{"id":2089,"date":"2009-11-03T06:17:47","date_gmt":"2009-11-03T08:17:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/?p=2089"},"modified":"2026-08-21T20:19:44","modified_gmt":"2026-08-21T23:19:44","slug":"wyrazenia-czasownikowe-w-jezyku-japonskim","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/pl\/expressoes-verbais-em-japones\/","title":{"rendered":"Japo\u0144skie wyra\u017cenia czasownikowe: 3 podstawowe wzorce"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Te <strong>wyra\u017cenia czasownikowe w j\u0119zyku japo\u0144skim<\/strong> \u0142\u0105cz\u0105 czasowniki, partyku\u0142y, przymiotniki lub inne czasowniki, aby przekaza\u0107 idee takie jak \u201cstawa\u0107 si\u0119\u201d, \u201ci\u015b\u0107 co\u015b zrobi\u0107\u201d i \u201crobi\u0107 co\u015b dla kogo\u015b\u201d. Zamiast zapami\u0119tywa\u0107 ka\u017cde zdanie osobno, mo\u017cesz nauczy\u0107 si\u0119 wzorca, zrozumie\u0107 perspektyw\u0119 i tworzy\u0107 w\u0142asne przyk\u0142ady.<\/p>\n\n<p>W tym przewodniku om\u00f3wimy trzy cz\u0119ste struktury: <span lang=\"ja\">A\u304f\uff0fAN\u306b\uff0fN\u306b + \u306a\u308b<\/span> dla zmian, <span lang=\"ja\">V\u306b + \u884c\u304f\uff0f\u6765\u308b<\/span> dla celu przemieszczenia si\u0119 oraz <span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u3052\u308b\uff0f\u304f\u308c\u308b\uff0f\u3082\u3089\u3046<\/span> aby dawa\u0107, otrzymywa\u0107 i przedstawia\u0107 dzia\u0142ania z r\u00f3\u017cnych punkt\u00f3w widzenia.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Podsumowanie trzech wzorc\u00f3w<\/h2>\n\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr><th>Idea<\/th><th>Wzorzec<\/th><th>Przyk\u0142ad<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td>Zmiana stanu<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">A\u304f\uff0fAN\u306b\uff0fN\u306b + \u306a\u308b<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u5bd2\u304f\u306a\u308b<\/span> \u2014 robi\u0107 si\u0119 zimno<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Cel ruchu<\/td><td>rdze\u0144 <span lang=\"ja\">\u307e\u3059 + \u306b + \u884c\u304f\uff0f\u6765\u308b<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u672c\u3092\u8cb7\u3044\u306b\u884c\u304f<\/span> \u2014 i\u015b\u0107 kupi\u0107 ksi\u0105\u017ck\u0119<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Dawa\u0107 lub otrzymywa\u0107 co\u015b<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u3052\u308b\uff0f\u304f\u308c\u308b\uff0f\u3082\u3089\u3046<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u672c\u3092\u3082\u3089\u3046<\/span> \u2014 otrzyma\u0107 ksi\u0105\u017ck\u0119<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Dzia\u0142anie na czyj\u0105\u015b korzy\u015b\u0107<\/td><td>formy <span lang=\"ja\">\u3066 + \u3042\u3052\u308b\uff0f\u304f\u308c\u308b\uff0f\u3082\u3089\u3046<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u6559\u3048\u3066\u3082\u3089\u3046<\/span> \u2014 otrzyma\u0107 pomoc od kogo\u015b, kto uczy<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<p>Lepiej wykorzystasz artyku\u0142, je\u015bli ju\u017c rozpoznajesz <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/pl\/grupy-czasownikow-w-japonskim\/\">grupy czasownik\u00f3w japo\u0144skich<\/a> i <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/pl\/formy-masu-czasownikow-w-jezyku-japonskim\/\">form\u0119 \u307e\u3059<\/a>. Przyk\u0142ady obejmuj\u0105 form\u0119 prost\u0105 i uprzejm\u0105, aby pokaza\u0107, \u017ce wzorzec pozostaje taki sam, gdy zmienia si\u0119 rejestr.<\/p>\n\n<h2>1. Jak u\u017cywa\u0107 \u306a\u308b, aby powiedzie\u0107 stawa\u0107 si\u0119 lub sta\u0107 si\u0119<\/h2>\n\n<p>Czasownik <span lang=\"ja\">sta\u0107 si\u0119<\/span> (<em>naru<\/em>) przedstawia zmian\u0119 i stan wynikowy. W zale\u017cno\u015bci od kontekstu mo\u017ce by\u0107 t\u0142umaczone jako \u201cstawa\u0107 si\u0119\u201d, \u201csta\u0107 si\u0119\u201d, \u201cprzekszta\u0142ca\u0107 si\u0119\u201d lub \u201czaczyna\u0107 by\u0107\u201d. S\u0142owo opisuj\u0105ce nowy stan zmienia form\u0119 przed <span lang=\"ja\">sta\u0107 si\u0119<\/span>.<\/p>\n\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr><th>Typ<\/th><th>Formacja<\/th><th>Przyk\u0142ad<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td>Przymiotnik <span lang=\"ja\">\u3044<\/span><\/td><td>usu\u0144 <span lang=\"ja\">\u3044<\/span> i dodaj <span lang=\"ja\">sta\u0107 si\u0119<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u5bd2\u3044 \u2192 \u5bd2\u304f\u306a\u308b<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Przymiotnik <span lang=\"ja\">\u306a<\/span><\/td><td>dodaj <span lang=\"ja\">sta\u0107 si\u0119<\/span> do rdzenia<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u9759\u304b \u2192 \u9759\u304b\u306b\u306a\u308b<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Rzeczownik<\/td><td>dodaj <span lang=\"ja\">sta\u0107 si\u0119<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u5148\u751f \u2192 \u5148\u751f\u306b\u306a\u308b<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<p>A <a href=\"https:\/\/www.kyozai.jpf.go.jp\/kyozai\/material\/BTS00126\/ja\/render.do\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Japan Foundation wyja\u015bnia A\u304f\uff0fAN\u306b\uff0fN\u306b\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3059<\/a> jako wzorzec, kt\u00f3ry przedstawia stan wynikowy zmiany. Ta logika jest bardziej u\u017cyteczna ni\u017c pr\u00f3ba kojarzenia <span lang=\"ja\">sta\u0107 si\u0119<\/span> z jednym portugalskim t\u0142umaczeniem.<\/p>\n\n<h3>Przymiotniki \u3044 + \u304f\u306a\u308b<\/h3>\n\n<p>Usu\u0144 <span lang=\"ja\">\u3044<\/span> i dodaj <span lang=\"ja\">sta\u0107 si\u0119<\/span>:<\/p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u5bd2\u3044 \u2192 \u5bd2\u304f\u306a\u308b<\/span> (<em>samui \u2192 samuku naru<\/em>) \u2014 robi si\u0119 zimno;<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u96e3\u3057\u3044 \u2192 \u96e3\u3057\u304f\u306a\u308b<\/span> (<em>muzukashii \u2192 muzukashiku naru<\/em>) \u2014 robi si\u0119 trudne;<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u65b0\u3057\u3044 \u2192 \u65b0\u3057\u304f\u306a\u308b<\/span> (<em>atarashii \u2192 atarashiku naru<\/em>) \u2014 ficar novo, ser renovado.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">\u3044\u3044<\/span> \u00e9 uma exce\u00e7\u00e3o importante: use <span lang=\"ja\">\u3088\u304f\u306a\u308b<\/span>, \u201cmelhorar\u201d ou \u201cficar bom\u201d, porque as flex\u00f5es partem de <span lang=\"ja\">\u3088\u3044<\/span>.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u5929\u6c17\u304c\u6696\u304b\u304f\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Tenki ga atatakaku narimashita.<\/em><br \/>\nO tempo ficou mais quente.<\/p>\n\n<h3>Adjetivos \u306a e substantivos + \u306b\u306a\u308b<\/h3>\n\n<p>Com adjetivos <span lang=\"ja\">\u306a<\/span>, n\u00e3o coloque o <span lang=\"ja\">\u306a<\/span> przed <span lang=\"ja\">sta\u0107 si\u0119<\/span>. Use o radical seguido de <span lang=\"ja\">\u306b<\/span>:<\/p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u9759\u304b\u306b\u306a\u308b<\/span> (<em>shizuka ni naru<\/em>) \u2014 ficar silencioso;<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u5143\u6c17\u306b\u306a\u308b<\/span> (<em>genki ni naru<\/em>) \u2014 ficar bem, recuperar-se;<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u6709\u540d\u306b\u306a\u308b<\/span> (<em>y\u016bmei ni naru<\/em>) \u2014 tornar-se famoso.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>Os substantivos usam a mesma liga\u00e7\u00e3o:<\/p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">Zosta\u0107 nauczycielem<\/span> (<em>sensei ni naru<\/em>) \u2014 tornar-se professor;<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u6625\u306b\u306a\u308b<\/span> (<em>haru ni naru<\/em>) \u2014 chegar a primavera, tornar-se primavera;<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u4e09\u5e74\u751f\u306b\u306a\u308b<\/span> (<em>sannensei ni naru<\/em>) \u2014 passar para o terceiro ano.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>Se voc\u00ea ainda confunde as duas classes de adjetivos, revise como <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/pl\/typy-przymiotnikow-w-jezyku-japonskim\/\">distinguir adjetivos \u3044 e \u306a<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<h3>Conjuga\u00e7\u00e3o b\u00e1sica de \u306a\u308b<\/h3>\n\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr><th>Warto\u015b\u0107<\/th><th>Forma prosta<\/th><th>Forma uprzejma<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td>Nieprzesz\u0142y twierdz\u0105cy<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">sta\u0107 si\u0119<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">stanie si\u0119<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Nieprzesz\u0142y przecz\u0105cy<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u306a\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Przesz\u0142o\u015b\u0107 twierdz\u0105ca<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">sta\u0142o si\u0119<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">sta\u0142o si\u0119<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Negatywna przesz\u0142o\u015b\u0107<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">nie sta\u0142o si\u0119<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u306a\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3067\u3057\u305f<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<p>Essas linhas n\u00e3o representam \u201cquatro tempos verbais\u201d. Elas combinam n\u00e3o passado ou passado, afirma\u00e7\u00e3o ou nega\u00e7\u00e3o e registro simples ou polido.<\/p>\n\n<h3>\u306a\u308b e \u3059\u308b: mudan\u00e7a ou a\u00e7\u00e3o deliberada<\/h3>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">sta\u0107 si\u0119<\/span> apresenta a mudan\u00e7a do sujeito. <span lang=\"ja\">\u3059\u308b<\/span> pode apresentar algu\u00e9m produzindo essa mudan\u00e7a:<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u90e8\u5c4b\u304c\u304d\u308c\u3044\u306b\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Heya ga kirei ni narimashita.<\/em><br \/>\nO quarto ficou limpo.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u90e8\u5c4b\u3092\u304d\u308c\u3044\u306b\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Heya o kirei ni shimashita.<\/em><br \/>\nDeixei o quarto limpo.<\/p>\n\n<p>N\u00e3o transforme mecanicamente todo verbo em <span lang=\"ja\">\u3059\u308b<\/span> trocando <span lang=\"ja\">\u3059\u308b<\/span> przez <span lang=\"ja\">sta\u0107 si\u0119<\/span>. <span lang=\"ja\">To jest pouczaj\u0105ce<\/span>, por exemplo, \u00e9 uma express\u00e3o que significa que algo \u201cserve de aprendizado\u201d ou \u201c\u00e9 instrutivo\u201d: <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e\u8a71\u306f\u52c9\u5f37\u306b\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f<\/span> \u2014 \u201cEssa conversa foi muito instrutiva\u201d. Ela n\u00e3o significa simplesmente \u201ctornar-se estudado\u201d.<\/p>\n\n<h2>2. Como dizer ir ou vir fazer algo<\/h2>\n\n<p>Para explicar a finalidade de um deslocamento, use o radical da forma <span lang=\"ja\">\u307e\u3059<\/span>, acrescente a part\u00edcula <span lang=\"ja\">\u306b<\/span> e termine com um verbo de movimento:<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>destino + <span lang=\"ja\">\u3078\uff0f\u306b<\/span> + objeto + <span lang=\"ja\">\u3092<\/span> + radical de <span lang=\"ja\">\u307e\u3059 + \u306b + \u884c\u304f\uff0f\u6765\u308b\uff0f\u5e30\u308b<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p>A <a href=\"https:\/\/www.kyozai.jpf.go.jp\/kyozai\/material\/BTS00046\/ja\/render.do\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Japan Foundation descreve \u306b de finalidade<\/a> como a part\u00edcula que marca a a\u00e7\u00e3o ou o nome que constitui o objetivo do movimento.<\/p>\n\n<h3>Como formar o radical antes de \u306b<\/h3>\n\n<p>Parta da forma polida e retire <span lang=\"ja\">\u307e\u3059<\/span>:<\/p>\n\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr><th>Forma \u307e\u3059<\/th><th>Radykalny<\/th><th>Express\u00e3o<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u8cb7\u3044\u307e\u3059<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">kupi\u0107<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">p\u00f3j\u015b\u0107 na zakupy<\/span> \u2014 ir comprar<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><span lang=\"ja\">Zjem<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u98df\u3079<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u98df\u3079\u306b\u884c\u304f<\/span> \u2014 ir comer<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><span lang=\"ja\">Zobacz\u0119<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u898b<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u898b\u306b\u6765\u308b<\/span> \u2014 vir ver<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u52c9\u5f37\u3057\u307e\u3059<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">Uczy\u0107 si\u0119<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u52c9\u5f37\u3057\u306b\u6765\u308b<\/span> \u2014 vir estudar<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u672c\u5c4b\u3078\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306e\u8f9e\u66f8\u3092\u8cb7\u3044\u306b\u884c\u304d\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Hon&#8217;ya e nihongo no jisho o kai ni ikimasu.<\/em><br \/>\nVou \u00e0 livraria comprar um dicion\u00e1rio de japon\u00eas.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u53cb\u3060\u3061\u304c\u3046\u3061\u3078\u904a\u3073\u306b\u6765\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Tomodachi ga uchi e asobi ni kimashita.<\/em><br \/>\nUm amigo veio \u00e0 minha casa para passar um tempo comigo.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u5fd8\u308c\u7269\u3092\u53d6\u308a\u306b\u5e30\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Wasuremono o tori ni kaerimasu.<\/em><br \/>\nVou voltar para buscar algo que esqueci.<\/p>\n\n<p>O tempo vem do verbo de movimento: <span lang=\"ja\">\u6765\u308b<\/span> \u00e9 \u201cvem\u201d ou \u201cvir\u00e1\u201d, enquanto <span lang=\"ja\">\u6765\u305f\uff0f\u6765\u307e\u3057\u305f<\/span> \u00e9 \u201cveio\u201d. N\u00e3o traduza uma forma n\u00e3o passada como passado sem uma raz\u00e3o no contexto.<\/p>\n\n<h3>Substantivos de atividade + \u306b<\/h3>\n\n<p>Alguns nomes que representam atividades podem aparecer diretamente antes de <span lang=\"ja\">\u306b<\/span>:<\/p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u8cb7\u3044\u7269\u306b\u884c\u304f<\/span> \u2014 ir \u00e0s compras;<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u6563\u6b69\u306b\u884c\u304f<\/span> \u2014 ir passear;<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u52c9\u5f37\u306b\u6765\u308b<\/span> \u2014 vir para estudar.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>Nesse padr\u00e3o, <span lang=\"ja\">\u306b<\/span> n\u00e3o marca apenas o destino; ela marca a finalidade. O artigo sobre a <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/pl\/czastka-ni-w-japonskim\/\">part\u00edcula \u306b em japon\u00eas<\/a> mostra como o contexto separa finalidade, destino, hor\u00e1rio e outros usos.<\/p>\n\n<!--Ads6-->\n\n<h2>3. Dar e receber: \u3042\u3052\u308b, \u304f\u308c\u308b e \u3082\u3089\u3046<\/h2>\n\n<p>Czasowniki <span lang=\"ja\">da\u0107<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">da\u0107<\/span> e <span lang=\"ja\">otrzyma\u0107<\/span> descrevem transfer\u00eancias, mas escolhem perspectivas diferentes. N\u00e3o basta perguntar \u201cquem d\u00e1?\u201d; observe tamb\u00e9m quem \u00e9 apresentado como pr\u00f3ximo do falante.<\/p>\n\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr><th>Czasownik<\/th><th>Perspectiva<\/th><th>Podstawowy wzorzec<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td><span lang=\"ja\">da\u0107<\/span><\/td><td>algo vai do falante ou de outra pessoa para fora<\/td><td>A <span lang=\"ja\">\u306f<\/span> B <span lang=\"ja\">\u306b<\/span> obiekt <span lang=\"ja\">da\u0107<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><span lang=\"ja\">da\u0107<\/span><\/td><td>algo vem para o falante ou para algu\u00e9m do seu grupo<\/td><td>A <span lang=\"ja\">\u304c\uff0f\u306f<\/span> falante <span lang=\"ja\">\u306b<\/span> obiekt <span lang=\"ja\">da mi<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><span lang=\"ja\">otrzyma\u0107<\/span><\/td><td>o recebedor \u00e9 o ponto de vista da frase<\/td><td>recebedor <span lang=\"ja\">\u306f<\/span> A <span lang=\"ja\">\u306b\uff0f\u304b\u3089<\/span> obiekt <span lang=\"ja\">dosta\u0107<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<p>O <a href=\"https:\/\/www.coelang.tufs.ac.jp\/modules\/ja\/gmod\/courses\/c01\/lesson22\/step1\/explanation\/085.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">m\u00f3dulo da Tokyo University of Foreign Studies sobre dar e receber<\/a> explica que esses verbos podem apresentar o mesmo acontecimento sob pontos de vista diferentes.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u79c1\u306f\u59b9\u306b\u672c\u3092\u3042\u3052\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Watashi wa im\u014dto ni hon o agemashita.<\/em><br \/>\nDei um livro \u00e0 minha irm\u00e3 mais nova.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u6728\u6751\u3055\u3093\u304c\u79c1\u306b\u672c\u3092\u304f\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Kimura-san ga watashi ni hon o kuremashita.<\/em><br \/>\nKimura me deu um livro.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u79c1\u306f\u6728\u6751\u3055\u3093\u306b\u672c\u3092\u3082\u3089\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Watashi wa Kimura-san ni hon o moraimashita.<\/em><br \/>\nRecebi um livro de Kimura.<\/p>\n\n<p>As duas \u00faltimas frases podem descrever a mesma transfer\u00eancia. Com <span lang=\"ja\">da\u0107<\/span>, Kimura \u00e9 o sujeito e o objeto vem em dire\u00e7\u00e3o ao falante. Com <span lang=\"ja\">otrzyma\u0107<\/span>, o falante \u00e9 o sujeito e apresenta a a\u00e7\u00e3o como recebimento. Em frases com <span lang=\"ja\">otrzyma\u0107<\/span>, a origem tamb\u00e9m pode ser marcada por <span lang=\"ja\">\u304b\u3089<\/span>: <span lang=\"ja\">\u6728\u6751\u3055\u3093\u304b\u3089\u672c\u3092\u3082\u3089\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f<\/span>.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Forma \u3066 + \u3042\u3052\u308b, \u304f\u308c\u308b e \u3082\u3089\u3046<\/h2>\n\n<p>Quando esses verbos v\u00eam depois da <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/pl\/forma-te-japonskich-czasownikow\/\">forma \u3066<\/a>, a \u201ctransfer\u00eancia\u201d passa a ser uma a\u00e7\u00e3o realizada em benef\u00edcio de algu\u00e9m ou recebida com ajuda de algu\u00e9m:<\/p>\n\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr><th>Wzorzec<\/th><th>Ponto de vista<\/th><th>Przyk\u0142ad<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td><span lang=\"ja\">V\u3066\u3042\u3052\u308b<\/span><\/td><td>o sujeito faz algo para outra pessoa<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u53cb\u3060\u3061\u306b\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3092\u6559\u3048\u3066\u3042\u3052\u305f<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><span lang=\"ja\">V\u3066\u304f\u308c\u308b<\/span><\/td><td>algu\u00e9m faz algo para mim ou para meu grupo<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u53cb\u3060\u3061\u304c\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3092\u6559\u3048\u3066\u304f\u308c\u305f<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><span lang=\"ja\">V\u3066\u3082\u3089\u3046<\/span><\/td><td>recebo ou solicito a a\u00e7\u00e3o de algu\u00e9m<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u53cb\u3060\u3061\u306b\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3092\u6559\u3048\u3066\u3082\u3089\u3063\u305f<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u53cb\u3060\u3061\u304c\u5bbf\u984c\u3092\u624b\u4f1d\u3063\u3066\u304f\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Tomodachi ga shukudai o tetsudatte kuremashita.<\/em><br \/>\nUm amigo me ajudou com a tarefa.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u79c1\u306f\u5148\u751f\u306b\u4f5c\u6587\u3092\u76f4\u3057\u3066\u3082\u3089\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Watashi wa sensei ni sakubun o naoshite moraimashita.<\/em><br \/>\nPedi ao professor que corrigisse minha reda\u00e7\u00e3o e recebi essa ajuda.<\/p>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">V\u3066\u3042\u3052\u308b<\/span> pode soar como se o falante estivesse destacando o favor que fez. Ao falar diretamente com quem recebeu a a\u00e7\u00e3o, nem sempre \u00e9 a escolha mais discreta. Em contexto formal, formas como <span lang=\"ja\">V\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u308b<\/span> e <span lang=\"ja\">V\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3060\u304f<\/span> expressam respeito, mas pertencem a uma etapa posterior do estudo.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Di\u00e1logo com os tr\u00eas padr\u00f5es<\/h2>\n\n<p><strong>A:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u304c\u4e0a\u624b\u306b\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u306d\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n<em>Nihongo ga j\u014dzu ni narimashita ne.<\/em><br \/>\nSeu japon\u00eas melhorou, n\u00e3o \u00e9?<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>B:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u308a\u304c\u3068\u3046\u3054\u3056\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u6bce\u9031\u3001\u5148\u751f\u306b\u4f1a\u8a71\u3092\u6559\u3048\u3066\u3082\u3089\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n<em>Arigat\u014d gozaimasu. Maish\u016b, sensei ni kaiwa o oshiete moratte imasu.<\/em><br \/>\nObrigado. Toda semana, recebo aulas de conversa\u00e7\u00e3o do professor.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>A:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u4eca\u65e5\u3082\u52c9\u5f37\u3057\u306b\u884c\u304d\u307e\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n<em>Ky\u014d mo benky\u014d shi ni ikimasu ka.<\/em><br \/>\nHoje voc\u00ea tamb\u00e9m vai estudar?<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>B:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u306f\u3044\u3002\u5148\u751f\u304c\u99c5\u307e\u3067\u8fce\u3048\u306b\u6765\u3066\u304f\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n<em>Hai. Sensei ga eki made mukae ni kite kuremasu.<\/em><br \/>\nSim. O professor vir\u00e1 me buscar na esta\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n\n<p>O di\u00e1logo usa <span lang=\"ja\">\u4e0a\u624b\u306b\u306a\u308b<\/span> para mudan\u00e7a, <span lang=\"ja\">\u52c9\u5f37\u3057\u306b\u884c\u304f<\/span> e <span lang=\"ja\">\u8fce\u3048\u306b\u6765\u308b<\/span> para finalidade, al\u00e9m de <span lang=\"ja\">\u6559\u3048\u3066\u3082\u3089\u3046<\/span> e <span lang=\"ja\">\u6765\u3066\u304f\u308c\u308b<\/span> para a\u00e7\u00f5es apresentadas como ajuda.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Cz\u0119ste b\u0142\u0119dy<\/h2>\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>U\u017cycie <span lang=\"ja\">\u306a<\/span> przed <span lang=\"ja\">sta\u0107 si\u0119<\/span>:<\/strong> powiedz <span lang=\"ja\">\u9759\u304b\u306b\u306a\u308b<\/span>, nie <span lang=\"ja\">\u9759\u304b\u306a\u306b\u306a\u308b<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Esquecer a forma especial de \u3044\u3044:<\/strong> \u201cficar melhor\u201d \u00e9 <span lang=\"ja\">\u3088\u304f\u306a\u308b<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Wymiana <span lang=\"ja\">\u3059\u308b<\/span> przez <span lang=\"ja\">sta\u0107 si\u0119<\/span> mecanicamente:<\/strong> express\u00f5es como <span lang=\"ja\">To jest pouczaj\u0105ce<\/span> t\u00eam significado pr\u00f3prio.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Usar o verbo na forma do dicion\u00e1rio antes de \u306b de finalidade:<\/strong> powiedz <span lang=\"ja\">\u98df\u3079\u306b\u884c\u304f<\/span>, nie <span lang=\"ja\">\u98df\u3079\u308b\u306b\u884c\u304f<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>T\u0142umacz <span lang=\"ja\">\u6765\u308b<\/span> como \u201cveio\u201d:<\/strong> o passado \u00e9 <span lang=\"ja\">\u6765\u305f\uff0f\u6765\u307e\u3057\u305f<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Escolher \u3042\u3052\u308b, \u304f\u308c\u308b e \u3082\u3089\u3046 apenas pela tradu\u00e7\u00e3o:<\/strong> observe quem d\u00e1, quem recebe e de qual perspectiva a frase \u00e9 constru\u00edda.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Traktowanie <span lang=\"ja\">V\u3066\u3042\u3052\u308b<\/span> como forma neutra de gentileza:<\/strong> ela pode destacar o favor e requer aten\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 rela\u00e7\u00e3o entre as pessoas.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2>\u0106wiczenie<\/h2>\n\n<ol>\n<li>Transforme <span lang=\"ja\">\u6691\u3044<\/span> em \u201cficar quente\u201d.<\/li>\n<li>Transforme <span lang=\"ja\">\u5143\u6c17<\/span> em \u201cficar bem\u201d.<\/li>\n<li>Uzupe\u0142nij: <span lang=\"ja\">\u6620\u753b\u3092\u898b\uff08\u3000\uff09\u884c\u304d\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Diga \u201cMinha amiga veio estudar japon\u00eas\u201d.<\/li>\n<li>Escolha o verbo: <span lang=\"ja\">\u7530\u4e2d\u3055\u3093\u304c\u79c1\u306b\u304a\u83d3\u5b50\u3092\uff08\u3042\u3052\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff0f\u304f\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Reescreva \u201cO professor corrigiu minha reda\u00e7\u00e3o para mim\u201d usando <span lang=\"ja\">V\u3066\u3082\u3089\u3046<\/span>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<p><strong>Odpowiedzi:<\/strong> 1. <span lang=\"ja\">\u6691\u304f\u306a\u308b<\/span>; 2. <span lang=\"ja\">\u5143\u6c17\u306b\u306a\u308b<\/span>; 3. <span lang=\"ja\">\u306b<\/span>, formowanie <span lang=\"ja\">\u6620\u753b\u3092\u898b\u306b\u884c\u304d\u307e\u3059<\/span>; 4. <span lang=\"ja\">\u53cb\u3060\u3061\u304c\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3092\u52c9\u5f37\u3057\u306b\u6765\u307e\u3057\u305f<\/span>; 5. <span lang=\"ja\">da\u0142 mi<\/span>, porque o objeto veio para o falante; 6. <span lang=\"ja\">\u79c1\u306f\u5148\u751f\u306b\u4f5c\u6587\u3092\u76f4\u3057\u3066\u3082\u3089\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f<\/span>.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Resumo<\/h2>\n\n<ul>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">A\u304f\uff0fAN\u306b\uff0fN\u306b + \u306a\u308b<\/span> apresenta uma mudan\u00e7a e o estado resultante.<\/li>\n<li>O radical de <span lang=\"ja\">\u307e\u3059 + \u306b + \u884c\u304f\uff0f\u6765\u308b\uff0f\u5e30\u308b<\/span> apresenta a finalidade de um movimento.<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">da\u0107<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">da\u0107<\/span> e <span lang=\"ja\">otrzyma\u0107<\/span> descrevem dar e receber sob perspectivas diferentes.<\/li>\n<li>Depois da forma <span lang=\"ja\">\u3066<\/span>, esses verbos mostram uma a\u00e7\u00e3o realizada ou recebida como benef\u00edcio.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>Esses padr\u00f5es ficam mais f\u00e1ceis quando voc\u00ea analisa a fun\u00e7\u00e3o de cada elemento, em vez de traduzir palavra por palavra. Para praticar a ordem dos componentes e a omiss\u00e3o do sujeito, continue pelo guia sobre <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/pl\/jak-tworzyc-zdania-po-japonsku\/\">Jak tworzy\u0107 zdania w j\u0119zyku japo\u0144skim<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<div id=\"rank-math-faq\" class=\"rank-math-block\">\n<div class=\"rank-math-list\">\n<div id=\"faq-question-c2373870306ff\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Czym s\u0105 wyra\u017cenia czasownikowe w j\u0119zyku japo\u0144skim?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>S\u0105 to wzorce \u0142\u0105cz\u0105ce czasowniki z partyku\u0142ami, przymiotnikami, rzeczownikami lub innymi czasownikami w celu przekazania idei takich jak zmiana, cel, transfer i korzy\u015b\u0107.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-e2794fb1bdb06\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Jak u\u017cywa\u0107 \u306a\u308b po japo\u0144sku?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>\u306a\u308b przedstawia zmian\u0119 i stan wynikowy. U\u017cyj przymiotnika \u3044 bez \u3044 + \u304f\u306a\u308b, przymiotnika \u306a + \u306b\u306a\u308b lub rzeczownika + \u306b\u306a\u308b.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-fba8bc59e0170\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Jak powiedzie\u0107 \"ficar melhor\" po japo\u0144sku?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>U\u017cyj \u3088\u304f\u306a\u308b. Chocia\u017c \u3044\u3044 oznacza \u2018dobry\u2019, jego odmiany pochodz\u0105 od \u3088\u3044; dlatego poprawna forma to \u3088\u304f\u306a\u308b, a nie \u3044\u304f\u306a\u308b.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-10b1015ac37f2\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Jak powiedzie\u0107 po japo\u0144sku, \u017ce idzie si\u0119 co\u015b zrobi\u0107?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>Usu\u0144 \u307e\u3059 z czasownika, dodaj \u306b i zako\u0144cz czasownikiem ruchu. Na przyk\u0142ad, \u8cb7\u3044\u307e\u3059 staje si\u0119 \u8cb7\u3044\u306b\u884c\u304f, \u2018i\u015b\u0107 kupi\u0107\u2019.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-11d08c300706f\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Jaka jest r\u00f3\u017cnica mi\u0119dzy \u3042\u3052\u308b a \u304f\u308c\u308b?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>\u3042\u3052\u308b przedstawia co\u015b, co jest dawane przez osob\u0119 daj\u0105c\u0105 i zazwyczaj poza perspektyw\u0105 m\u00f3wi\u0105cego. \u304f\u308c\u308b przedstawia co\u015b, co przychodzi do m\u00f3wi\u0105cego lub do kogo\u015b z jego grupy.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-6c316a9dc2c6e\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Jaka jest r\u00f3\u017cnica mi\u0119dzy \u304f\u308c\u308b a \u3082\u3089\u3046?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>Z \u304f\u308c\u308b podmiotem jest daj\u0105cy, a przekazanie nast\u0119puje w kierunku m\u00f3wi\u0105cego. Z \u3082\u3089\u3046 podmiotem jest otrzymuj\u0105cy i przedstawia to samo zdarzenie jako otrzymanie.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-44b028720d4c9\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Jak u\u017cywa\u0107 V\u3066\u3042\u3052\u308b, V\u3066\u304f\u308c\u308b i V\u3066\u3082\u3089\u3046?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>Dodaj \u3042\u3052\u308b, \u304f\u308c\u308b lub \u3082\u3089\u3046 do formy \u3066. Ten wzorzec pokazuje odpowiednio czynno\u015b\u0107 wykonan\u0105 dla kogo\u015b, wykonan\u0105 dla m\u00f3wi\u0105cego lub otrzyman\u0105 z czyj\u0105\u015b pomoc\u0105.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-54f0b4f91e22e\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Co oznacza \u52c9\u5f37\u306b\u306a\u308b?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>\u52c9\u5f37\u306b\u306a\u308b oznacza, \u017ce co\u015b s\u0142u\u017cy jako nauka, jest pouczaj\u0105ce lub uczy czego\u015b przydatnego. Nie jest to og\u00f3lna zasada przekszta\u0142cania dowolnego czasownika ko\u0144cz\u0105cego si\u0119 na \u3059\u308b.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Naucz si\u0119 trzech japo\u0144skich wyra\u017ce\u0144 czasownikowych: zmiany z \u306a\u308b, cel z \u306b\u884c\u304f oraz perspektywa \u3042\u3052\u308b, \u304f\u308c\u308b i \u3082\u3089\u3046.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2090,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[49,70,73,60],"tags":[69,2,3],"class_list":["post-2089","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-curso-de-japones-gratis","category-gramatica-japonesa","category-verbos-em-japones","category-vocabulario-japones","tag-curso-japones-gratis","tag-idioma-japones","tag-nihongo","resize-featured-image"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2089","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2089"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2089\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4449,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2089\/revisions\/4449"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2090"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2089"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2089"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2089"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}