisam ser aprendidas com a grafia do voc\u00e1bulo. Por exemplo, \u305b\u3093\u305b\u3044 (sensei<\/em>) cont\u00e9m um E longo e \u304c\u3063\u3053\u3046 (gakk\u014d<\/em>) cont\u00e9m um O longo.<\/p>\n\n

No katakana, o tra\u00e7o \u30fc \u00e9 usado com frequ\u00eancia: \u30b3\u30fc\u30d2\u30fc (k\u014dh\u012b<\/em>, \u201ccaf\u00e9\u201d) e \u30b1\u30fc\u30ad (k\u0113ki<\/em>, \u201cbolo\u201d). N\u00e3o ignore a dura\u00e7\u00e3o: uma vogal curta e uma longa podem distinguir palavras.<\/p>\n\n

Em que ordem estudar hiragana e katakana?<\/h2>\n\n

Cursos apresentam o hiragana primeiro, mas isso n\u00e3o \u00e9 regra. O Marugoto<\/a> afirma que a ordem entre hiragana e katakana pode variar e recomenda relacionar escrita, fala e vocabul\u00e1rio conhecido.<\/p>\n\n

    \n
  1. Aprenda as cinco vogais e reconhe\u00e7a o ritmo de cada mora.<\/li>\n
  2. Estude uma linha por vez, lendo e escrevendo palavras curtas.<\/li>\n
  3. Pratique hiragana e katakana sem depender apenas de romaji.<\/li>\n
  4. Acrescente dakuten, handakuten, y\u014don, \u3063\/\u30c3 e vogais longas.<\/li>\n
  5. Revise com \u00e1udio, leitura e digita\u00e7\u00e3o em frases reais.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n

    O guia de estudos de hiragana e katakana<\/a> organiza as li\u00e7\u00f5es detalhadas. Depois, use o curso de japon\u00eas gr\u00e1tis para iniciantes<\/a> para integrar leitura, vocabul\u00e1rio, gram\u00e1tica e pr\u00e1tica.<\/p>\n\n

    Erros comuns ao come\u00e7ar<\/h2>\n\n