{"id":1680,"date":"2009-11-03T04:51:12","date_gmt":"2009-11-03T06:51:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/?p=1680"},"modified":"2026-08-21T20:38:21","modified_gmt":"2026-08-21T23:38:21","slug":"zamena-demonstrativa-v-japoncine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/pronomes-demonstrativos-em-japones\/","title":{"rendered":"Syst\u00e9m kosoado v japon\u010dine: sprievodca ukazovac\u00edmi z\u00e1menami"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>O <strong>syst\u00e9m kosoado v japon\u010dine<\/strong> organizuje ukazovacie a opytovacie slov\u00e1 do \u0161tyroch s\u00e9ri\u00ed: <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053<\/span> pre oblas\u0165 hovoriaceho, <span lang=\"ja\">\u305d<\/span> pre oblas\u0165 po\u010d\u00favaj\u00faceho alebo odkaz na predch\u00e1dzaj\u00facu zmienku, <span lang=\"ja\">\u3042<\/span> pre nie\u010do vzdialen\u00e9 a <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069<\/span> pre ot\u00e1zky. Po pochopen\u00ed tejto logiky je jednoduch\u0161ie vybra\u0165 medzi <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3053<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3061\u3089<\/span> a in\u00fdmi slovami z rovnakej rodiny.<\/p>\n\n<p>Hoci mnoh\u00e9 vysvetlenia naz\u00fdvaj\u00fa cel\u00fd s\u00fabor \u201cukazovacie z\u00e1men\u00e1\u201d, slov\u00e1 nemaj\u00fa rovnak\u00fa funkciu. <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c<\/span> m\u00f4\u017ee samo zastupova\u0165 miesto veci; <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e<\/span> mus\u00ed by\u0165 pred podstatn\u00fdm menom; <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3053<\/span> ukazuje na miesto. T\u00e1to pr\u00edru\u010dka ukazuje rozdiely pomocou tabuliek, pr\u00edkladov, dial\u00f3gu a cvi\u010den\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Preh\u013ead syst\u00e9mu kosoado<\/h2>\n\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr><th>Funkcia<\/th><th>S\u00e9ria \u3053<\/th><th>S\u00e9ria \u305d<\/th><th>S\u00e9ria \u3042<\/th><th>S\u00e9ria \u3069<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td>Veci<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c<\/span><br \/><em>toto<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u308c<\/span><br \/><em>tamto<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u308c<\/span><br \/><em>s\u00fa<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u308c<\/span><br \/><em>dore<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Pred podstatn\u00fdm menom<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e<\/span><br \/><em>kono<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u306e<\/span><br \/><em>sono<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u306e<\/span><br \/><em>ano<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u306e<\/span><br \/><em>majite\u013e<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Miesta<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3053<\/span><br \/><em>koko<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u3053<\/span><br \/><em>soko<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u305d\u3053<\/span><br \/><em>asoko<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u3053<\/span><br \/><em>doko<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Smer alebo zdvoril\u00e1 forma<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3061\u3089<\/span><br \/><em>kochira<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u3061\u3089<\/span><br \/><em>sochira<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u3061\u3089<\/span><br \/><em>achira<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u3061\u3089<\/span><br \/><em>dochira<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Typ alebo vlastnos\u0165<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3093\u306a<\/span><br \/><em>konna<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u3093\u306a<\/span><br \/><em>sonna<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u3093\u306a<\/span><br \/><em>anna<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u3093\u306a<\/span><br \/><em>donna<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<p>O <a href=\"https:\/\/a1.marugotoweb.jp\/en\/appendix_03.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">tabu\u013eka ukazovac\u00edch z\u00e1men Marugoto od Japan Foundation<\/a>, sp\u00e1ja rodiny vec\u00ed, miest, smerov a modifik\u00e1cie podstatn\u00fdch mien. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.coelang.tufs.ac.jp\/mt\/ja\/gmod\/courses\/c01\/lesson04\/step4\/card\/014.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Tokyo University of Foreign Studies tie\u017e predstavuje kore\u0161pondenciu medzi \u3053\u308c, \u3053\u3053, \u3053\u306e a ich s\u00e9riami<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<p>Tieto slov\u00e1 sa objavuj\u00fa od za\u010diato\u010dn\u00edckej \u00farovne a kombinuj\u00fa sa so z\u00e1kladn\u00fdmi \u0161trukt\u00farami <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/zakladna-japonska-gramatika\/\">Japonsk\u00e1 gramatika<\/a>. Na \u010d\u00edtanie pr\u00edkladov ako cel\u00fdch viet tie\u017e pom\u00e1ha rozpozna\u0165 \u00falohu <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/zakladne-castice-v-japoncine\/\">\u010dasticami \u306f, \u304c, \u3092, \u306b a \u3067<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Ako si vybra\u0165 medzi \u3053, \u305d, \u3042 a \u3069<\/h2>\n\n<p>Vo\u013eba nez\u00e1vis\u00ed len od pevn\u00e9ho prekladu ako \u201ctoto\u201d, \u201cto\u201d alebo \u201ctamto\u201d. Z\u00e1vis\u00ed od vz\u0165ahu medzi referentom, hovoriacim a posluch\u00e1\u010dom.<\/p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>S\u00e9ria \u3053:<\/strong> ukazuje na nie\u010do v poli hovoriaceho alebo vn\u00edman\u00e9 ako bl\u00edzke jemu.<\/li>\n<li><strong>S\u00e9ria \u305d:<\/strong> ukazuje na nie\u010do v poli posluch\u00e1\u010da. V konverz\u00e1cii m\u00f4\u017ee tie\u017e nadviaza\u0165 na inform\u00e1ciu, ktor\u00fa partner pr\u00e1ve spomenul.<\/li>\n<li><strong>S\u00e9ria \u3042:<\/strong> ukazuje na nie\u010do vzdialen\u00e9 od oboch. Pri pou\u017eit\u00ed z pam\u00e4ti m\u00f4\u017ee odkazova\u0165 na nie\u010do, \u010do hovoriaci a posluch\u00e1\u010d uzn\u00e1vaj\u00fa ako zdie\u013ean\u00e9.<\/li>\n<li><strong>S\u00e9ria \u3069:<\/strong> p\u00fdta sa, ktor\u00e1 vec, miesto, smer, osoba alebo typ je v ot\u00e1zke.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>Quando falante e ouvinte est\u00e3o lado a lado, a s\u00e9rie <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053<\/span> cobre o que est\u00e1 perto dos dois, <span lang=\"ja\">\u305d<\/span> pode indicar uma zona intermedi\u00e1ria e <span lang=\"ja\">\u3042<\/span> aponta a zona distante. Quando est\u00e3o frente a frente, <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053<\/span> tende a marcar o lado do falante, <span lang=\"ja\">\u305d<\/span> o lado do ouvinte e <span lang=\"ja\">\u3042<\/span> o que est\u00e1 longe de ambos. Essa distin\u00e7\u00e3o espacial \u00e9 explicada no <a href=\"https:\/\/www.coelang.tufs.ac.jp\/mt\/ja\/gmod\/contents\/explanation\/011.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">m\u00f3dulo oficial da TUFS sobre \u3053\u308c, \u305d\u308c e \u3042\u308c<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<h2>\u3053\u308c, \u305d\u308c, \u3042\u308c e \u3069\u308c: demonstrar coisas<\/h2>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u308c<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u308c<\/span> e <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u308c<\/span> apontam coisas sem precisar repetir o substantivo. Por isso, podem aparecer diretamente com uma part\u00edcula ou com <span lang=\"ja\">\u3067\u3059<\/span>.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c\u306f\u4f55\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Kore wa nan desu ka.<\/em><br \/>\n\u010co je to?<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u308c\u306f\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306e\u8f9e\u66f8\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Sore wa nihongo no jisho desu.<\/em><br \/>\nIsso \u00e9 um dicion\u00e1rio de japon\u00eas.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u308c\u306f\u99c5\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Are wa eki desu.<\/em><br \/>\nAquilo \u00e9 a esta\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u7530\u4e2d\u3055\u3093\u306e\u5098\u306f\u3069\u308c\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Tanaka-san no kasa wa dore desu ka.<\/em><br \/>\nQual \u00e9 o guarda-chuva de Tanaka?<\/p>\n\n<p>Pri ot\u00e1zkach s <span lang=\"ja\">\u4f55<\/span>, a leitura muda conforme o que vem depois. O guia sobre <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/ked-vyuzijete-nan-alebo-nani\/\">quando usar <span lang=\"ja\">\u306a\u3093<\/span> alebo <span lang=\"ja\">\u306a\u306b<\/span><\/a> explica por que <span lang=\"ja\">\u4f55\u3067\u3059\u304b<\/span> \u00e9 lido <em>nan desu ka<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n<p>Se voc\u00ea quiser praticar especificamente o contraste espacial desse trio, veja tamb\u00e9m a li\u00e7\u00e3o curta sobre <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/kore-sore-are-%e3%81%93%e3%82%8c-%e3%81%9d%e3%82%8c-%e3%81%82%e3%82%8c\/\"><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c\u30fb\u305d\u308c\u30fb\u3042\u308c<\/span><\/a>. Aqui, o objetivo \u00e9 entender o sistema completo e comparar fam\u00edlias com fun\u00e7\u00f5es diferentes.<\/p>\n\n<h2>\u3053\u306e, \u305d\u306e, \u3042\u306e e \u3069\u306e: apontar um substantivo<\/h2>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u306e<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u306e<\/span> e <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u306e<\/span> n\u00e3o substituem o substantivo: elas v\u00eam imediatamente antes dele. A <a href=\"https:\/\/www.coelang.tufs.ac.jp\/mt\/ja\/gmod\/contents\/explanation\/013.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">TUFS classifica a constru\u00e7\u00e3o como <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306eN\uff0f\u305d\u306eN\uff0f\u3042\u306eN<\/span><\/a>, em que <span lang=\"ja\">N<\/span> representa o nome indicado.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e\u672c\u306f\u304a\u3082\u3057\u308d\u3044\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Kono hon wa omoshiroi desu.<\/em><br \/>\nT\u00e1to kniha je zauj\u00edmav\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u306e\u304b\u3070\u3093\u306f\u79c1\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Sono kaban wa watashi no desu.<\/em><br \/>\nEssa bolsa \u00e9 minha.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u306e\u4eba\u306f\u5c71\u7530\u5148\u751f\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Ano hito wa Yamada-sensei desu.<\/em><br \/>\nAquela pessoa \u00e9 o professor Yamada.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u306e\u96fb\u8eca\u304c\u6771\u4eac\u3078\u884c\u304d\u307e\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Dono densha ga T\u014dky\u014d e ikimasu ka.<\/em><br \/>\nQual trem vai para T\u00f3quio?<\/p>\n\n<p>A diferen\u00e7a essencial \u00e9 sint\u00e1tica:<\/p>\n\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr><th>Forma<\/th><th>Correta<\/th><th>Incorreta<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td>Substitui a coisa<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c\u306f\u672c\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e\u306f\u672c\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Vem antes do nome<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e\u672c\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c\u672c\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<p>Para pessoas, prefira uma express\u00e3o com substantivo, como <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e\u4eba<\/span> (\u201cesta pessoa\u201d) ou a forma respeitosa <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e\u65b9<\/span>. Usar <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c<\/span> para apontar uma pessoa normalmente soa inadequado.<\/p>\n\n<!--Ads10-->\n\n<h2>\u3053\u3053, \u305d\u3053, \u3042\u305d\u3053 e \u3069\u3053: demonstrar lugares<\/h2>\n\n<p>A fam\u00edlia <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3053\u30fb\u305d\u3053\u30fb\u3042\u305d\u3053\u30fb\u3069\u3053<\/span> aponta lugares. Ela segue a mesma divis\u00e3o espacial das outras s\u00e9ries.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3059\u307f\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3001\u30c8\u30a4\u30ec\u306f\u3069\u3053\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Sumimasen, toire wa doko desu ka.<\/em><br \/>\nCom licen\u00e7a, onde fica o banheiro?<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u30c8\u30a4\u30ec\u306f\u3042\u305d\u3053\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Toire wa asoko desu.<\/em><br \/>\nO banheiro fica l\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3053\u306b\u5ea7\u3063\u3066\u3082\u3044\u3044\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Koko ni suwatte mo ii desu ka.<\/em><br \/>\nM\u00f4\u017eem si sem sadn\u00fa\u0165?<\/p>\n\n<p>V\u0161imnite si, \u017ee <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3053<\/span> pode ser o tema em <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3053\u306f\u6559\u5ba4\u3067\u3059<\/span> (\u201caqui \u00e9 a sala de aula\u201d) ou receber a part\u00edcula de localiza\u00e7\u00e3o em <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3053\u306b\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059<\/span> (\u201cest\u00e1 aqui\u201d). Isso mostra por que \u00e9 melhor compreender a fun\u00e7\u00e3o das part\u00edculas do que decorar uma tradu\u00e7\u00e3o isolada.<\/p>\n\n<p>Para mais exemplos s\u00f3 com lugares, consulte a li\u00e7\u00e3o sobre <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/koko-soko-asoko\/\"><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3053\u30fb\u305d\u3053\u30fb\u3042\u305d\u3053<\/span><\/a>. A <a href=\"https:\/\/www.coelang.tufs.ac.jp\/mt\/ja\/gmod\/courses\/c02\/lesson07\/step2\/explanation\/012.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">explica\u00e7\u00e3o da TUFS sobre essa fam\u00edlia<\/a> confirma a divis\u00e3o entre a \u00e1rea do falante, a do ouvinte e a regi\u00e3o distante dos dois.<\/p>\n\n<h2>\u3053\u3061\u3089, \u305d\u3061\u3089, \u3042\u3061\u3089 e \u3069\u3061\u3089: dire\u00e7\u00e3o e cortesia<\/h2>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3061\u3089<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u3061\u3089<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u3061\u3089<\/span> e <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u3061\u3089<\/span> podem indicar dire\u00e7\u00e3o ou lado. Em atendimento e outras situa\u00e7\u00f5es polidas, tamb\u00e9m servem como formas mais corteses para \u201caqui\u201d, \u201ca\u00ed\u201d, \u201cl\u00e1\u201d e \u201conde\u201d. Dependendo do contexto, <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u3061\u3089<\/span> ainda pode perguntar \u201cqual dos dois\u201d ou, com respeito, \u201cquem\u201d.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u53d7\u4ed8\u306f\u3053\u3061\u3089\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Uketsuke wa kochira desu.<\/em><br \/>\nA recep\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 por aqui.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u30a8\u30ec\u30d9\u30fc\u30bf\u30fc\u306f\u3042\u3061\u3089\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Ereb\u0113t\u0101 wa achira desu.<\/em><br \/>\nO elevador fica por ali.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3054\u51fa\u8eab\u306f\u3069\u3061\u3089\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Goshusshin wa dochira desu ka.<\/em><br \/>\nDe onde voc\u00ea \u00e9?<\/p>\n\n<p>N\u00e3o traduza <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u3061\u3089<\/span> sempre da mesma maneira. Em <span lang=\"ja\">\u30b3\u30fc\u30d2\u30fc\u3068\u304a\u8336\u3068\u3001\u3069\u3061\u3089\u304c\u3044\u3044\u3067\u3059\u304b<\/span>, a pergunta \u00e9 \u201cqual dos dois voc\u00ea prefere?\u201d. Em <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u3061\u3089\u3055\u307e\u3067\u3059\u304b<\/span>, pergunta-se respeitosamente quem \u00e9 a pessoa.<\/p>\n\n<h2>\u3053\u3093\u306a, \u305d\u3093\u306a, \u3042\u3093\u306a e \u3069\u3093\u306a: tipo ou caracter\u00edstica<\/h2>\n\n<p>Essa fam\u00edlia descreve \u201calgo deste tipo\u201d, \u201cdesse tipo\u201d, \u201cdaquele tipo\u201d ou pergunta \u201cque tipo de\u201d. Normalmente aparece antes de um substantivo e se refere a caracter\u00edsticas, modo ou classe, n\u00e3o apenas \u00e0 dist\u00e2ncia f\u00edsica.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3093\u306a\u672c\u3092\u63a2\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Konna hon o sagashite imasu.<\/em><br \/>\nEstou procurando um livro deste tipo.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u3093\u306a\u3053\u3068\u306f\u8a00\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Sonna koto wa itte imasen.<\/em><br \/>\nEu n\u00e3o disse uma coisa dessas.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u3093\u306a\u5e97\u306b\u306f\u884c\u304d\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Anna mise ni wa ikimasen.<\/em><br \/>\nN\u00e3o vou a uma loja como aquela.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u3093\u306a\u97f3\u697d\u304c\u597d\u304d\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Donna ongaku ga suki desu ka.<\/em><br \/>\nDe que tipo de m\u00fasica voc\u00ea gosta?<\/p>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u306e<\/span> e <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u3093\u306a<\/span> fazem perguntas diferentes. <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u306e\u672c<\/span> pede que voc\u00ea identifique qual livro entre op\u00e7\u00f5es; <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u3093\u306a\u672c<\/span> pergunta o tipo ou as caracter\u00edsticas do livro.<\/p>\n\n<h2>O uso de \u305d\u308c e \u3042\u306e em uma conversa<\/h2>\n\n<p>As s\u00e9ries tamb\u00e9m organizam refer\u00eancias no discurso. Quando o interlocutor apresenta uma informa\u00e7\u00e3o, <span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u308c<\/span> alebo <span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u306e<\/span> frequentemente a retoma:<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>A:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u6765\u9031\u3001\u8a66\u9a13\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n<em>Raish\u016b, shiken ga arimasu.<\/em><br \/>\nNa pr\u00f3xima semana, haver\u00e1 uma prova.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>B:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u308c\u306f\u5927\u5909\u3067\u3059\u306d\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n<em>Sore wa taihen desu ne.<\/em><br \/>\nIsso \u00e9 complicado, n\u00e3o \u00e9?<\/p>\n\n<p>Quando os dois reconhecem uma lembran\u00e7a ou refer\u00eancia compartilhada, a s\u00e9rie <span lang=\"ja\">\u3042<\/span> pode soar natural:<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u306e\u5e97\u3092\u899a\u3048\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Ano mise o oboete imasu ka.<\/em><br \/>\nVoc\u00ea se lembra daquela loja?<\/p>\n\n<p>Esses usos dependem do que falante e ouvinte consideram acess\u00edvel na conversa. Para iniciantes, a regra espacial \u00e9 o primeiro passo; depois, observe como o contexto cria proximidade informacional.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Di\u00e1logo em uma loja<\/h2>\n\n<p><strong>Cliente:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u3059\u307f\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3001\u3053\u306e\u6642\u8a08\u306f\u3044\u304f\u3089\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n<em>Sumimasen, kono tokei wa ikura desu ka.<\/em><br \/>\nCom licen\u00e7a, quanto custa este rel\u00f3gio?<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Atendente:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u308c\u306f\u4e09\u5343\u5186\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n<em>Sore wa sanzen-en desu.<\/em><br \/>\nEsse custa 3.000 ienes.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Cliente:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u306e\u9ed2\u3044\u6642\u8a08\u306f\u3069\u3046\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n<em>Ano kuroi tokei wa d\u014d desu ka.<\/em><br \/>\nE aquele rel\u00f3gio preto?<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Atendente:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u308c\u306f\u4e94\u5343\u5186\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n<em>Are wa gosen-en desu.<\/em><br \/>\nAquele custa 5.000 ienes.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Cliente:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u3061\u3089\u304c\u4eba\u6c17\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n<em>Dochira ga ninki desu ka.<\/em><br \/>\nQual dos dois \u00e9 mais popular?<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Atendente:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3061\u3089\u306e\u6642\u8a08\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n<em>Kochira no tokei desu.<\/em><br \/>\n\u00c9 este rel\u00f3gio aqui.<\/p>\n\n<p>O di\u00e1logo alterna uma forma que acompanha o nome (<span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e\u6642\u8a08<\/span>) e outra que o substitui (<span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u308c<\/span>). Essa altern\u00e2ncia \u00e9 comum porque evita repetir o mesmo substantivo. O guia sobre <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/ako-tvorit-vety-v-japoncine\/\">ako tvori\u0165 vety v japon\u010dine<\/a> ajuda a analisar a ordem e os elementos omitidos pelo contexto.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Erros comuns com os demonstrativos<\/h2>\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Colocar <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c<\/span> antes de um nome:<\/strong> povedzte <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e\u672c<\/span>, nie <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c\u672c<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pou\u017eite <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e<\/span> sozinho:<\/strong> se n\u00e3o houver substantivo, use <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c<\/span> ou recupere o nome pelo contexto com outra estrutura.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Traduzir apenas por isto, isso e aquilo:<\/strong> considere a posi\u00e7\u00e3o do falante, do ouvinte e a refer\u00eancia na conversa.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Confundir <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u308c<\/span> e <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u306e<\/span>:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u308c<\/span> aparece sozinho; <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u306e<\/span> exige um substantivo.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Confundir <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u306e<\/span> e <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u3093\u306a<\/span>:<\/strong> o primeiro identifica uma op\u00e7\u00e3o; o segundo pergunta o tipo ou a caracter\u00edstica.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pou\u017eite <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c<\/span> para pessoas:<\/strong> prefira <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e\u4eba<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u306e\u4eba<\/span> ou formas corteses com <span lang=\"ja\">\u65b9<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tratar <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3061\u3089<\/span> apenas como \u201caqui\u201d:<\/strong> ela pode indicar dire\u00e7\u00e3o, pessoa, lado ou uma de duas op\u00e7\u00f5es, conforme o contexto.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2>Exerc\u00edcio<\/h2>\n\n<ol>\n<li>Voc\u00ea segura um livro. Complete: <span lang=\"ja\">\uff08\u3000\uff09\u306f\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306e\u672c\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/li>\n<li>O livro est\u00e1 perto do ouvinte. Complete: <span lang=\"ja\">\uff08\u3000\uff09\u672c\u306f\u3060\u308c\u306e\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Pergunte \u201cQual \u00e9 o seu guarda-chuva?\u201d sem repetir o substantivo na resposta esperada.<\/li>\n<li>Pergunte onde fica a esta\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/li>\n<li>Complete com a palavra que pergunta o tipo: <span lang=\"ja\">\uff08\u3000\uff09\u6620\u753b\u304c\u597d\u304d\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Corrija a frase: <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c\u304b\u3070\u3093\u306f\u79c1\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<p><strong>Odpovede:<\/strong> 1. <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c<\/span>; 2. <span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u306e<\/span>; 3. <span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u306a\u305f\u306e\u5098\u306f\u3069\u308c\u3067\u3059\u304b<\/span>; 4. <span lang=\"ja\">\u99c5\u306f\u3069\u3053\u3067\u3059\u304b<\/span>; 5. <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u3093\u306a<\/span>; 6. <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e\u304b\u3070\u3093\u306f\u79c1\u306e\u3067\u3059<\/span>.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Resumo<\/h2>\n\n<ul>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053<\/span> se relaciona ao campo do falante; <span lang=\"ja\">\u305d<\/span>, ao do ouvinte ou a uma retomada; <span lang=\"ja\">\u3042<\/span>, ao que est\u00e1 distante ou compartilhado na mem\u00f3ria; <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069<\/span> forma perguntas.<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c\u30fb\u305d\u308c\u30fb\u3042\u308c\u30fb\u3069\u308c<\/span> apontam coisas e podem aparecer sem substantivo.<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e\u30fb\u305d\u306e\u30fb\u3042\u306e\u30fb\u3069\u306e<\/span> precisam vir antes de um substantivo.<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3053\u30fb\u305d\u3053\u30fb\u3042\u305d\u3053\u30fb\u3069\u3053<\/span> apontam lugares.<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3061\u3089\u30fb\u305d\u3061\u3089\u30fb\u3042\u3061\u3089\u30fb\u3069\u3061\u3089<\/span> indicam dire\u00e7\u00e3o, lado e formas corteses.<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3093\u306a\u30fb\u305d\u3093\u306a\u30fb\u3042\u3093\u306a\u30fb\u3069\u3093\u306a<\/span> descrevem ou perguntam tipo e caracter\u00edstica.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>Em vez de memorizar cinco listas separadas, use duas perguntas: \u201cqual \u00e9 a fun\u00e7\u00e3o desta palavra?\u201d e \u201cde qual campo ou refer\u00eancia estou falando?\u201d. Depois, aplique a resposta \u00e0 <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/poradie-slov-v-japoncine\/\">slovoslede v japon\u010dine<\/a> e \u00e0s part\u00edculas exigidas pela frase.<\/p>\n\n<div id=\"rank-math-faq\" class=\"rank-math-block\">\n<div class=\"rank-math-list\">\n<div id=\"faq-question-5707ee28724f8\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">\u010co je syst\u00e9m kosoado v japon\u010dine?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>Je to s\u00fabor ukazovac\u00edch a opytovac\u00edch z\u00e1men organizovan\u00fdch pod\u013ea radov \u3053, \u305d, \u3042 a \u3069. Ozna\u010duj\u00fa vz\u0165ah referencie k hovoriacemu, posluch\u00e1\u010dovi, vzdialenosti a ot\u00e1zke.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-82212807ae2b8\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Ak\u00fd je rozdiel medzi \u3053\u308c a \u3053\u306e?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>\u3053\u308c nahr\u00e1dza vec a m\u00f4\u017ee sa objavi\u0165 bez podstatn\u00e9ho mena, ako v \u3053\u308c\u306f\u672c\u3067\u3059. \u3053\u306e sa vyskytuje pred podstatn\u00fdm menom, ako v \u3053\u306e\u672c\u3067\u3059.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-2e464e1b5dbfb\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Ak\u00fd je rozdiel medzi \u305d\u308c a \u3042\u308c?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>\u305d\u308c poukazuje na nie\u010do v oblasti posluch\u00e1\u010da alebo sa odvol\u00e1va na referenciu, ktor\u00fa uviedol. \u3042\u308c poukazuje na nie\u010do vzdialen\u00e9 od hovoriaceho aj posluch\u00e1\u010da a m\u00f4\u017ee sa tie\u017e odvol\u00e1va\u0165 na spolo\u010dn\u00fa referenciu.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-8eb6417e96787\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Ak\u00fd je rozdiel medzi \u3069\u308c a \u3069\u306e?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>\u3069\u308c znamen\u00e1 \u2018ktor\u00fd\u2019 a vyskytuje sa bez podstatn\u00e9ho mena. \u3069\u306e sa tie\u017e p\u00fdta \u2018ktor\u00fd\u2019, ale mus\u00ed by\u0165 pred podstatn\u00fdm menom, ako v \u3069\u306e\u672c, \u2018ktor\u00e1 kniha\u2019.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-8d5a831235a7e\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Ako pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 \u3053\u3053, \u305d\u3053, \u3042\u305d\u3053 a \u3069\u3053?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>Pou\u017eite \u3053\u3053 pre miesto hovoriaceho, \u305d\u3053 pre miesto posluch\u00e1\u010da, \u3042\u305d\u3053 pre miesto vzdialen\u00e9 od oboch a \u3069\u3053 na ot\u00e1zku kde.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-d0e23b0307f1d\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">\u010co znamenaj\u00fa \u3053\u3061\u3089, \u305d\u3061\u3089, \u3042\u3061\u3089 a \u3069\u3061\u3089?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>M\u00f4\u017eu ozna\u010dova\u0165 smer alebo stranu a funguj\u00fa ako zdvoril\u00e9 formy tu, tam, tam a kde. V z\u00e1vislosti od kontextu sa \u3069\u3061\u3089 tie\u017e p\u00fdta, ktor\u00fd z dvoch alebo kto.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-075afa9574627\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Ako pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 \u3053\u3093\u306a, \u305d\u3093\u306a, \u3042\u3093\u306a a \u3069\u3093\u306a?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>Tieto slov\u00e1 opisuj\u00fa alebo sa p\u00fdtaj\u00fa na typ a charakteristiku. \u3053\u3093\u306a ozna\u010duje nie\u010do tohto typu, \u305d\u3093\u306a toho typu, \u3042\u3093\u306a tamtoho typu a \u3069\u3093\u306a sa p\u00fdta, ak\u00e9ho typu.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-33ec9c6d5e8d3\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">M\u00f4\u017eem pou\u017ei\u0165 \u3053\u308c na rozpr\u00e1vanie o osobe?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>Zvy\u010dajne nie. Pre \u013eud\u00ed pou\u017eite v\u00fdraz s podstatn\u00fdm menom, ako \u3053\u306e\u4eba, \u305d\u306e\u4eba a \u3042\u306e\u4eba, alebo zdvorilej\u0161iu formu \u65b9.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Pochopte syst\u00e9m kosoado v japon\u010dine: \u3053\u308c, \u3053\u306e, \u3053\u3053 a \u010fal\u0161ie rodiny, s rozdielmi, pr\u00edkladmi, dial\u00f3gom, \u010dast\u00fdmi chybami a cvi\u010deniami.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":23,"featured_media":1682,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[49,70,72,60],"tags":[27,71,2,3],"class_list":["post-1680","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-curso-de-japones-gratis","category-gramatica-japonesa","category-pronomes-em-japones","category-vocabulario-japones","tag-gramatica","tag-gramatica-japonesa","tag-idioma-japones","tag-nihongo","resize-featured-image"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1680","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/23"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1680"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1680\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4451,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1680\/revisions\/4451"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1682"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1680"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1680"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1680"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}