{"id":1098,"date":"2009-11-01T17:21:51","date_gmt":"2009-11-01T19:21:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/?p=1098"},"modified":"2026-08-08T19:54:53","modified_gmt":"2026-08-08T22:54:53","slug":"abeceda-japoncina-hiragana-e-katakana","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/alfabeto-japones-hiragana-e-katakana\/","title":{"rendered":"Japonsk\u00e1 abeceda: tabu\u013eka hiragana a katakana"},"content":{"rendered":"

Volanie Japonsk\u00e1 abeceda<\/strong> zah\u0155\u0148a dva s\u00fabory fonetick\u00fdch znakov: hiragana<\/strong> a katakana<\/strong>. Oba vo v\u0161eobecnosti predstavuj\u00fa rovnak\u00e9 zvuky, ale pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa sa v r\u00f4znych kontextoch. T\u00e1to str\u00e1nka zhroma\u017e\u010fuje z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 tabu\u013eky, romaniz\u00e1ciu a hlavn\u00e9 pravidl\u00e1 \u010d\u00edtania kana.<\/p>\n\n

V technickom zmysle hiragana a katakana nie s\u00fa abecedy ako latinka. S\u00fa to syst\u00e9my kana<\/em>: ka\u017ed\u00fd znak zvy\u010dajne predstavuje m\u00f3ru, rytmick\u00fa jednotku japon\u010diny. Term\u00edn \u201cjaponsk\u00e1 abeceda\u201d zost\u00e1va u\u017eito\u010dn\u00fd ako vyh\u013ead\u00e1vac\u00ed v\u00fdraz a ako po\u010diato\u010dn\u00e9 vysvetlenie, pokia\u013e je tento rozdiel jasn\u00fd.<\/p>\n\n

Ak e\u0161te neviete, ako sa kana a kand\u017ei vyskytuj\u00fa spolu, za\u010dnite preh\u013eadom Japonsk\u00e9 p\u00edsacie syst\u00e9my<\/a>. Tu je d\u00f4raz na prezeranie a pochopenie hiragany a katakany ved\u013ea seba.<\/p>\n\n

Ak chcete spozna\u0165 historick\u00fd kontext, pre\u010d\u00edtajte si p\u00f4vod japonskej abecedy<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n

Ak\u00fd je rozdiel medzi hiraganou a katakanou?<\/h2>\n\n

O hiragana<\/strong> sa vyskytuje v \u010dasticiach, gramatick\u00fdch koncovk\u00e1ch, slov\u00e1ch \u010dasto p\u00edsan\u00fdch bez kand\u017ei a podporn\u00fdch \u010d\u00edtaniach naz\u00fdvan\u00fdch furigana<\/em>. . katakana<\/strong> je be\u017en\u00fd v prevzat\u00fdch slov\u00e1ch z in\u00fdch jazykov, cudz\u00edch men\u00e1ch, onomatopoji\u00e1ch, technick\u00fdch term\u00ednoch a zv\u00fdraz\u0148ovac\u00edch efektoch.<\/p>\n\n

Ak chcete konzultova\u0165 ka\u017ed\u00fd s\u00fabor samostatne, pozrite si \u00fapln\u00fa tabu\u013eku hiragany<\/a> a \u00fapln\u00fa tabu\u013eku katakany<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n

Z\u00e1kladn\u00e1 tabu\u013eka hiragany a katakany<\/h2>\n\n

Tradi\u010dn\u00e9 poradie nasleduje samohl\u00e1sky a, i, u, e, o<\/em>. Potom nasleduj\u00fa riadky tvoren\u00e9 kombin\u00e1ciou t\u00fdchto samohl\u00e1sok so spoluhl\u00e1skami. Medzery v tabu\u013eke ozna\u010duj\u00fa zvuky, ktor\u00e9 nie s\u00fa s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou modern\u00e9ho z\u00e1kladn\u00e9ho s\u00faboru.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
Riadok<\/th>Romaniz\u00e1cia<\/th>Hiragana<\/th>Katakana<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
\u010clenovia<\/td>a, i, u, e, o<\/td>\u3042 \u3044 \u3046 \u3048 \u304a<\/td>\u30a2 \u30a4 \u30a6 \u30a8 \u30aa<\/td><\/tr>\n
K<\/td>ka, ki, ku, ke, ko<\/td>\u304b \u304d \u304f \u3051 \u3053<\/td>ka, ki, ku, ke, ko<\/td><\/tr>\n
S<\/td>sa, shi, su, se, so<\/td>sa, shi, su, se, so<\/td>sa, shi, su, se, so<\/td><\/tr>\n
T<\/td>ta, chi, tsu, te, to<\/td>ta, chi, tsu, te, to<\/td>ta, chi, tsu, te, to<\/td><\/tr>\n
N<\/td>na, ni, nu, ne, no<\/td>na, ni, nu, ne, no<\/td>na, ni, nu, ne, no<\/td><\/tr>\n
H<\/td>ha, hi, fu, he, ho<\/td>ha, hi, fu, he, ho<\/td>ha, hi, fu, he, ho<\/td><\/tr>\n
M<\/td>ma, mi, mu, me, mo<\/td>ma, mi, mu, me, mo<\/td>ma, mi, mu, me, mo<\/td><\/tr>\n
Y<\/td>ya, yu, yo<\/td>ya, yu, yo<\/td>ya, yu, yo<\/td><\/tr>\n
R<\/td>ra, ri, ru, re, ro<\/td>ra, ri, ru, re, ro<\/td>ra, ri, ru, re, ro<\/td><\/tr>\n
W<\/td>wa, o<\/td>wa, o<\/td>wa, o<\/td><\/tr>\n
N koniec<\/td>n<\/td>\u3093<\/td>\u30f3<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n

Neexistuje modern\u00fd z\u00e1kladn\u00fd kana zodpovedaj\u00faci \u201cwu\u201d. Historick\u00e9 tvary \u3090\/\u30f0 (wi<\/em>) a \u3091\/\u30f1 (we<\/em>) tie\u017e nie s\u00fa s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou s\u00fa\u010dasnej ka\u017edodennej tabu\u013eky. \u3092\/\u30f2 sa v niektor\u00fdch met\u00f3dach p\u00edsania prepisuje ako wo<\/em> ale v s\u00fa\u010dasnej japon\u010dine sa zvy\u010dajne vyslovuje o<\/em> ke\u010f funguje ako \u010dastica.<\/p>\n\n

Ako vyslovova\u0165 kana<\/h2>\n\n

Romaniz\u00e1cia pom\u00e1ha na za\u010diatku, ale nereprodukuje v\u00fdslovnos\u0165. Pou\u017e\u00edvajte zvuk a skuto\u010dn\u00e9 slov\u00e1 na spojenie ka\u017ed\u00e9ho znaku so zvukom. \u0160tyri \u010d\u00edtania si zasl\u00fa\u017eia pozornos\u0165: \u3057 je shi<\/em>, \u3061 je chi<\/em>, \u3064 je tsu<\/em> a \u3075 je fu<\/em>, s jemnej\u0161\u00edm tren\u00edm ako be\u017en\u00e9 \u201cf\u201d v portugal\u010dine.<\/p>\n\n

Riadok R \u2014 \u3089, \u308a, \u308b, \u308c, \u308d \u2014 pou\u017e\u00edva r\u00fdchly dotyk jazyka, odli\u0161n\u00fd od siln\u00e9ho R a L v portugal\u010dine. Zvuk \u3093 sa men\u00ed pod\u013ea nasleduj\u00faceho zvuku; nau\u010dte sa ho v slov\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n\n

A ofici\u00e1lna tabu\u013eka kana Irodori, Japan Foundation<\/a>, zh\u0155\u0148a z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 znaky, kombin\u00e1cie a pr\u00edklady s dlh\u00fdmi samohl\u00e1skami a zdvojen\u00fdmi spoluhl\u00e1skami. Bola pou\u017eit\u00e1 na overenie tvarov a romaniz\u00e1cie tejto str\u00e1nky.<\/p>\n\n

Dakuten a handakuten: modifikovan\u00e9 zvuky<\/h2>\n\n

Znak \u309b sa naz\u00fdva dakuten<\/strong> a modifikuje niektor\u00e9 riadky. Mal\u00fd kr\u00fa\u017eok \u309c je handakuten<\/strong> a vytv\u00e1ra rad P. Nie s\u00fa to grafick\u00e9 pr\u00edzvuky ako v portugal\u010dine; s\u00fa to zna\u010dky, ktor\u00e9 menia zvukov\u00fa hodnotu kana.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
Transform\u00e1cia<\/th>Romaniz\u00e1cia<\/th>Hiragana<\/th>Katakana<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
K \u2192 G<\/td>ga, gi, gu, ge, go<\/td>\u304c \u304e \u3050 \u3052 \u3054<\/td>\u30ac \u30ae \u30b0 \u30b2 \u30b4<\/td><\/tr>\n
S \u2192 Z<\/td>za, ji, zu, ze, zo<\/td>\u3056 \u3058 \u305a \u305c \u305e<\/td>\u30b6 \u30b8 \u30ba \u30bc \u30be<\/td><\/tr>\n
T \u2192 D<\/td>da, ji, zu, de, do<\/td>\u3060 \u3062 \u3065 \u3067 \u3069<\/td>\u30c0 \u30c2 \u30c5 \u30c7 \u30c9<\/td><\/tr>\n
H \u2192 B<\/td>ba, bi, bu, be, bo<\/td>\u3070 \u3073 \u3076 \u3079 \u307c<\/td>\u30d0 \u30d3 \u30d6 \u30d9 \u30dc<\/td><\/tr>\n
H \u2192 P<\/td>pa, pi, pu, pe, po<\/td>\u3071 \u3074 \u3077 \u307a \u307d<\/td>\u30d1 \u30d4 \u30d7 \u30da \u30dd<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n

V \u0161tandardnej s\u00fa\u010dasnej v\u00fdslovnosti \u3058 a \u3062 zvy\u010dajne znej\u00fa ako ju<\/em>, zatia\u013e \u010do \u305a a \u3065 zvy\u010dajne znej\u00fa ako zu<\/em>. To nerob\u00ed pravopis zamenite\u013en\u00fdm: ka\u017ed\u00e9 slovo si zachov\u00e1va svoj z\u00e1pis. Tvary s \u3062 a \u3065 s\u00fa menej \u010dast\u00e9 a vyskytuj\u00fa sa v \u0161pecifick\u00fdch slov\u00e1ch a v ur\u010dit\u00fdch morfologick\u00fdch kombin\u00e1ci\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n\n

Y\u014don: kombin\u00e1cie s mal\u00fdmi \u3083, \u3085 a \u3087<\/h2>\n\n

O y\u014don<\/strong> sp\u00e1ja kana zo st\u013apca I s mal\u00fdm \u3083, \u3085 alebo \u3087. \u010c\u00edtanie tvor\u00ed jedin\u00fa sekvenciu, nie dve oddelen\u00e9 slabiky. Porovnajte \u304d\u3084 (kiya<\/em>) com \u304d\u3083 (kya<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
Skupina<\/th>Hiragana<\/th>Katakana<\/th>Romaniz\u00e1cia<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
K<\/td>\u304d\u3083 \u304d\u3085 \u304d\u3087<\/td>\u30ad\u30e3 \u30ad\u30e5 \u30ad\u30e7<\/td>kya, kyu, kyo<\/td><\/tr>\n
S<\/td>\u3057\u3083 \u3057\u3085 \u3057\u3087<\/td>\u30b7\u30e3 \u30b7\u30e5 \u30b7\u30e7<\/td>sha, shu, sho<\/td><\/tr>\n
T<\/td>\u3061\u3083 \u3061\u3085 \u3061\u3087<\/td>\u30c1\u30e3 \u30c1\u30e5 \u30c1\u30e7<\/td>cha, chu, cho<\/td><\/tr>\n
N<\/td>\u306b\u3083 \u306b\u3085 \u306b\u3087<\/td>\u30cb\u30e3 \u30cb\u30e5 \u30cb\u30e7<\/td>nya, nyu, nyo<\/td><\/tr>\n
H<\/td>\u3072\u3083 \u3072\u3085 \u3072\u3087<\/td>\u30d2\u30e3 \u30d2\u30e5 \u30d2\u30e7<\/td>hya, hyu, hyo<\/td><\/tr>\n
M<\/td>\u307f\u3083 \u307f\u3085 \u307f\u3087<\/td>\u30df\u30e3 \u30df\u30e5 \u30df\u30e7<\/td>mya, myu, myo<\/td><\/tr>\n
R<\/td>\u308a\u3083 \u308a\u3085 \u308a\u3087<\/td>\u30ea\u30e3 \u30ea\u30e5 \u30ea\u30e7<\/td>rya, ryu, ryo<\/td><\/tr>\n
G<\/td>\u304e\u3083 \u304e\u3085 \u304e\u3087<\/td>\u30ae\u30e3 \u30ae\u30e5 \u30ae\u30e7<\/td>gya, gyu, gyo<\/td><\/tr>\n
J<\/td>\u3058\u3083 \u3058\u3085 \u3058\u3087<\/td>\u30b8\u30e3 \u30b8\u30e5 \u30b8\u30e7<\/td>ja, ju, jo<\/td><\/tr>\n
B<\/td>\u3073\u3083 \u3073\u3085 \u3073\u3087<\/td>\u30d3\u30e3 \u30d3\u30e5 \u30d3\u30e7<\/td>bya, byu, byo<\/td><\/tr>\n
P<\/td>\u3074\u3083 \u3074\u3085 \u3074\u3087<\/td>\u30d4\u30e3 \u30d4\u30e5 \u30d4\u30e7<\/td>pya, pyu, pyo<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n

\u3063, \u30c3 a zdvojen\u00e9 spoluhl\u00e1sky<\/h2>\n\n

Mal\u00e9 \u3063 alebo \u30c3 ozna\u010duje kr\u00e1tku pauzu pred nasleduj\u00facou spoluhl\u00e1skou. V prepise sa t\u00e1to spoluhl\u00e1ska zvy\u010dajne zdvojuje. Tak\u017ee \u304d\u3063\u3066 je kitte<\/em> (\u201cpe\u010diatka\u201d) a \u30ab\u30c3\u30d7 je kappu<\/em> (\u201cpoh\u00e1r\u201d alebo \u201c\u0161\u00e1lka\u201d). Mal\u00e9 znamienko treba odl\u00ed\u0161i\u0165 od \u3064\/\u30c4 v norm\u00e1lnej ve\u013ekosti.<\/p>\n\n

Ako vyjadri\u0165 dlh\u00e9 samohl\u00e1sky<\/h2>\n\n

V hiragane sa dlh\u00e1 samohl\u00e1ska m\u00f4\u017ee p\u00edsa\u0165 r\u00f4znymi sp\u00f4sobmi pod\u013ea slova. Dlh\u00e9 E sa \u010dasto p\u00ed\u0161e s \u3044 a dlh\u00e9 O \u010dasto s \u3046, ale existuj\u00fa v\u00fdnimky, ktor\u00e9 sa treba nau\u010di\u0165 s pravopisom slova. Napr\u00edklad \u305b\u3093\u305b\u3044 (sensei<\/em>) obsahuje dlh\u00e9 E a \u304c\u3063\u3053\u3046 (gakk\u014d<\/em>) obsahuje dlh\u00e9 O.<\/p>\n\n

V katakane sa \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edva \u010diarka \u30fc: \u30b3\u30fc\u30d2\u30fc (k\u014dh\u012b<\/em>, \u201ck\u00e1va\u201d) a \u30b1\u30fc\u30ad (k\u0113ki<\/em>, \u201cbolo\u201d). Neignorujte d\u013a\u017eku: kr\u00e1tka a dlh\u00e1 samohl\u00e1ska m\u00f4\u017eu rozli\u0161ova\u0165 slov\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n

V akom porad\u00ed \u0161tudova\u0165 hiraganu a katakanu?<\/h2>\n\n

Kurzy predstavuj\u00fa hiraganu ako prv\u00fa, ale to nie je pravidlo. Marugoto<\/a> uv\u00e1dza, \u017ee poradie medzi hiraganou a katakanou sa m\u00f4\u017ee l\u00ed\u0161i\u0165, a odpor\u00fa\u010da sp\u00e1ja\u0165 p\u00edsanie, hovorenie a zn\u00e1mu slovn\u00fa z\u00e1sobu.<\/p>\n\n

    \n
  1. Nau\u010dte sa p\u00e4\u0165 samohl\u00e1sok a rozpoznajte rytmus ka\u017edej mory.<\/li>\n
  2. \u0160tudujte jeden riadok naraz, \u010d\u00edtajte a p\u00ed\u0161te kr\u00e1tke slov\u00e1.<\/li>\n
  3. Cvi\u010dte hiraganu a katakanu bez toho, aby ste sa spoliehali iba na r\u00f3mad\u017ei.<\/li>\n
  4. Pridajte dakuten, handakuten, y\u014don, \u3063\/\u30c3 a dlh\u00e9 samohl\u00e1sky.<\/li>\n
  5. Opakujte s audionahr\u00e1vkami, \u010d\u00edtan\u00edm a p\u00edsan\u00edm v re\u00e1lnych vet\u00e1ch.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n

    O Sprievodca \u0161t\u00fadiom hiragany a katakany<\/a> organizuje podrobn\u00e9 lekcie. Potom pou\u017eite bezplatn\u00fd kurz japon\u010diny pre za\u010diato\u010dn\u00edkov<\/a> na integr\u00e1ciu \u010d\u00edtania, slovnej z\u00e1soby, gramatiky a praxe.<\/p>\n\n

    \u010cast\u00e9 chyby na za\u010diatku<\/h2>\n\n