{"id":1661,"date":"2009-11-03T04:41:50","date_gmt":"2009-11-03T06:41:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/?p=1661"},"modified":"2026-08-09T22:10:12","modified_gmt":"2026-08-10T01:10:12","slug":"predmet-vety-v-japoncine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/sujeito-das-frases-em-japones\/","title":{"rendered":"Podmet v japon\u010dine: ako ho identifikova\u0165 a kedy ho vynecha\u0165"},"content":{"rendered":"

O podmet v japon\u010dine<\/strong> je prvok, o ktorom pr\u00edsudok tvrd\u00ed nie\u010do. M\u00f4\u017ee vykon\u00e1va\u0165 \u010dinnos\u0165, vyjadrova\u0165 stav alebo by\u0165 identifikovan\u00fd charakteristikou. \u010casto sa vyskytuje s \u304c<\/strong>, ale m\u00f4\u017ee sa tie\u017e zhodova\u0165 s t\u00e9mou ozna\u010denou \u306f<\/strong> alebo m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 \u00faplne vynechan\u00fd, ke\u010f je z kontextu jasn\u00e9, o kom sa hovor\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n

Preto h\u013eada\u0165 len jedno slovo pred \u306f<\/strong> nie je spo\u013eahliv\u00e1 met\u00f3da. Na identifik\u00e1ciu podmetu sledujte pr\u00edsudok, \u010dastice a inform\u00e1cie zdie\u013ean\u00e9 v konverz\u00e1cii.<\/p>\n\n

\u010co je podmet japonskej vety?<\/h2>\n\n

Podmet je gramatick\u00e1 funkcia. V jednoduchej vete ozna\u010duje, kto alebo \u010do s\u00favis\u00ed so stavom, charakteristikou alebo udalos\u0165ou vyjadrenou pr\u00edsudkom.<\/p>\n\n

\u732b\u304c\u7a93\u306e\u305d\u3070\u3067\u5bdd\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/strong>
\n\u306d\u3053\u304c \u307e\u3069\u306e \u305d\u3070\u3067 \u306d\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002
\nNeko ga mado no soba de nete imasu.<\/em>
\nMa\u010dka sp\u00ed pri okne.<\/p>\n\n

V tomto pr\u00edklade, \u732b<\/strong> (ma\u010dka) je podmetom \u5bdd\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059<\/strong> (sp\u00ed), a \u304c<\/strong> ukazuje tento vz\u0165ah. Z\u00e1kladn\u00fd slovosled SOV pom\u00e1ha lokalizova\u0165 pr\u00edsudok na konci, ale japon\u010dina umo\u017e\u0148uje vari\u00e1cie a vynechania. Ak si chcete zopakova\u0165 z\u00e1klady, pozrite si sprievodcu o slovoslede v japon\u010dine<\/a>. Lingvistick\u00e1 \u0161t\u00fadia zverejnen\u00e1 NINJAL popisuje z\u00e1kladn\u00fd slovosled SOV a mo\u017enos\u0165 nevyjadren\u00fdch argumentov<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n

Podmet, agens a t\u00e9ma nie s\u00fa to ist\u00e9<\/h2>\n\n

Tri pojmy sa \u010dasto zamie\u0148aj\u00fa:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
Pojem<\/th>Funkcia<\/th>U\u017eito\u010dn\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Podmet<\/td>Prvok, na ktor\u00fd sa vz\u0165ahuje pr\u00edsudok<\/td>O kom alebo o \u010dom gramaticky hovor\u00ed pr\u00edsudok?<\/td><\/tr>\n
\u010cinite\u013e<\/td>Kto vykon\u00e1va z\u00e1mern\u00fd dej<\/td>Kto vykon\u00e1va dej?<\/td><\/tr>\n
T\u00e9ma<\/td>Predmet predstaven\u00fd na to, aby dostal koment\u00e1r<\/td>O \u010dom hovor\u00edme?<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n

Podmet nie je v\u017edy \u010dinite\u013e. V \u96e8\u304c\u964d\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059<\/strong> (Ame ga futte imasu<\/em>, \u201cPr\u0161\u00ed\u201d), \u96e8<\/strong> je podmet, ale nevykon\u00e1va z\u00e1mern\u00fd dej. V pokro\u010dilej\u0161\u00edch \u0161trukt\u00farach, ako je trpn\u00fd rod, m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 podmet ten, kto prij\u00edma \u00fa\u010dinky deja; Japan Foundation ukazuje t\u00fato zmenu \u00falohy na pr\u00edkladoch trpn\u00fdch viet<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n

Ako \u304c pom\u00e1ha identifikova\u0165 podmet<\/h2>\n\n

Pre za\u010diato\u010dn\u00edkov je, \u304c<\/strong> najpriamej\u0161ou stopou podmetu. Objavuje sa \u010dasto, ke\u010f sa inform\u00e1cia predstavuje, identifikuje alebo vyber\u00e1 ako ohnisko.<\/p>\n\n

\u7530\u4e2d\u3055\u3093\u304c\u6765\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/strong>
\n\u305f\u306a\u304b\u3055\u3093\u304c \u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002
\nTanaka-san ga kimashita.<\/em>
\nTanaka pri\u0161iel.<\/p>\n\n

Veta m\u00f4\u017ee odpoveda\u0165 na ot\u00e1zku \u3060\u308c\u304c\u6765\u307e\u3057\u305f\u304b<\/strong> (Dare ga kimashita ka?<\/em>, \u201cKto pri\u0161iel?\u201d). Odpove\u010f vyberie \u7530\u4e2d\u3055\u3093<\/strong> ako h\u013eadan\u00fa inform\u00e1ciu:<\/p>\n\n

\u7530\u4e2d\u3055\u3093\u304c\u6765\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/strong>
\nPri\u0161iel Tanaka.<\/p>\n\n

To neznamen\u00e1, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00fd v\u00fdskyt \u304c<\/strong> sa d\u00e1 prelo\u017ei\u0165 rovnak\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom. \u010castica ozna\u010duje gramatick\u00fd vz\u0165ah a prirodzen\u00fd preklad z\u00e1vis\u00ed od predik\u00e1tu a kontextu. Sprievodca \u010dastice v japon\u010dine<\/a> poskytuje preh\u013ead naj\u010dastej\u0161\u00edch funkci\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n

Pre\u010do \u306f nie je jednoducho \u010dasticou podmetu<\/h2>\n\n

\u306f<\/strong>, vyslovovan\u00e1 wa<\/em> ke\u010f funguje ako \u010dastica, ozna\u010duje t\u00e9mu: prvok prezentovan\u00fd ako predmet nasleduj\u00faceho koment\u00e1ra. \u00davodn\u00fd materi\u00e1l Irodori od Japan Foundation definuje \u306f ako ozna\u010dova\u010d t\u00e9my<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n

\u3053\u306e\u732b\u306f\u6bce\u671d\u65e9\u304f\u8d77\u304d\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/strong>
\n\u3053\u306e \u306d\u3053\u306f \u307e\u3044\u3042\u3055 \u306f\u3084\u304f \u304a\u304d\u307e\u3059\u3002
\nKono neko wa maiasa hayaku okimasu.<\/em>
\n\u010co sa t\u00fdka tejto ma\u010dky, vst\u00e1va ka\u017ed\u00e9 r\u00e1no skoro.<\/p>\n\n

V tejto vete, \u3053\u306e\u732b<\/strong> je t\u00e9ma a z\u00e1rove\u0148 s\u00e9manticky zodpoved\u00e1 podmetu \u201cvst\u00e1va\u0165\u201d. T\u00e1to zhoda je be\u017en\u00e1, ale nerob\u00ed z \u306f<\/strong> univerz\u00e1lny ozna\u010dova\u010d podmetu.<\/p>\n\n

V\u0161imnite si pr\u00edpad, kde s\u00fa t\u00e9ma a podmet oddelen\u00e9:<\/p>\n\n

\u79c1\u306f\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u304c\u597d\u304d\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/strong>
\n\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306f \u306b\u307b\u3093\u3054\u304c \u3059\u304d\u3067\u3059\u3002
\nWatashi wa nihongo ga suki desu.<\/em>
\nM\u00e1m r\u00e1d japon\u010dinu.<\/p>\n\n

\u79c1\u306f<\/strong> stanovuje \u201c\u010do sa t\u00fdka m\u0148a\u201d ako t\u00e9mu; v r\u00e1mci koment\u00e1ra, \u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u304c\u597d\u304d\u3067\u3059<\/strong> predstavuje to, \u010do je oce\u0148ovan\u00e9. Prirodzen\u00fd preklad do portugal\u010diny reorganizuje vz\u0165ah a neukazuje t\u00fato \u0161trukt\u00faru slovo po slove. Pre hlb\u0161\u00ed kontrast medzi t\u00fdmito \u010dasticami si pozrite \u010dl\u00e1nok venovan\u00fd \u306f a \u304c<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n

Ke\u010f mo\u017eno vynecha\u0165 podmet<\/h2>\n\n

Japon\u010dina \u010dasto vynech\u00e1va podmet a in\u00e9 prvky, ke\u010f ich u\u017e mo\u017eno vyvodi\u0165 zo situ\u00e1cie alebo z predch\u00e1dzaj\u00facich viet. To neznamen\u00e1, \u017ee veta je \u201cbez zmyslu\u201d: inform\u00e1cia zost\u00e1va implicitn\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n

\u6bce\u65e5\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3092\u52c9\u5f37\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/strong>
\n\u307e\u3044\u306b\u3061\u3001\u306b\u307b\u3093\u3054\u3092 \u3079\u3093\u304d\u3087\u3046\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002
\nMainichi, nihongo o benky\u014d shimasu.<\/em>
\nU\u010d\u00edm sa japon\u010dinu ka\u017ed\u00fd de\u0148.<\/p>\n\n

Ak sa rozhovor u\u017e t\u00fdka toho, kto hovor\u00ed, nie je potrebn\u00e9 opakova\u0165 \u79c1\u306f<\/strong>. Samotn\u00e1 Japan Foundation poznamen\u00e1va v pr\u00edklade s V-\u3066\u3082\u3089\u3046<\/strong>, \u017ee \u79c1\u306f sa zvy\u010dajne vynech\u00e1va, ke\u010f je podmet zrejm\u00fd<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n

Vynechanie je vhodn\u00e9, ke\u010f nevytv\u00e1ra nejednozna\u010dnos\u0165. Ak sa porovn\u00e1vaj\u00fa dve osoby alebo ak by partner mohol interpretova\u0165 in\u00fd podmet, vyjadrite potrebn\u00fd prvok:<\/p>\n\n

\u79c1\u306f\u884c\u304d\u307e\u3059\u304c\u3001\u5c71\u7530\u3055\u3093\u306f\u884c\u304d\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002<\/strong>
\n\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306f \u3044\u304d\u307e\u3059\u304c\u3001\u3084\u307e\u3060\u3055\u3093\u306f \u3044\u304d\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002
\nWatashi wa ikimasu ga, Yamada-san wa ikimasen.<\/em>
\nJa p\u00f4jdem, ale Yamada nep\u00f4jde.<\/p>\n\n

Praktick\u00e1 met\u00f3da na n\u00e1jdenie podmetu<\/h2>\n\n
    \n
  1. N\u00e1jdite pr\u00edsudok.<\/strong> Pozrite sa, ktor\u00e9 sloveso, pr\u00eddavn\u00e9 meno alebo menn\u00fd v\u00fdraz uzatv\u00e1ra hlavn\u00fa my\u0161lienku.<\/li>\n
  2. H\u013eadajte \u304c.<\/strong> Prvok ozna\u010den\u00fd touto \u010dasticou je \u010dasto explicitn\u00fd podmet.<\/li>\n
  3. Identifikujte t\u00e9mu pomocou \u306f.<\/strong> Op\u00fdtajte sa, \u010di sa tie\u017e z\u00fa\u010dast\u0148uje na pr\u00edsudku alebo len vymedzuje t\u00e9mu.<\/li>\n
  4. Zv\u00e1\u017ete kontext.<\/strong> Podmet sa mohol objavi\u0165 predt\u00fdm alebo by\u0165 zrejm\u00fd zo situ\u00e1cie.<\/li>\n
  5. Vyhnite sa prekladu \u010dastice po \u010dastici.<\/strong> Zrekon\u0161truujte cel\u00fd vz\u0165ah v prirodzenej portugal\u010dine.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n

    Tento proces dop\u013a\u0148a met\u00f3du tvorby japonsk\u00fdch viet<\/a> a z\u00e1klady japonskej gramatiky<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n

    Kr\u00e1tky dial\u00f3g: explicitn\u00fd a vynechan\u00fd subjekt<\/h2>\n\n

    A:<\/strong> \u3060\u308c\u304c\u3053\u306e\u30b1\u30fc\u30ad\u3092\u4f5c\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u304b\u3002
    \nDare ga kono k\u0113ki o tsukurimashita ka?<\/em>
    \nKto urobil tento kol\u00e1\u010d?<\/p>\n\n

    B:<\/strong> \u4f50\u85e4\u3055\u3093\u304c\u4f5c\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002
    \nSat\u014d-san ga tsukurimashita.<\/em>
    \nSat\u014d to urobil.<\/p>\n\n

    A:<\/strong> \u6bce\u9031\u4f5c\u308a\u307e\u3059\u304b\u3002
    \nMaish\u016b tsukurimasu ka?<\/em>
    \n(Ona) to rob\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00fd t\u00fd\u017ede\u0148?<\/p>\n\n

    B:<\/strong> \u306f\u3044\u3001\u4f5c\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002
    \nHai, tsukurimasu.<\/em>
    \n\u00c1no, rob\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n

    V prvej odpovedi, \u4f50\u85e4\u3055\u3093\u304c<\/strong> identifikuje, kto urobil kol\u00e1\u010d. Potom, \u010do sa Sat\u014d stane zdie\u013ean\u00fdm referentom, subjekt m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 vynechan\u00fd. Sprievodca ot\u00e1zky v japon\u010dine<\/a> vysvet\u013euje opytovaciu form\u00e1ciu pou\u017eit\u00fa v dial\u00f3gu.<\/p>\n\n

    Komentovan\u00e9 cvi\u010denie<\/h2>\n\n

    Identifikujte t\u00e9mu, explicitn\u00fd subjekt alebo vynechan\u00fd subjekt:<\/p>\n\n

      \n
    1. \u9ce5\u304c\u7a7a\u3092\u98db\u3093\u3067\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/strong> \u2014 \u9ce5<\/strong> je explicitn\u00fd subjekt, ozna\u010den\u00fd pomocou \u304c.<\/li>\n
    2. \u3053\u306e\u753a\u306f\u51ac\u304c\u5bd2\u3044\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/strong> \u2014 \u3053\u306e\u753a<\/strong> je t\u00e9ma; \u51ac<\/strong> je to prvok ozna\u010den\u00fd ako \u304c v r\u00e1mci koment\u00e1ra.<\/li>\n
    3. \u6628\u65e5\u3001\u56f3\u66f8\u9928\u3078\u884c\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/strong> \u2014 subjekt je vynechan\u00fd a mus\u00ed by\u0165 zrekon\u0161truovan\u00fd z kontextu.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n

      Hlavn\u00e1 my\u0161lienka je jednoduch\u00e1: \u304c<\/strong> poskytuje siln\u00fa stopu o subjekte, \u306f<\/strong> stanovuje t\u00e9mu a ani jeden z nich nemus\u00ed by\u0165 uveden\u00fd, ke\u010f kontext u\u017e poskytuje inform\u00e1ciu. Identifik\u00e1cia predik\u00e1tu pred h\u013eadan\u00edm ozna\u010den\u00ed rob\u00ed anal\u00fdzu bezpe\u010dnej\u0161ou.<\/p>\n\n

      \n
      \n
      \n

      Ktor\u00e1 \u010dastica ozna\u010duje podmet v japon\u010dine?<\/h3>\n
      \n\n

      \u304c je najpriamej\u0161ou stopou k explicitn\u00e9mu subjektu, najm\u00e4 ke\u010f je inform\u00e1cia prezentovan\u00e1 alebo identifikovan\u00e1. Subjekt sa v\u0161ak m\u00f4\u017ee zhodova\u0165 s t\u00e9mou ozna\u010denou pomocou \u306f alebo m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 vynechan\u00fd, ke\u010f je z kontextu jasn\u00fd.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

      \n

      M\u00f4\u017ee ozna\u010dova\u0165 podmet?<\/h3>\n
      \n\n

      \u306f ozna\u010duje t\u00e9mu, nie podmet ako hlavn\u00fa funkciu. V mnoh\u00fdch vet\u00e1ch t\u00e9ma s\u00e9manticky zodpoved\u00e1 podmetu, ale existuj\u00fa kon\u0161trukcie, v ktor\u00fdch s\u00fa t\u00e9ma a podmet r\u00f4zne prvky.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

      \n

      Pre\u010do sa v japon\u010dine vynech\u00e1va subjekt?<\/h3>\n
      \n\n

      Japon\u010dina sa vyh\u00fdba opakovaniu inform\u00e1ci\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa zrejm\u00e9 z kontextu. Ke\u010f s\u00fa \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edci a t\u00e9ma u\u017e jasn\u00e9 v konverz\u00e1cii, subjekt m\u00f4\u017ee zosta\u0165 implicitn\u00fd bez toho, aby to naru\u0161ilo porozumenie.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

      \n

      Ako zisti\u0165, kto vykon\u00e1va \u010dinnos\u0165, ke\u010f subjekt nie je uveden\u00fd?<\/h3>\n
      \n\n

      Pou\u017eite kontext: sledujte predch\u00e1dzaj\u00face vety, situ\u00e1ciu, uhol poh\u013eadu a mo\u017en\u00e9 kontrasty. Ak je na\u010falej mo\u017en\u00fdch viac interpret\u00e1ci\u00ed, izolovan\u00e1 veta m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 skuto\u010dne nejednozna\u010dn\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

      \n

      S\u00fa predmet a agent v\u017edy to ist\u00e9?<\/h3>\n
      \n\n

      Nie. Agent vykon\u00e1va z\u00e1mern\u00fd dej, zatia\u013e \u010do podmet je gramatick\u00e1 funkcia. Pri pr\u00edrodn\u00fdch javoch a pas\u00edvnych vet\u00e1ch, napr\u00edklad, podmet nemus\u00ed by\u0165 agentom.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      Pochopte, \u010do je podmet v japon\u010dine, ako ho odl\u00ed\u0161i\u0165 od t\u00e9my a agenta, kedy pou\u017ei\u0165 \u304c a pre\u010do m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 podmet vynechan\u00fd.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":23,"featured_media":287,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[49,70],"tags":[27,71,2,3],"class_list":["post-1661","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-curso-de-japones-gratis","category-gramatica-japonesa","tag-gramatica","tag-gramatica-japonesa","tag-idioma-japones","tag-nihongo","resize-featured-image"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1661","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/23"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1661"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1661\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4407,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1661\/revisions\/4407"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/287"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1661"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1661"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1661"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}