{"id":1091,"date":"2009-11-01T17:15:39","date_gmt":"2009-11-01T19:15:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/?p=1091"},"modified":"2018-02-24T08:11:27","modified_gmt":"2018-02-24T11:11:27","slug":"abeceda-japoncina-uvod","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/alfabeto-japones-introducao\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00davod do japonskej abecedy"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"42f50e0ef69d15b5aee26f1ed3eeb18c\" data-index=\"2\" style=\"float: none; margin:0px;\">\n<script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-0652292147574552\"\r\n     crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script>\r\n<!-- Ads responsivo Inicio Post CAJap -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:block\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-0652292147574552\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"3298668993\"\r\n     data-ad-format=\"auto\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script>\n<\/div>\n<p>O <strong>Japonsk\u00e1 abeceda<\/strong> mo\u017eno rozdeli\u0165 na tri \u010dasti <strong>hiragana<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>katakana<\/strong>\u00a0e\u00a0<strong>kanjis<\/strong>. Hiragana a katakana s\u00fa dve fonetick\u00e9 japonsk\u00e9 abecedy zalo\u017een\u00e9 na zvukoch. Kand\u017ei s\u00fa ideogramy; japonsk\u00e9 symboly, ktor\u00e9 predstavuj\u00fa my\u0161lienky a s\u00fa \u0161iroko pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 na tetovanie, n\u00e1lepky at\u010f.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-1093 size-full\" title=\"\u00davod do japonskej abecedy\" src=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2009\/11\/introducao-alfabeto-japones.jpg\" alt=\"\u00davod do japonskej abecedy\" width=\"110\" height=\"110\" srcset=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2009\/11\/introducao-alfabeto-japones.jpg 110w, https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2009\/11\/introducao-alfabeto-japones-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2009\/11\/introducao-alfabeto-japones-65x65.jpg 65w, https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2009\/11\/introducao-alfabeto-japones-125x125.jpg 125w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 110px) 100vw, 110px\" \/>Cie\u013eom tohto \u010dl\u00e1nku je poskytn\u00fa\u0165 v\u00e1m preh\u013ead o tom, ako je japonsk\u00e1 abeceda usporiadan\u00e1 a rozdelen\u00e1, a tie\u017e v\u00e1m povrchne pribl\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 funkciu jednotliv\u00fdch japonsk\u00fdch abecied.<\/p>\n<h2>Japonsk\u00e1 abeceda v jazyku Hiragana<\/h2>\n<p>Hiragana (\u5e73\u4eee\u540d) je jednou z fonetick\u00fdch abecied japonsk\u00e9ho jazyka. Pou\u017e\u00edva sa na z\u00e1pis slov, ktor\u00e9 maj\u00fa p\u00f4vod v Japonsku. Hiragana sa m\u00f4\u017ee pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 aj ako n\u00e1hrada japonsk\u00fdch ideogramov, najm\u00e4 ak konkr\u00e9tne slovo nem\u00e1 zast\u00fapenie kand\u017ei alebo je zast\u00fapenie kand\u017ei tak\u00e9 nezvy\u010dajn\u00e9, \u017ee existuje mo\u017enos\u0165, \u017ee pr\u00edjemca spr\u00e1vy ideogram nepozn\u00e1.<\/p>\n<p>Japonsk\u00e1 abeceda v <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/kompletna-tabulka-hiragany\/\">hiragana<\/a> sa v japonskej gramatike pou\u017e\u00edva v slovesn\u00fdch fr\u00e1zach, koncovk\u00e1ch pr\u00eddavn\u00fdch mien, \u010dasticiach a v mnoh\u00fdch \u010fal\u0161\u00edch situ\u00e1ci\u00e1ch. Hiragana sa pou\u017e\u00edva aj na z\u00e1pis doslovnej v\u00fdslovnosti kand\u017ei, ak sa predpoklad\u00e1, \u017ee pr\u00edjemca ho nepozn\u00e1. V tomto pr\u00edpade sa hiragana zobrazuje ako mal\u00e9 p\u00edsmen\u00e1 na vrchole kand\u017ei a naz\u00fdva sa\u00a0<strong>furigana<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h2>Japonsk\u00e1 abeceda v katakane<\/h2>\n<p>O <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/katakana-uplna-tabulka\/\">katakana (\u7247\u4eee\u540d)<\/a> je japonsk\u00e1 abeceda pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e1 v spojen\u00ed s hiraganou. Jej vyn\u00e1lez sa pripisuje mn\u00edchovi Kukai o Kobo Daishi. Ak sa chcete dozvedie\u0165 viac o p\u00f4vode japonskej abecedy, pre\u010d\u00edtajte si \u010dl\u00e1nok\u00a0<a title=\"P\u00f4vod japonskej abecedy\" href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/povod-japonskej-abecedy\/\">P\u00f4vod japonskej abecedy<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>V porovnan\u00ed s hiraganou m\u00e1 katakana viac geometrick\u00fdch ( alebo \u0161tvorcov\u00fdch ) \u0165ahov a mala by\u0165 jednoduchou formou p\u00edsma zalo\u017eenou na \u010d\u00ednskych znakoch.<\/p>\n<p>Katakana je nielen fonetick\u00e1 japonsk\u00e1 abeceda, ale pou\u017e\u00edva sa aj na z\u00e1pis slov cudzieho p\u00f4vodu, ktor\u00e9 sa prostredn\u00edctvom jazykov\u00fdch v\u00fdpo\u017ei\u010diek dostali do japonsk\u00e9ho jazyka alebo sa v Japonsku stali be\u017en\u00fdmi.<\/p>\n<p>\u010eal\u0161\u00edm ve\u013emi \u010dast\u00fdm pou\u017eit\u00edm katakany je prepis mien. Ke\u010f \u010dlovek potrebuje nap\u00edsa\u0165 svoje meno v japon\u010dine, zvy\u010dajne pou\u017e\u00edva japonsk\u00fa abecedu katakana na prepis zvukov mien do japon\u010diny.<br \/>\n<div class=\"message_box warning\"><p>Mnoh\u00ed \u013eudia maj\u00fa tendenciu zamie\u0148a\u0165 si prepis mien do japon\u010diny s p\u00edsan\u00edm mien v kand\u017ei. Je to preto, lebo \u013eudia maj\u00fa tendenciu veri\u0165, \u017ee meno cudzej osoby sa m\u00f4\u017ee nap\u00edsa\u0165 v kand\u017ei, ale japonsk\u00e1 gramatika to nepovo\u013euje.<\/p><\/div><\/p>\n<h2>Japonsk\u00e1 abeceda v kand\u017ei<\/h2>\n<p>Kand\u017ei (\u6f22\u5b57) s\u00fa znaky \u010d\u00ednskeho p\u00f4vodu z \u010dias dynastie Chan, ktor\u00e9 sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa v japonskom p\u00edsme spolu s kanami (hiragana a katakana); namiesto fon\u00e9m predstavuj\u00fa my\u0161lienky.<\/p>\n<p>Kand\u017ei je ve\u013emi po\u010detn\u00e9. Predstavte si, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00e9 slovo v portugal\u010dine je zn\u00e1zornen\u00e9 kresbou. A teraz to vyn\u00e1sobte tis\u00edckou! Aby ste si to vedeli predstavi\u0165, po\u010det kand\u017ei sa v Japonsku stal tak\u00fdm ve\u013ek\u00fdm, \u017ee ministerstvo \u0161kolstva muselo v roku 1981 vybra\u0165 mal\u00fd po\u010det z\u00e1kladn\u00fdch kand\u017ei, ktor\u00e9 by mali by\u0165 medzi obyvate\u013emi v\u0161eobecne zn\u00e1me. Tento s\u00fabor symbolov japonsk\u00e9ho p\u00edsma sa stal zn\u00e1my ako d\u017e\u00f3d\u017ei a m\u00e1 zoznam 1 945 ideogramov.<\/p>\n<p>Najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edm probl\u00e9mom pri u\u010den\u00ed sa japon\u010diny je kand\u017ei. Okrem toho, \u017ee ich je ve\u013ea, maj\u00fa aj r\u00f4zne sp\u00f4soby \u010d\u00edtania a r\u00f4zne v\u00fdznamy. Jedno kand\u017ei m\u00f4\u017ee ma\u0165 viac ako 14 v\u00fdznamov v z\u00e1vislosti od kontextu (napr\u00edklad sloveso kakeru - sadn\u00fa\u0165 si) a m\u00f4\u017ee sa \u010d\u00edta\u0165 r\u00f4znymi sp\u00f4sobmi. Japonsk\u00e9 p\u00edsmo je tie\u017e zlo\u017eit\u00e9 a slov\u00e1 mo\u017eno tvori\u0165 pomocou jednoduch\u00fdch a zlo\u017een\u00fdch kand\u017ei.<\/p>\n<p>Napriek t\u00fdmto \u0165a\u017ekostiam m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 japonsk\u00e9 p\u00edsmo ve\u013emi kompaktn\u00e9. Sta\u010dia tri ideogramy: \u9032(shin - vyv\u00edja\u0165 sa) \u5316(ka - zmena) \u8ad6(ron - te\u00f3ria), aby sme mohli poveda\u0165 \"Te\u00f3ria evol\u00facie\", \u010d\u00edm sa v\u00fdrazne zn\u00ed\u017ei po\u010det japonsk\u00fdch p\u00edsmen.<\/p>\n<p>A <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/japonske-pisacie-systemy\/\">Japonsk\u00e1 logika p\u00edsania<\/a> je ve\u013emi jednoduch\u00e1. Ak za krajinu prid\u00e1me ideogram \"osoba\", znamen\u00e1 to, \u017ee osoba poch\u00e1dza z tohto miesta; ak za \"biely\", ide o osobu bielej pleti; ak za \"\u010derven\u00fd\", ide o osobu \u010dervenej pleti. Ak prid\u00e1me \"osoba\" za \"zlo\u010din\", zlo\u010dinec; \"osoba\" za \"mimo\", cudzinec, cudzinka a pod.<br \/>\n<div class=\"message_box announce\"><p>Japonsk\u00e9 p\u00edsmo pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00face kand\u017ei nie je odporn\u00e9 mon\u0161trum, ktor\u00e9 vytvorili zo svojich \u0165a\u017ekost\u00ed, ale len paradigma, ktor\u00fa treba prelomi\u0165 na z\u00e1klade n\u00e1\u0161ho foneticko-kult\u00farneho pozadia. Nau\u010di\u0165 sa kand\u017ei nie je \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9, vy\u017eaduje si to len trochu cviku a odhodlania.<\/p><\/div><\/p>\n\n<div style=\"font-size: 0px; height: 0px; line-height: 0px; margin: 0; padding: 0; clear: both;\"><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Japonsk\u00fa abecedu mo\u017eno rozdeli\u0165 na tri \u010dasti: hiraganu, katakanu a kand\u017ei. Hiragana a katakana s\u00fa dve fonetick\u00e9 japonsk\u00e9 abecedy zalo\u017een\u00e9 na zvukoch. K\u00fdm kand\u017ei s\u00fa ideogramy; japonsk\u00e9 symboly, ktor\u00e9 predstavuj\u00fa my\u0161lienky a<\/p>","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":239,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[46,47,48],"tags":[16],"class_list":["post-1091","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-alfabeto-japones","category-alfabeto-japones-hiragana","category-alfabeto-japones-katakana","tag-alfabeto-japones","resize-featured-image"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1091","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/18"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1091"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1091\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/239"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1091"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1091"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1091"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}