{"id":1686,"date":"2009-11-03T04:54:11","date_gmt":"2009-11-03T06:54:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/?p=1686"},"modified":"2018-03-09T22:26:09","modified_gmt":"2018-03-10T01:26:09","slug":"podstatne-mena-v-japoncine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/substantivos-em-japones\/","title":{"rendered":"Podstatn\u00e9 men\u00e1 v japon\u010dine"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"42f50e0ef69d15b5aee26f1ed3eeb18c\" data-index=\"2\" style=\"float: none; margin:0px;\">\n<script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-0652292147574552\"\r\n     crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script>\r\n<!-- Ads responsivo Inicio Post CAJap -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:block\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-0652292147574552\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"3298668993\"\r\n     data-ad-format=\"auto\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script>\n<\/div>\n<p><em>Zistite viac o\u00a0<strong>podstatn\u00e9 men\u00e1 v japon\u010dine<\/strong> nihongo!<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Ako u\u017e mnoh\u00ed z v\u00e1s mo\u017eno vedia, podstatn\u00e9 men\u00e1 s\u00fa slov\u00e1, ktor\u00e9 sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa na ozna\u010denie os\u00f4b, miest, zvierat, my\u0161lienok alebo pojmov. Je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 pozna\u0165 \u010do najviac podstatn\u00fdch mien, preto\u017ee bez nich nebudete schopn\u00ed hovori\u0165 o konkr\u00e9tnych veciach (ryba, pero, \u010dlovek, kol\u00e1\u010d...), nehovoriac o abstraktnej\u0161\u00edch pojmoch (mier, l\u00e1ska, n\u00e1klonnos\u0165...).<\/p>\n<h2>Podstatn\u00e9 men\u00e1 v japon\u010dine<\/h2>\n<p>Podstatn\u00e9 men\u00e1 s\u00fa z\u00e1kladom komunik\u00e1cie v ka\u017edom jazyku. Nezabudnite sa v\u0161ak nau\u010di\u0165 trochu gramatiky, preto\u017ee potrebujete vedie\u0165, ako usporiada\u0165 a sp\u00e1ja\u0165 slov\u00e1 s\u00favisl\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom.<span id=\"more-271\"><\/span><\/p>\n<h2>O \u010dl\u00e1nkoch<\/h2>\n<p>To bola prv\u00e1 vec, ktor\u00e1 ma na japonskom jazyku zaujala. Neexistuje \u017eiadny ekvivalent k na\u0161im ur\u010dit\u00fdm (o, a, os a as) a neur\u010dit\u00fdm (um, uma, uns, umas) \u010dlenom. Presn\u00fd v\u00fdznam slova pozn\u00e1me len z kontextu. T\u00fdmto sp\u00f4sobom sa slovo\u00a0<acronym title=\"sakana - ryba\">\u9b5a<\/acronym>\u00a0m\u00f4\u017ee znamena\u0165 \"ryba\" alebo \"ryba\".<\/p>\n<p>Ak chcete by\u0165 konkr\u00e9tnej\u0161\u00ed, m\u00f4\u017eete pou\u017ei\u0165\u00a0<a title=\"Ukazovacie z\u00e1men\u00e1 v japon\u010dine\" href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/zamena-demonstrativa-v-japoncine\/\">ukazovacie z\u00e1men\u00e1 v japon\u010dine<\/a>ako\u00a0<acronym title=\"kono - toto, toto a toto\">\u3053\u306e<\/acronym>,\u00a0<acronym title=\"sp\u00e1nok - toto, toto a toto\">\u305d\u306e<\/acronym>\u00a0e\u00a0<acronym title=\"rok - to, to, to\">\u3042\u306e<\/acronym>Pred podstatn\u00fdm menom m\u00f4\u017eete pou\u017ei\u0165 aj po\u010d\u00edtadl\u00e1, ale k tomu sa dostaneme inokedy.<br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h2>O pohlav\u00ed a po\u010dte<\/h2>\n<p>Japon\u010dina za\u010diato\u010dn\u00edkom ve\u013emi komplikuje \u017eivot, pokia\u013e ide o rod (mu\u017esk\u00fd\/\u017eensk\u00fd) a \u010d\u00edslo (mno\u017en\u00e9 a jednotn\u00e9). Pre lep\u0161iu predstavu pou\u017eime slovo\u00a0<acronym title=\"ko - die\u0165a, chlapec, diev\u010da, chlapec, diev\u010da\">\u5b50<\/acronym>. To je to, \u010do si pravdepodobne mysl\u00edte. Kand\u017ei\u00a0<acronym title=\"ko - die\u0165a, chlapec, diev\u010da, chlapec, diev\u010da\">\u5b50<\/acronym>\u00a0mo\u017eno prelo\u017ei\u0165 ako \"chlapec\", \"diev\u010da\", \"chlapci\" alebo \"diev\u010dat\u00e1\" bez najmen\u0161ieho rozdielu medzi pohlav\u00edm a po\u010dtom.<\/p>\n<p>Hoci m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 m\u00e4t\u00face, japonsk\u00e9 podstatn\u00e9 men\u00e1 sa daj\u00fa \u013eahko nau\u010di\u0165, preto\u017ee nikdy nemenia svoj tvar a v\u017edy maj\u00fa rovnak\u00fa kon\u0161trukciu.<\/p>\n<h2>Ako sa nenecha\u0165 zmias\u0165<\/h2>\n<p>Aby si Japonci nem\u00fdlili mu\u017esk\u00fd a \u017eensk\u00fd rod, pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa kombin\u00e1cie kand\u017ei, aby bola konverz\u00e1cia objekt\u00edvnej\u0161ia a menej m\u00e4t\u00faca. Aby bolo v\u0161etko jasnej\u0161ie, pou\u017eime slovn\u00e9 spojenie\u00a0<acronym title=\"kore wa ko desu.\">\u3053\u308c\u306f\u5b50\u3067\u3059<\/acronym>.<\/p>\n<p>Od za\u010diatku nem\u00f4\u017eete poveda\u0165, \u010di hovor\u00edte o niekom v mu\u017eskom alebo \u017eenskom rode. Nem\u00f4\u017eete ani poveda\u0165, \u010di sa veta t\u00fdka jednej alebo viacer\u00fdch os\u00f4b. Je \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9 odv\u00e1\u017ei\u0165 sa dokonca aj prekladu do portugal\u010diny.<\/p>\n<p>Aby sme vetu \u013eah\u0161ie pochopili, mus\u00edme ju doplni\u0165 o \u010fal\u0161ie slov\u00e1. Pozri pr\u00edklady ni\u017e\u0161ie:<\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"Kore wa otokonoko desu. - Toto je chlapec.\">\u3053\u308c\u306f\u7537\u306e\u5b50\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/acronym><\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"kore wa onnanoko desu. - Toto je diev\u010da (\u017eena, die\u0165a)\">\u3053\u308c\u306f\u5973\u306e\u5b50\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/acronym><\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"Kore wa onnanoko ga gonin desu. - Toto je p\u00e4\u0165 diev\u010dat.\">\u3053\u308c\u306f\u5973\u306e\u5b50\u304c\u4e94\u4eba\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/acronym><\/p>\n<p><acronym title=\"Kore wa otokonoko ga rokunin desu. - Toto je \u0161es\u0165 chlapcov.\">\u3053\u308c\u306f\u7537\u306e\u5b50\u304c\u516d\u4eba\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/acronym><\/p>\n<p>Napriek tomu, \u017ee sa n\u00e1m podarilo preuk\u00e1za\u0165, \u017ee vety m\u00f4\u017eeme tvori\u0165 jasnej\u0161ie, Japonci ich pr\u00edli\u0161 nepou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa, s v\u00fdnimkou pr\u00edpadov, ke\u010f je naozaj potrebn\u00e9 rozli\u0161ova\u0165 medzi rodom a \u010d\u00edslom. Japonci v\u017edy rad\u0161ej ponech\u00e1vaj\u00fa skuto\u010dn\u00fd v\u00fdznam vec\u00ed v kontexte, ne\u017e aby ho vyjadrovali explicitne.<\/p>\n<h2>Cvi\u010denie p\u00edsania kand\u017ei rukou<\/h2>\n<p>Ni\u017e\u0161ie s\u00fa uveden\u00e9\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/ako-pisat-japonske-pismena-kandzi\/\">Japonsk\u00e9 ideografick\u00e9 symboly<\/a>\u00a0pou\u017eit\u00e9 v tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku. V\u00fdber po\u017eadovan\u00fdch kand\u017ei skop\u00edrujte a vlo\u017ete ich do\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/in\/imprimir-para-treinar-kanas-e-kanjis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pracovn\u00fd list na precvi\u010dovanie k\u00e1n a kand\u017ei<\/a>\u00a0otvor\u00ed sa nov\u00e9 okno, v ktorom si m\u00f4\u017eete prezrie\u0165 s\u00fabor na vytla\u010denie a precvi\u010di\u0165 si japonsk\u00fa kaligrafiu zakryt\u00edm siv\u00fdch symbolov a potom sa pok\u00fasi\u0165 p\u00edsa\u0165 sami. Sta\u010d\u00ed vytla\u010di\u0165 a cvi\u010di\u0165.<\/p>\n<table style=\"height: 47px\" border=\"0\" width=\"314\" cellspacing=\"2\" cellpadding=\"2\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u9b5a<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u5b50<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u7537<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u5973<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u4eba<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<div style=\"font-size: 0px; height: 0px; line-height: 0px; margin: 0; padding: 0; clear: both;\"><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Zistite viac o podstatn\u00fdch men\u00e1ch v japon\u010dine nihongo! Ako u\u017e mnoh\u00ed z v\u00e1s mo\u017eno vedia, podstatn\u00e9 men\u00e1 s\u00fa slov\u00e1 pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 na ozna\u010denie os\u00f4b, miest, zvierat, my\u0161lienok alebo pojmov. Je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 pozna\u0165 \u010do najviac podstatn\u00fdch mien<\/p>","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":1688,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[49,75],"tags":[27,71,2,3],"class_list":["post-1686","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-curso-de-japones-gratis","category-substantivos-japoneses","tag-gramatica","tag-gramatica-japonesa","tag-idioma-japones","tag-nihongo","resize-featured-image"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1686","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/18"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1686"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1686\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1688"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1686"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1686"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1686"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}