{"id":1614,"date":"2009-11-11T06:18:45","date_gmt":"2009-11-11T08:18:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/?p=1614"},"modified":"2018-03-06T17:46:06","modified_gmt":"2018-03-06T20:46:06","slug":"poradie-slov-v-japoncine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/ordem-das-palavras-em-japones\/","title":{"rendered":"Poradie slov v japon\u010dine"},"content":{"rendered":"

Zistite to teraz\u00a0poradie slov v japon\u010dine <\/strong>a u\u017e sa nezm\u00fd\u013ete!<\/em><\/p>\n

Znalos\u0165 z\u00e1kladov tvorby viet v japonskom jazyku v\u00e1m umo\u017en\u00ed sta\u0165 sa plynulej\u0161\u00edm a vytv\u00e1ra\u0165 vlastn\u00e9 vety pod\u013ea va\u0161ich potrieb. Aby ste to dok\u00e1zali, mus\u00edte vedie\u0165, ako usporiada\u0165 slov\u00e1 a pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 spr\u00e1vne gramatick\u00e9 prvky, aby ste dok\u00e1zali vyjadri\u0165 to, \u010do chcete poveda\u0165, a aby v\u00e1m rozumel ka\u017ed\u00fd roden\u00fd japonsk\u00fd hovorca.<\/p>\n

Poradie slov v japon\u010dine<\/h2>\n

Ak sa n\u00e1m to nepodar\u00ed, bude \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9 vyjadri\u0165 sa, ozn\u00e1mi\u0165, \u010do chceme, a z\u00e1rove\u0148 bude nemo\u017en\u00e9 porozumie\u0165 ak\u00e9muko\u013evek posolstvu v japon\u010dine. Tak\u017ee prv\u00fdm krokom pri pozn\u00e1van\u00ed jazyka je vedie\u0165, ako s\u00fa slov\u00e1 usporiadan\u00e9 vo vet\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

Ale \u010do je to veta?<\/h2>\n

Veta je jednoducho usporiadan\u00fd sled slov. Tento ist\u00fd sled slov n\u00e1m umo\u017e\u0148uje robi\u0165 vyhl\u00e1senia, kl\u00e1s\u0165 ot\u00e1zky, vyjadrova\u0165 my\u0161lienky, vyjadrova\u0165 po\u017eiadavky, vyjadrova\u0165 svoj n\u00e1zor at\u010f.<\/p>\n

V portugalskom jazyku sa veta zvy\u010dajne za\u010d\u00edna ve\u013ek\u00fdm p\u00edsmenom a kon\u010d\u00ed bodkou, \u010di u\u017e ide o bodko\u010diarku, v\u00fdkri\u010dn\u00edk, ot\u00e1znik alebo in\u00fd znak, ktor\u00fd sa pou\u017e\u00edva na ozna\u010denie konca vety.<\/p>\n

V pr\u00edpade Japonsk\u00fd jazyk<\/a>Ke\u010f\u017ee neexistuj\u00fa ve\u013ek\u00e9 ani mal\u00e9 p\u00edsmen\u00e1, za\u010diatok vety nem\u00e1 \u017eiadne ozna\u010denie. V be\u017enej\u0161\u00edch textoch sa odseky ozna\u010duj\u00fa medzerou medzi nimi a niekedy s\u00fa aj odsaden\u00e9.<\/p>\n

V japon\u010dine sa koniec vety ur\u010duje pomocou symbolu \"\u3002\" alebo jednoducho \".\", ktor\u00fd sa rovn\u00e1 na\u0161ej bodke.<\/p>\n

V pr\u00edpade v\u00fdkri\u010dn\u00edkov a ot\u00e1znikov neexistuj\u00fa \u017eiadne \u0161pecifick\u00e9 zna\u010dky podobn\u00e9 na\u0161im \"?\" a \"!\". V japon\u010dine s\u00fa tieto zna\u010dky nepovinn\u00e9 a nepou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa sa v\u017edy.<\/p>\n

Pr\u00edklady:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u305f\u304b\u306a\u3055\u3093\u306f\u65e5\u672c\u4eba\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/acronym>\u00a0( p\u00e1n Tanaka Japonec )<\/p>\n

\u30a2\u30de\u30f3\u30c0\u3061\u3083\u3093\u306f\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u4eba\u3067\u3059\u304b\uff1f<\/acronym>\u00a0(Sle\u010dna Amanda American be. )<\/p>\n

\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u304c\u8a71\u305b\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3088\uff01<\/acronym>\u00a0( Japonci nevedia hovori\u0165! )<\/p>\n

Porovnanie viet v portugal\u010dine a japon\u010dine<\/h2>\n

V portugal\u010dine sa v\u0161etky be\u017en\u00e9 vety delia na tri \u010dasti: predmet, sloveso a objekt. Okrem toho je v portugalskom jazyku logick\u00e9 usporiada\u0165 vetu tak, \u017ee na prvom mieste je predmet, potom sloveso a nakoniec predmet alebo predik\u00e1t.<\/p>\n

Pr\u00edklady:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Predmet + sloveso + predmet<\/p>\n

Sushi jem ka\u017ed\u00fd de\u0148<\/p>\n

Sara nos\u00ed \u010derven\u00e9 okuliare<\/p>\n

Marcos m\u00e1 modr\u00e9 auto<\/p>\n

Pod\u013ea portugalskej gramatiky sa veta st\u00e1le del\u00ed na dve \u010dasti: subjekt a predik\u00e1t. Mysl\u00edm si, \u017ee toto je naj\u010dastej\u0161ie delenie vety v portugal\u010dine.<\/p>\n

Predmet je hlavnou \u010das\u0165ou vety. Zvy\u010dajne ho tvor\u00ed podstatn\u00e9 meno alebo z\u00e1meno. Taktie\u017e je to prv\u00fd predmet, ktor\u00fd sa nach\u00e1dza v be\u017enej vete.<\/p>\n

Predik\u00e1t je v\u0161etko, \u010do sa hovor\u00ed alebo spom\u00edna o subjekte. Zvy\u010dajne sa predik\u00e1t sklad\u00e1 zo slovesa a nejak\u00e9ho doplnku, ktor\u00e9 spolu vyjadruj\u00fa nie\u010do d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 o predmete vety.<\/p>\n

V japon\u010dine s\u00fa vety usporiadan\u00e9 trochu inak. V jednoduch\u00fdch vet\u00e1ch najprv n\u00e1jdeme predmet vety, potom predmet a nakoniec sloveso. Takto si m\u00f4\u017eeme v\u0161imn\u00fa\u0165 miernu inverziu v z\u00e1kladnom porad\u00ed viet v japon\u010dine, ktor\u00e9 tvoria tzv. poradie SOV (subjekt + objekt + sloveso).<\/p>\n

Pr\u00edklady:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Predmet + objekt + sloveso<\/p>\n

\u79c1\u306f\u6bce\u65e5\u3059\u3057\u3092\u98df\u3079\u308b\u3002<\/acronym>(Ja jem sushi ka\u017ed\u00fd de\u0148. )<\/p>\n

\u304a\u6bcd\u3055\u3093\u304c\u30d1\u30f3\u3092\u8cb7\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/acronym>\u00a0( Moja matka k\u00fapila chlieb. )<\/p>\n

\u5f7c\u5973\u306f\u6620\u753b\u3092\u898b\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/acronym>\u00a0( Ona film vid\u00ed. )<\/p>\n

\u010eal\u0161ie pozn\u00e1mky k japonsk\u00fdm vet\u00e1m<\/h2>\n

Existuj\u00fa aj \u010fal\u0161ie d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 pripomienky k organiz\u00e1cii a zlo\u017eeniu Japonsk\u00e9 fr\u00e1zy<\/a>. Je potrebn\u00e9 ma\u0165 tieto zvl\u00e1\u0161tnosti na pam\u00e4ti v\u017edy, ke\u010f sa chyst\u00e1te hovori\u0165 alebo p\u00edsanie v japon\u010dine<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1. Na konci vety nen\u00e1jdeme v\u017edy samotn\u00e9 sloveso, ale ak\u00e9si pomocn\u00e9 sloveso alebo pomocn\u00e9 zdvorilostn\u00e9 (form\u00e1lne) sloveso, ktor\u00e9 nadob\u00fada v\u00fdznam slovesa.<\/p>\n

Pr\u00edklad:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u5c71\u7530\u3055\u3093\u306f\u65e5\u672c\u4eba\u3067\u3059<\/span>\u3002<\/acronym><\/p>\n

\u3067\u3059<\/acronym>\u00a0je pomocn\u00fd zdvorilostn\u00fd v\u00fdraz, ktor\u00fd nadob\u00fada v\u00fdznam slovesa. V na\u0161om pr\u00edpade nadob\u00fada v\u00fdznam slovesa by\u0165 v japon\u010dine.<\/p>\n

2. Logick\u00e9 poradie slov nie je pevn\u00e9 pre prvky, ktor\u00e9 nie s\u00fa s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou postupnosti SOV (subjekt + objekt + sloveso), ako s\u00fa pr\u00edslovky \u010dasu alebo miesta. V tak\u00fdchto pr\u00edpadoch sa tieto prvky m\u00f4\u017eu objavi\u0165 pred alebo hne\u010f za predmetom vety.<\/p>\n

3. Modifik\u00e1tory alebo kvalifik\u00e1tory, podobne ako pr\u00eddavn\u00e9 men\u00e1, stoja v\u017edy pred modifikovan\u00fdm prvkom. Pr\u00eddavn\u00e9 men\u00e1 sa teda v\u017edy vyskytuj\u00fa pred podstatn\u00fdmi menami, ktor\u00fdm pripisuj\u00fa nejak\u00fa vlastnos\u0165.<\/p>\n

Pr\u00edklady:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u5f7c\u306f\u6bce\u65e5\u5bb6\u3067\u65b0\u805e\u3092\u6ca2\u5c71\u8aad\u307f\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/acronym><\/p>\n

\u65b0\u805e\u306f\u30c6\u30fc\u30d6\u30eb\u306e\u4e0a\u306b\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/acronym><\/p>\n

\u5f7c\u5973\u306f\u672c\u5c4b\u3067\u672c\u3092\u8cb7\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/acronym><\/p>\n

Ne\u00fapln\u00e9 vety<\/h2>\n

V japon\u010dine, rovnako ako v in\u00fdch jazykoch na svete, sa vo vet\u00e1ch pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa implicitn\u00e9 prvky. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee je mo\u017en\u00e9 porozumie\u0165 jednej z nich bez toho, aby sme pou\u017eili jej kontext ako z\u00e1klad alebo doplnok odovzd\u00e1van\u00e9ho posolstva.<\/p>\n

V japonsk\u00fdch vet\u00e1ch zvy\u010dajne vynech\u00e1vame predmet alebo \u00fastredn\u00fd predmet vety v situ\u00e1ci\u00e1ch, ke\u010f u\u017e bol tento prvok jasne spomenut\u00fd alebo je ve\u013emi zrejm\u00fd. Napr\u00edklad:<\/p>\n

\u3053\u308c\u306f\u4f55\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/acronym><\/p>\n

\u3053\u308c\u306f\u672c\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/acronym>( Gramaticky o\u010dak\u00e1van\u00e1 odpove\u010f )<\/p>\n

\u672c\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/acronym>\u00a0(Naj\u010dastej\u0161ie pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e1 odpove\u010f)<\/p>\n

\u010eal\u0161ou \u010dastou formou ne\u00fapln\u00fdch viet je vynechanie z\u00e1mena \"vy\". Japonci toto z\u00e1meno rad\u0161ej vynech\u00e1vaj\u00fa, preto\u017ee aj bez neho s\u00fa vety jasne zrozumite\u013en\u00e9 z kontextu. Okrem toho pre Japoncov nie je z\u00e1meno \"ty\" alebo \"vy\" nie\u010do ve\u013emi zdvoril\u00e9, \u010do by sa malo pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165.<\/p>\n

\u3042\u306a\u305f\u306f\u4f55\u3092\u8cb7\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u304b\u3002<\/acronym>\u00a0(gramaticky o\u010dak\u00e1van\u00e1 veta)<\/p>\n

\u4f55\u3092\u8cb7\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u304b\u3002<\/acronym>\u00a0(Naj\u010dastej\u0161ie pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e1 fr\u00e1za)<\/p>\n

Napriek tomu, \u017ee s\u00fa pomenovan\u00e9 ako ne\u00fapln\u00e9 vety, pre Japoncov s\u00fa \u00fapln\u00e9. Zd\u00e1 sa, \u017ee ich filozofiou je pr\u00edslovie: \"Dobr\u00e9mu posluch\u00e1\u010dovi sta\u010d\u00ed pol slova (alebo vety)\".<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Nau\u010dte sa poradie slov v japon\u010dine a presta\u0148te sa m\u00fdli\u0165! Znalos\u0165 z\u00e1kladov stavby viet v japon\u010dine v\u00e1m umo\u017en\u00ed sta\u0165 sa plynulej\u0161\u00edm, vytv\u00e1ra\u0165 vlastn\u00e9 vety a<\/p>","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":85,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[49],"tags":[2,3],"class_list":["post-1614","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-curso-de-japones-gratis","tag-idioma-japones","tag-nihongo","resize-featured-image"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1614","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/18"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1614"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1614\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/85"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1614"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1614"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1614"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}