{"id":1665,"date":"2009-11-03T04:43:39","date_gmt":"2009-11-03T06:43:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/?p=1665"},"modified":"2026-08-09T13:52:00","modified_gmt":"2026-08-09T16:52:00","slug":"desu-sloveso-byt-v-japoncine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/desu-o-verbo-ser-em-japones\/","title":{"rendered":"\u3067\u3059 (desu) v japon\u010dine: v\u00fdznam, pou\u017eitie a tvary"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>\u3067\u3059 (<em>desu<\/em>)<\/strong> je zdvoril\u00e1 forma pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e1 na konci mnoh\u00fdch japonsk\u00fdch viet. V portugal\u010dine sa m\u00f4\u017ee v prekladoch objavi\u0165 ako \u201c\u00e9\u201d, \u201cest\u00e1\u201d, \u201csou\u201d alebo \u201cs\u00e3o\u201d, ale nefunguje ako sloveso \u201cby\u0165\u201d, ktor\u00e9 by sa dalo vlo\u017ei\u0165 do akejko\u013evek vety. \u00daloha <span lang=\"ja\">\u3067\u3059<\/span> z\u00e1vis\u00ed od typu predik\u00e1tu, ktor\u00fd je pred n\u00edm.<\/p>\n\n<p>Praktick\u00e9 pravidlo znie: pou\u017eite <span lang=\"ja\">\u3067\u3059<\/span> hlavne po podstatn\u00fdch men\u00e1ch a adjekt\u00edvach \u306a v zdvoril\u00fdch vet\u00e1ch. Po adjekt\u00edvach \u3044 prid\u00e1va zdvorilos\u0165, zatia\u013e \u010do samotn\u00e9 adjekt\u00edvum vyjadruje a oh\u00fdba stav. Pri sloves\u00e1ch sa zdvoril\u00e1 forma zvy\u010dajne kon\u010d\u00ed na <span lang=\"ja\">\u307e\u3059<\/span>, nie na <span lang=\"ja\">\u3067\u3059<\/span>.<\/p>\n\n<h2>\u010co znamen\u00e1 desu v japon\u010dine?<\/h2>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">\u3067\u3059<\/span> pom\u00e1ha vytvori\u0165 zdvoril\u00fd predik\u00e1t. Porovnajte tri typy viet:<\/p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u7530\u4e2d\u3055\u3093\u306f\u5148\u751f\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><br \/><em>Tanaka-san wa sensei desu.<\/em><br \/>Tanaka je u\u010dite\u013e.<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e\u753a\u306f\u9759\u304b\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><br \/><em>Kono machi wa shizuka desu.<\/em><br \/>Toto mesto je tich\u00e9.<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">Dnes je hor\u00faco.<\/span><br \/><em>Ky\u014d wa atsui desu.<\/em><br \/>Dnes je teplo.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>V prvej vete, <span lang=\"ja\">\u5148\u751f<\/span> je podstatn\u00e9 meno. V druhej vete, <span lang=\"ja\">\u9759\u304b<\/span> je adjekt\u00edvum \u306a. V tretej vete, <span lang=\"ja\">\u6691\u3044<\/span> je adjekt\u00edvum \u3044: u\u017e obsahuje my\u0161lienku \u201cby\u0165 tepl\u00fd\u201d a <span lang=\"ja\">\u3067\u3059<\/span> rob\u00ed vetu zdvorilou.<\/p>\n\n<p>Tento rozdiel zabra\u0148uje mechanick\u00e9mu prekladu ka\u017edej \u010dasti. Aby ste pochopili, ako predik\u00e1t organizuje vetu, pozrite si pr\u00edru\u010dku o <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/ako-tvorit-vety-v-japoncine\/\">ako tvori\u0165 vety v japon\u010dine<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Desu nie je univerz\u00e1lne sloveso \u201cby\u0165\u201d<\/h2>\n\n<p>Naz\u00fdva\u0165 <span lang=\"ja\">\u3067\u3059<\/span> \u201cslovesom by\u0165\u201d m\u00f4\u017ee pom\u00f4c\u0165 pri prvom preklade, ale vytv\u00e1ra chyby, ke\u010f sa z toho stane absol\u00fatne pravidlo. Nenahr\u00e1dza v\u0161etky pou\u017eitia \u201cser\u201d a \u201cestar\u201d v portugal\u010dine a nemalo by sa prid\u00e1va\u0165 po \u017eiadnom japonskom slovese.<\/p>\n\n<p>Sloveso v zdvorilej forme zvy\u010dajne pou\u017e\u00edva <span lang=\"ja\">\u307e\u3059<\/span>:<\/p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Spr\u00e1vne:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u6bce\u65e5\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3092\u52c9\u5f37\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><br \/><em>Mainichi, nihongo o benky\u014d shimasu.<\/em><br \/>U\u010d\u00edm sa japon\u010dinu ka\u017ed\u00fd de\u0148.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nespr\u00e1vne:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u6bce\u65e5\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3092\u52c9\u5f37\u3059\u308b\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>Tie\u017e neexistuje jedin\u00e1 zhoda medzi \u201cestar\u201d a <span lang=\"ja\">\u3067\u3059<\/span>. Existencia, lokaliz\u00e1cia, prebiehaj\u00face akcie a zmeny stavu pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa in\u00e9 \u0161trukt\u00fary. Preto sa oplat\u00ed najprv nau\u010di\u0165 rozdiel medzi podstatn\u00fdmi menami, pr\u00eddavn\u00fdmi menami a slovesami v <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/zakladna-japonska-gramatika\/\">japonskej gramatike pre za\u010diato\u010dn\u00edkov<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Zdvoril\u00e9 tvary s podstatn\u00fdmi menami a pr\u00eddavn\u00fdmi menami \u306a<\/h2>\n\n<p>Japon\u010dina rozli\u0161uje najm\u00e4 <strong>ne-minul\u00fd \u010das<\/strong> e <strong>minul\u00fd \u010das<\/strong>. Ne-minul\u00fd \u010das m\u00f4\u017ee opisova\u0165 pr\u00edtomnos\u0165, zvyky alebo bud\u00face situ\u00e1cie; kontext ur\u010duje vhodn\u00e9 \u010d\u00edtanie. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.irodori.jpf.go.jp\/assets\/data\/elementary01\/pdf\/Y_L04.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Gramatick\u00e1 tabu\u013eka Irodori<\/a> predstavuje t\u00fato opoz\u00edciu a odde\u013euje podstatn\u00e9 men\u00e1, pr\u00eddavn\u00e9 men\u00e1 a sloves\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n<table>\n<thead><tr><th>Hodnota<\/th><th>Zdvoril\u00e1 forma<\/th><th>Pr\u00edklad s podstatn\u00fdm menom<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td>Nie minul\u00fd kladn\u00fd<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3067\u3059<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u4eca\u65e5\u306f\u4f11\u307f\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><br \/>Dnes je vo\u013eno.<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Nie minul\u00fd z\u00e1porn\u00fd<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3058\u3083\u306a\u3044\u3067\u3059<\/span><br \/><span lang=\"ja\">\u3058\u3083\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093<\/span><br \/><span lang=\"ja\">\u3067\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u4eca\u65e5\u306f\u4f11\u307f\u3058\u3083\u306a\u3044\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><br \/>Dnes nie je vo\u013eno.<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Minulos\u0165 kladn\u00e1<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3067\u3057\u305f<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u6628\u65e5\u306f\u4f11\u307f\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/span><br \/>V\u010dera bolo vo\u013eno.<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Negat\u00edvna minulos\u0165<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3058\u3083\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3067\u3059<\/span><br \/><span lang=\"ja\">\u3058\u3083\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3067\u3057\u305f<\/span><br \/><span lang=\"ja\">\u3067\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3067\u3057\u305f<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u6628\u65e5\u306f\u4f11\u307f\u3058\u3083\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><br \/>Ontem n\u00e3o foi folga.<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">\u3058\u3083<\/span> \u00e9 comum na fala. <span lang=\"ja\">\u3067\u306f<\/span> aparece mais em escrita e em contextos formais. Isso n\u00e3o torna <span lang=\"ja\">\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044<\/span> \u201cfora de uso\u201d: a escolha depende do registro e da estrutura. O material inicial do Irodori confirma <a href=\"https:\/\/www.irodori.jpf.go.jp\/assets\/data\/starter\/pdf\/X_L03.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">as negativas <span lang=\"ja\">\u3058\u3083\u306a\u3044\u3067\u3059<\/span> e <span lang=\"ja\">\u3058\u3083\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093<\/span><\/a> e explica a prefer\u00eancia de <span lang=\"ja\">\u3067\u306f<\/span> na escrita.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Ak\u00fd je rozdiel medzi desu a da?<\/h2>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">\u3067\u3059<\/span> pertence ao estilo educado; <span lang=\"ja\">\u3060<\/span> pertence ao estilo simples. <span lang=\"ja\">\u3060<\/span> n\u00e3o \u00e9 apenas uma pron\u00fancia curta de <span lang=\"ja\">\u3067\u3059<\/span>. A troca muda o registro da frase e precisa combinar com a situa\u00e7\u00e3o e com o restante do enunciado.<\/p>\n\n<table>\n<thead><tr><th>Hodnota<\/th><th>Estilo educado<\/th><th>Jednoduch\u00fd \u0161t\u00fdl<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td>Nie minul\u00fd kladn\u00fd<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u5b66\u751f\u3067\u3059<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u5b66\u751f\u3060<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Nie minul\u00fd z\u00e1porn\u00fd<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u5b66\u751f\u3058\u3083\u306a\u3044\u3067\u3059<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u5b66\u751f\u3058\u3083\u306a\u3044<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Minulos\u0165 kladn\u00e1<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u5b66\u751f\u3067\u3057\u305f<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u5b66\u751f\u3060\u3063\u305f<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Negat\u00edvna minulos\u0165<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u5b66\u751f\u3058\u3083\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3067\u3059<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u5b66\u751f\u3058\u3083\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<p>Em conversas informais, o <span lang=\"ja\">\u3060<\/span> final pode ser omitido em certas frases, especialmente perguntas curtas: <span lang=\"ja\">\u5b66\u751f\uff1f<\/span> (\u201c\u00c9 estudante?\u201d). Isso n\u00e3o significa que <span lang=\"ja\">\u3060<\/span> e <span lang=\"ja\">\u3067\u3059<\/span> sejam intercambi\u00e1veis em qualquer contexto. O <a href=\"https:\/\/www.irodori.jpf.go.jp\/assets\/data\/elementary01\/pdf\/Y_L18.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">quadro de formas simples da Japan Foundation<\/a> registra <span lang=\"ja\">\u3060\uff0f\u3060\u3063\u305f\uff0f\u3058\u3083\u306a\u3044\uff0f\u3058\u3083\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/span> para substantivos e adjetivos \u306a.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Como desu funciona com adjetivos \u3044?<\/h2>\n\n<p>Adjetivos \u3044 flexionam por conta pr\u00f3pria. N\u00e3o transforme simplesmente <span lang=\"ja\">\u3067\u3059<\/span> na adrese <span lang=\"ja\">\u3067\u3057\u305f<\/span>. A mudan\u00e7a ocorre no adjetivo:<\/p>\n\n<table>\n<thead><tr><th>Hodnota<\/th><th>Forma<\/th><th>Preklad<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td>Nie minul\u00fd kladn\u00fd<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u9ad8\u3044\u3067\u3059<\/span><br \/><em>takai desu<\/em><\/td><td>Je to drah\u00e9.<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Nie minul\u00fd z\u00e1porn\u00fd<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u9ad8\u304f\u306a\u3044\u3067\u3059<\/span><br \/><em>takakunai desu<\/em><\/td><td>Nie je to drah\u00e9.<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Minulos\u0165 kladn\u00e1<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u9ad8\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3067\u3059<\/span><br \/><em>takakatta desu<\/em><\/td><td>Bolo to drah\u00e9.<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Negat\u00edvna minulos\u0165<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u9ad8\u304f\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3067\u3059<\/span><br \/><em>takakunakatta desu<\/em><\/td><td>Nebolo to drah\u00e9.<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<p>Takto, <span lang=\"ja\">\u9ad8\u3044\u3067\u3057\u305f<\/span> est\u00e1 incorreto. Para aprofundar essa flex\u00e3o, veja <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/ako-pouzivat-pridavne-mena-v-japoncine\/\">ako pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 pr\u00eddavn\u00e9 men\u00e1 v japon\u010dine<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Como pronunciar desu?<\/h2>\n\n<p>A leitura \u00e9 <em>desu<\/em>. Em muitas variedades e situa\u00e7\u00f5es de fala, a vogal <em>u<\/em> final fica enfraquecida ou n\u00e3o recebe voz, fazendo a palavra soar pr\u00f3xima de \u201cdes\u201d. Isso n\u00e3o autoriza apagar o som de maneira for\u00e7ada em todas as situa\u00e7\u00f5es. Regi\u00e3o, idade, velocidade, \u00eanfase e grau de formalidade podem alterar a pron\u00fancia. O <a href=\"https:\/\/kotoba.ninjal.ac.jp\/qa\/yokuaru\/qa-215\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NINJAL explica a varia\u00e7\u00e3o de pron\u00fancia em <span lang=\"ja\">\u3067\u3059\u30fb\u307e\u3059<\/span><\/a> e observa diferen\u00e7as regionais e geracionais.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Como transformar uma frase com desu em pergunta?<\/h2>\n\n<p>No registro educado, acrescente <span lang=\"ja\">\u304b<\/span> na koniec:<\/p>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">\u7530\u4e2d\u3055\u3093\u306f\u5148\u751f\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><br \/><em>Tanaka-san wa sensei desu ka.<\/em><br \/>Tanaka \u00e9 professor?<\/p>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e\u753a\u306f\u9759\u304b\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><br \/><em>Kono machi wa shizuka desu ka.<\/em><br \/>Esta cidade \u00e9 tranquila?<\/p>\n\n<p>Na fala informal, a entona\u00e7\u00e3o e outras termina\u00e7\u00f5es podem formar perguntas sem <span lang=\"ja\">\u304b<\/span>. Pr\u00edru\u010dka o <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/ako-klast-otazky-po-japonsky\/\">ako kl\u00e1s\u0165 ot\u00e1zky v japon\u010dine<\/a> explica a diferen\u00e7a entre perguntas educadas e informais.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Erros comuns com desu<\/h2>\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Usar depois de um verbo no dicion\u00e1rio:<\/strong> prefira <span lang=\"ja\">\u884c\u304d\u307e\u3059<\/span> no estilo educado, n\u00e3o <span lang=\"ja\">\u884c\u304f\u3067\u3059<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Fazer o passado de um adjetivo \u3044 como <span lang=\"ja\">\u9ad8\u3044\u3067\u3057\u305f<\/span>:<\/strong> a forma correta \u00e9 <span lang=\"ja\">\u9ad8\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3067\u3059<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tratar <span lang=\"ja\">\u3060<\/span> como abrevia\u00e7\u00e3o educada:<\/strong> ele pertence ao estilo simples e pode soar direto demais em certas rela\u00e7\u00f5es.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Afirmar que <span lang=\"ja\">\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044<\/span> n\u00e3o \u00e9 usado:<\/strong> a forma continua v\u00e1lida; <span lang=\"ja\">\u3058\u3083\u306a\u3044<\/span> \u00e9 apenas mais conversacional.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pronunciar sempre \u201cdes\u201d:<\/strong> a redu\u00e7\u00e3o do <em>u<\/em> varia; primeiro preserve o ritmo e escute falantes em contextos diferentes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2>Di\u00e1logo curto com desu<\/h2>\n\n<p><strong>A:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u7530\u4e2d\u3055\u3093\u306f\u5148\u751f\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><br \/><em>Tanaka-san wa sensei desu ka.<\/em><br \/>Tanaka \u00e9 professor?<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>B:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u3044\u3044\u3048\u3001\u5148\u751f\u3058\u3083\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u4f1a\u793e\u54e1\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><br \/><em>Iie, sensei ja arimasen. Kaishain desu.<\/em><br \/>N\u00e3o, n\u00e3o \u00e9 professor. \u00c9 funcion\u00e1rio de uma empresa.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>A:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u6628\u65e5\u3082\u4ed5\u4e8b\u3067\u3057\u305f\u304b\u3002<\/span><br \/><em>Kin\u014d mo shigoto deshita ka.<\/em><br \/>Ontem tamb\u00e9m foi dia de trabalho?<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>B:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u3044\u3044\u3048\u3001\u4f11\u307f\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/span><br \/><em>Iie, yasumi deshita.<\/em><br \/>N\u00e3o, foi folga.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Exerc\u00edcio: escolha a forma correta<\/h2>\n\n<ol>\n<li>\u201cOntem estava tranquilo\u201d: <span lang=\"ja\">\u6628\u65e5\u306f\u9759\u304b\uff08\u3067\u3059\uff0f\u3067\u3057\u305f\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/li>\n<li>\u201cHoje n\u00e3o \u00e9 feriado\u201d: <span lang=\"ja\">\u4eca\u65e5\u306f\u795d\u65e5\uff08\u3058\u3083\u306a\u3044\u3067\u3059\uff0f\u3060\u3063\u305f\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/li>\n<li>\u201cEra caro\u201d: <span lang=\"ja\">\u9ad8\u3044\u3067\u3057\u305f\uff0f\u9ad8\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/li>\n<li>\u201cVou ao Jap\u00e3o\u201d no estilo educado: <span lang=\"ja\">\u65e5\u672c\u3078\u884c\u304f\u3067\u3059\uff0f\u65e5\u672c\u3078\u884c\u304d\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<p><strong>Odpovede:<\/strong> 1) <span lang=\"ja\">\u3067\u3057\u305f<\/span>, porque a frase est\u00e1 no passado; 2) <span lang=\"ja\">\u3058\u3083\u306a\u3044\u3067\u3059<\/span>, negativa educada no n\u00e3o passado; 3) <span lang=\"ja\">\u9ad8\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3067\u3059<\/span>, pois o adjetivo \u3044 recebe a flex\u00e3o; 4) <span lang=\"ja\">\u65e5\u672c\u3078\u884c\u304d\u307e\u3059<\/span>, porque verbos usam normalmente <span lang=\"ja\">\u307e\u3059<\/span> no estilo educado.<\/p>\n\n<h2>\u010casto kladen\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky<\/h2>\n\n<div id=\"rank-math-faq\" class=\"rank-math-block\">\n<div class=\"rank-math-list\">\n<div id=\"faq-question-327455de07c61\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">\u010co znamen\u00e1 desu v japon\u010dine?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>\u3067\u3059 (desu) ozna\u010duje vetu ako zdvoril\u00fa a pom\u00e1ha tvori\u0165 predik\u00e1ty s podstatn\u00fdmi menami a pr\u00eddavn\u00fdmi menami. Preklad m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 \u201cje\u201d, \u201cje\u201d, \u201csom\u201d alebo \u201cs\u00fa\u201d, ale presn\u00fd v\u00fdznam z\u00e1vis\u00ed od kontextu a prvku, ktor\u00fd predch\u00e1dza.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-6eaab8f05fa53\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Je 'desu' japonsk\u00e9 sloveso by\u0165?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>Nie univerz\u00e1lne. Tento preklad m\u00f4\u017ee pom\u00f4c\u0165 v jednoduch\u00fdch vet\u00e1ch, ale \u3067\u3059 nenahr\u00e1dza v\u0161etky pou\u017eitia \u201cby\u0165\u201d a \u201cexistova\u0165\u201d. Japonsk\u00e9 sloves\u00e1 zvy\u010dajne pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa \u307e\u3059 v zdvorilostnom \u0161t\u00fdle, zatia\u013e \u010do podstatn\u00e9 men\u00e1 a pr\u00eddavn\u00e9 men\u00e1 sa riadia vlastn\u00fdmi vzormi.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-78c00be5160ac\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Ak\u00fd je rozdiel medzi desu a da?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>\u3067\u3059 patr\u00ed k zdvoril\u00e9mu \u0161t\u00fdlu; \u3060 patr\u00ed k jednoduch\u00e9mu \u0161t\u00fdlu. M\u00f4\u017eu zast\u00e1va\u0165 zodpovedaj\u00face funkcie po podstatn\u00fdch men\u00e1ch a \u306a pr\u00eddavn\u00fdch men\u00e1ch, ale v\u00fdber men\u00ed registra a vz\u0165ah s partnerom. \u3060 nie je len skratkou pre \u3067\u3059.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-4ba13b3d77d08\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Ako da\u0165 desu do minul\u00e9ho \u010dasu a do z\u00e1poru?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>Pri podstatn\u00fdch men\u00e1ch a pr\u00eddavn\u00fdch men\u00e1ch \u306a pou\u017eite v minulom \u010dase kladnom tvar \u3067\u3057\u305f. Pre z\u00e1por sa be\u017ene pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa tvary \u3058\u3083\u306a\u3044\u3067\u3059, \u3058\u3083\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093 a \u3067\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093; v minulom \u010dase z\u00e1pornom pou\u017eite \u3058\u3083\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3067\u3059, \u3058\u3083\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3067\u3057\u305f alebo \u3067\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3067\u3057\u305f.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-7eb9c5d674bd2\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">M\u00f4\u017eem pou\u017ei\u0165 desu po akomko\u013evek slovese?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>Nie. Sloveso v zdvorilej forme zvy\u010dajne kon\u010d\u00ed na \u307e\u3059: napr\u00edklad \u884c\u304d\u307e\u3059. Kon\u0161trukcia \u884c\u304f\u3067\u3059 je v \u0161tandardnej japon\u010dine nespr\u00e1vna. \u3067\u3059 sa m\u00f4\u017ee objavi\u0165 po niektor\u00fdch form\u00e1ch, ktor\u00e9 u\u017e funguj\u00fa ako predik\u00e1ty, ale nenahr\u00e1dza \u010dasovanie slovies.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<h2>Pr\u00f3ximo passo: reconhe\u00e7a o tipo de predicado<\/h2>\n\n<p>Antes de escolher <span lang=\"ja\">\u3067\u3059<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">\u3060<\/span> alebo <span lang=\"ja\">\u307e\u3059<\/span>, identifique se o n\u00facleo da frase \u00e9 um substantivo, um adjetivo \u306a, um adjetivo \u3044 ou um verbo. Essa decis\u00e3o simples evita a maior parte dos erros e conecta este tema \u00e0 <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/poradie-slov-v-japoncine\/\">slovoslede v japon\u010dine<\/a> e \u00e0s <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/zakladne-castice-v-japoncine\/\">part\u00edculas que marcam a fun\u00e7\u00e3o dos grupos<\/a>.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Pochopte, \u010do znamen\u00e1 \u3067\u3059 (desu), kedy pou\u017ei\u0165 t\u00fato zdvoril\u00fa formu a ako rozl\u00ed\u0161i\u0165 podstatn\u00e9 men\u00e1, pr\u00eddavn\u00e9 men\u00e1 a sloves\u00e1 v japonsk\u00fdch vet\u00e1ch.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":23,"featured_media":1667,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[49,70,73,60],"tags":[27,71,2,3],"class_list":["post-1665","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-curso-de-japones-gratis","category-gramatica-japonesa","category-verbos-em-japones","category-vocabulario-japones","tag-gramatica","tag-gramatica-japonesa","tag-idioma-japones","tag-nihongo","resize-featured-image"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1665","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/23"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1665"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1665\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4403,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1665\/revisions\/4403"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1667"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1665"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1665"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1665"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}