{"id":1751,"date":"2009-11-03T05:37:49","date_gmt":"2009-11-03T07:37:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/?p=1751"},"modified":"2026-08-11T16:49:38","modified_gmt":"2026-08-11T19:49:38","slug":"neformalny-sposob-japonskych-slovies","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/modo-informal-dos-verbos-em-japones\/","title":{"rendered":"Jednoduch\u00e9 tvary japonsk\u00fdch slovies: pr\u00edtomn\u00fd, minul\u00fd a z\u00e1porn\u00fd"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>A <strong>jednoduch\u00fd tvar japonsk\u00fdch slovies<\/strong> nie je jedin\u00e1 konjug\u00e1cia. Zah\u0155\u0148a \u0161tyri kombin\u00e1cie: kladn\u00fa a z\u00e1porn\u00fa v nepr\u00edtomnom \u010dase, ako aj kladn\u00fa a z\u00e1porn\u00fa v minulom \u010dase. Slovn\u00edkov\u00fd tvar je len kladn\u00e1 verzia nepr\u00edtomn\u00e9ho \u010dasu, ako <strong>\u66f8\u304f<\/strong> (p\u00edsa\u0165) a <strong>\u98df\u3079\u308b<\/strong> (jes\u0165).<\/p>\n\n<p>Tieto tvary sa objavuj\u00fa na konci neform\u00e1lnych prejavov, ale aj v r\u00e1mci gramatick\u00fdch kon\u0161trukci\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch v zdvoril\u00fdch vet\u00e1ch. Preto je \u201cjednoduch\u00fd tvar\u201d presnej\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1zov ako ozna\u010dova\u0165 v\u0161etky len ako \u201cneform\u00e1lny sp\u00f4sob\u201d.<\/p>\n\n<h2>\u0160tyri jednoduch\u00e9 tvary v tabu\u013eke<\/h2>\n\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr><th>Hodnota<\/th><th>Skupina 1<\/th><th>Skupina 2<\/th><th>\u3059\u308b<\/th><th>\u6765\u308b<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td>Nepr\u00edtomn\u00fd \u010das kladn\u00fd<\/td><td>\u66f8\u304f<\/td><td>\u98df\u3079\u308b<\/td><td>\u3059\u308b<\/td><td>\u6765\u308b\uff08\u304f\u308b\uff09<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Nepr\u00edtomn\u00fd \u010das z\u00e1porn\u00fd<\/td><td>\u66f8\u304b\u306a\u3044<\/td><td>nejem<\/td><td>\u3057\u306a\u3044<\/td><td>\u6765\u306a\u3044\uff08\u3053\u306a\u3044\uff09<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Minulos\u0165 kladn\u00e1<\/td><td>\u66f8\u3044\u305f<\/td><td>\u98df\u3079\u305f<\/td><td>\u3057\u305f<\/td><td>\u6765\u305f\uff08\u304d\u305f\uff09<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Negat\u00edvna minulos\u0165<\/td><td>\u66f8\u304b\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/td><td>\u98df\u3079\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/td><td>\u3057\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/td><td>\u6765\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\uff08\u3053\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\uff09<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<p>O <a href=\"https:\/\/a2.marugotoweb.jp\/en\/grammar\/reference\/001.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">tabu\u013eka zdvoril\u00fdch a jednoduch\u00fdch tvarov Marugoto<\/a>, od Japan Foundation, organizuje presne tieto \u0161tyri kombin\u00e1cie. Zaznamen\u00e1va aj d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 \u0161peci\u00e1lne tvary, ako <strong>\u3042\u308b \u2192 \u306a\u3044<\/strong> e <strong>\u884c\u304f \u2192 \u884c\u3063\u305f<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Slovn\u00edkov\u00fd tvar nie je infinit\u00edv<\/h2>\n\n<p>Slovn\u00edkov\u00fd tvar sa tak vol\u00e1, preto\u017ee je to heslo pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 na vyh\u013eadanie slovesa. Nie je to \u201cprimit\u00edvny\u201d tvar ani presne nezodpoved\u00e1 infinit\u00edvu v portugal\u010dine. V japon\u010dine tento ist\u00fd tvar u\u017e funguje ako predik\u00e1t a vyjadruje udalos\u0165 v <strong>nepr\u00edtomnom \u010dase<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n<p>Nepr\u00edtomn\u00fd \u010das m\u00f4\u017ee ozna\u010dova\u0165 zvyk, v\u0161eobecn\u00fa pravdu, aktu\u00e1lny stav alebo bud\u00facnos\u0165, pod\u013ea slovesa a kontextu:<\/p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u6bce\u65e5\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3092\u52c9\u5f37\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/strong><br \/>\u6bce\u65e5\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3092\u52c9\u5f37\u3059\u308b\u3002<br \/><em>Mainichi, Nihongo o benky\u014d suru.<\/em><br \/>U\u010d\u00edm sa japon\u010dinu ka\u017ed\u00fd de\u0148.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u660e\u65e5\u3001\u53cb\u9054\u306b\u4f1a\u3046\u3002<\/strong><br \/>\u3042\u3057\u305f\u3001\u3068\u3082\u3060\u3061\u306b\u3042\u3046\u3002<br \/><em>Ashita, tomodachi ni au.<\/em><br \/>Zajtra sa stretnem s priate\u013eom.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>Takto naz\u00fdva\u0165 <strong>\u66f8\u304f<\/strong> len \u201cpr\u00edtomnos\u0165ou\u201d vyma\u017ee d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fd rozdiel. Japon\u010dina stavia proti sebe minulos\u0165 a nie-minulos\u0165; v\u00fdrazy ako <strong>\u6bce\u65e5<\/strong> e <strong>\u660e\u65e5<\/strong> pom\u00e1haj\u00fa ur\u010di\u0165 \u010dasov\u00e9 \u010d\u00edtanie.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Najprv identifikujte skupinu slovesa<\/h2>\n\n<p>Transform\u00e1cia z\u00e1vis\u00ed od skupiny. Ak v\u00e1m t\u00e1to klasifik\u00e1cia st\u00e1le sp\u00f4sobuje pochybnosti, zopakujte si <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/skupiny-slovies-v-japoncine\/\">sloves\u00e1 godan, ichidan a nepravideln\u00e9<\/a> pred aplikovan\u00edm pravidiel ni\u017e\u0161ie.<\/p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Skupina 1, alebo godan:<\/strong> posledn\u00e1 mora sa men\u00ed, ako napr\u00edklad v \u66f8\u304f, \u8aad\u3080 a \u5e30\u308b.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Skupina 2, alebo ichidan:<\/strong> koncov\u00e9 \u308b sa odstra\u0148uje pred r\u00f4znymi koncovkami, ako napr\u00edklad v \u898b\u308b a \u98df\u3079\u308b.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Skupina 3:<\/strong> zah\u0155\u0148a vzory \u3059\u308b a \u6765\u308b.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>Nie ka\u017ed\u00e9 sloveso kon\u010diace na <em>-iru<\/em> alebo <em>-eru<\/em> patr\u00ed do Skupiny 2. <strong>\u5e30\u308b<\/strong>, <strong>\u8d70\u308b<\/strong>, <strong>\u5207\u308b<\/strong> e <strong>\u8981\u308b<\/strong>, napr\u00edklad, patria do Skupiny 1.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Ako vytvori\u0165 nepr\u00edtomn\u00fd z\u00e1por<\/h2>\n\n<h3>Skupina 1: zme\u0148te posledn\u00fa moru na rad a<\/h3>\n\n<p>Pri sloves\u00e1ch godan sa posledn\u00e1 mora zmen\u00ed na zodpovedaj\u00facu so zvukom <em>a<\/em> a dostane <strong>\u306a\u3044<\/strong>. Koncovka <strong>\u3046<\/strong> je \u0161peci\u00e1lny pr\u00edpad: men\u00ed sa na <strong>\u308f<\/strong>, nie na \u3042.<\/p>\n\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr><th>Koncovka<\/th><th>Zmena<\/th><th>Pr\u00edklad<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td>\u3046<\/td><td>\u308f\u306a\u3044<\/td><td>\u8cb7\u3046 \u2192 \u8cb7\u308f\u306a\u3044<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>\u304f<\/td><td>\u304b\u306a\u3044<\/td><td>\u66f8\u304f \u2192 \u66f8\u304b\u306a\u3044<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>\u3050<\/td><td>\u304c\u306a\u3044<\/td><td>\u6cf3\u3050 \u2192 \u6cf3\u304c\u306a\u3044<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>\u3059<\/td><td>\u3055\u306a\u3044<\/td><td>\u8a71\u3059 \u2192 \u8a71\u3055\u306a\u3044<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>\u3064<\/td><td>\u305f\u306a\u3044<\/td><td>\u5f85\u3064 \u2192 \u5f85\u305f\u306a\u3044<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>\u306c\u30fb\u3076\u30fb\u3080<\/td><td>\u306a\u306a\u3044\u30fb\u3070\u306a\u3044\u30fb\u307e\u306a\u3044<\/td><td>\u6b7b\u306c \u2192 \u6b7b\u306a\u306a\u3044; \u8aad\u3080 \u2192 \u8aad\u307e\u306a\u3044<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>\u308b<\/td><td>\u3089\u306a\u3044<\/td><td>\u5e30\u308b \u2192 \u5e30\u3089\u306a\u3044<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<p><strong>\u3042\u308b<\/strong> je \u0161peci\u00e1lne: jeho jednoduch\u00fd z\u00e1por je <strong>\u306a\u3044<\/strong>, a nie <span aria-label=\"nespr\u00e1vna forma\">\u3042\u3089\u306a\u3044<\/span>.<\/p>\n\n<h3>Skupiny 2 a 3<\/h3>\n\n<p>V skupine 2 odstr\u00e1\u0148te <strong>\u308b<\/strong> a pridajte <strong>\u306a\u3044<\/strong>: <strong>\u898b\u308b \u2192 \u898b\u306a\u3044<\/strong> e <strong>\u98df\u3079\u308b \u2192 \u98df\u3079\u306a\u3044<\/strong>. V skupine 3 si zapam\u00e4tajte dva z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 vzory: <strong>\u3059\u308b \u2192 \u3057\u306a\u3044<\/strong> e <strong>\u6765\u308b \u2192 \u6765\u306a\u3044\uff08\u3053\u306a\u3044\uff09<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Ako vytvori\u0165 kladn\u00fd minul\u00fd \u010das<\/h2>\n\n<p>Jednoduch\u00fd minul\u00fd \u010das skupiny 1 sa riadi rovnak\u00fdmi zvukov\u00fdmi skupinami ako forma \u3066. <a href=\"https:\/\/a2.marugotoweb.jp\/en\/grammar\/reference\/002.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Pr\u00edloha o \u010dasovan\u00ed slovies v Marugoto<\/a> umo\u017e\u0148uje porovna\u0165 tvary slovn\u00edkov\u00e9, \u3066, \u305f a \u306a\u3044 ved\u013ea seba.<\/p>\n\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr><th>Koncovka skupiny 1<\/th><th>Minulos\u0165<\/th><th>Pr\u00edklad<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td>\u3046\u30fb\u3064\u30fb\u308b<\/td><td>\u3063\u305f<\/td><td>\u8cb7\u3046 \u2192 \u8cb7\u3063\u305f; \u5f85\u3064 \u2192 \u5f85\u3063\u305f; \u5e30\u308b \u2192 \u5e30\u3063\u305f<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>\u3080\u30fb\u3076\u30fb\u306c<\/td><td>\u3093\u3060<\/td><td>\u8aad\u3080 \u2192 \u8aad\u3093\u3060; \u904a\u3076 \u2192 \u904a\u3093\u3060; \u6b7b\u306c \u2192 \u6b7b\u3093\u3060<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>\u304f<\/td><td>\u3044\u305f<\/td><td>\u66f8\u304f \u2192 \u66f8\u3044\u305f<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>\u3050<\/td><td>\u3044\u3060<\/td><td>\u6cf3\u3050 \u2192 \u6cf3\u3044\u3060<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>\u3059<\/td><td>\u3057\u305f<\/td><td>\u8a71\u3059 \u2192 \u8a71\u3057\u305f<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<p>Naj\u010dastej\u0161ou v\u00fdnimkou je <strong>\u884c\u304f \u2192 \u884c\u3063\u305f<\/strong>. V skupine 2 odstr\u00e1\u0148te \u308b a pridajte \u305f: <strong>\u898b\u308b \u2192 \u898b\u305f<\/strong> e <strong>\u98df\u3079\u308b \u2192 \u98df\u3079\u305f<\/strong>. V skupine 3 pou\u017eite <strong>\u3059\u308b \u2192 \u3057\u305f<\/strong> e <strong>\u6765\u308b \u2192 \u6765\u305f\uff08\u304d\u305f\uff09<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n<!--Ads10-->\n\n<h2>Ako vytvori\u0165 z\u00e1porn\u00fd minul\u00fd \u010das<\/h2>\n\n<p>Po vytvoren\u00ed tvaru <strong>\u306a\u3044<\/strong>, odstr\u00e1\u0148te koncov\u00e9 <strong>\u3044<\/strong> a pridajte <strong>\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/strong>. Postup plat\u00ed pre v\u0161etky tri skupiny:<\/p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u66f8\u304b\u306a\u3044 \u2192 \u66f8\u304b\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/strong> (nenap\u00edsal);<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u98df\u3079\u306a\u3044 \u2192 \u98df\u3079\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/strong> (nejedol);<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u3057\u306a\u3044 \u2192 \u3057\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/strong> (neurobil);<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u6765\u306a\u3044 \u2192 \u6765\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/strong>\uff08\u3053\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f, nepri\u0161iel\uff09;<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u306a\u3044 \u2192 \u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/strong> (nebolo; neexistovalo, pre \u3042\u308b).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>T\u00e1to pravidelnos\u0165 je u\u017eito\u010dn\u00e1: namiesto memorovania \u010fal\u0161ej celej tabu\u013eky vych\u00e1dzate zo z\u00e1pornej nepr\u00edtomnej formy, ktor\u00fa u\u017e pozn\u00e1te.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Kedy pou\u017ei\u0165 jednoduch\u00fd tvar<\/h2>\n\n<p>Na konci hlavnej vety je jednoduch\u00fd \u0161t\u00fdl be\u017en\u00fd v neform\u00e1lnych rozhovoroch. V\u00fdber z\u00e1vis\u00ed od vz\u0165ahu medzi \u013eu\u010fmi a situ\u00e1cie, nielen od pevn\u00e9ho zoznamu \u201cpriatelia a rodina\u201d. Materi\u00e1l <a href=\"https:\/\/www.irodori.jpf.go.jp\/assets\/data\/pre-intermediate\/pdf\/ZZ_L09.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Irodori o zdvorilostnom a jednoduchom \u0161t\u00fdle<\/a> pr\u00e1ve zd\u00f4raz\u0148uje toto prisp\u00f4sobenie sa partnerovi a kontextu.<\/p>\n\n<p>V rozhovore medzi bl\u00edzkymi \u013eu\u010fmi:<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>A: \u660e\u65e5\u3001\u56f3\u66f8\u9928\u306b\u884c\u304f\uff1f<\/strong><br \/>\u3042\u3057\u305f\u3001\u3068\u3057\u3087\u304b\u3093\u306b\u3044\u304f\uff1f<br \/><em>Ashita, toshokan ni iku?<\/em><br \/>Ide\u0161 zajtra do kni\u017enice?<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>B: \u3046\u3093\u3001\u884c\u304f\u3002<\/strong><br \/><em>Un, iku.<\/em><br \/>\u00c1no, idem.<\/p>\n\n<p>Ale jednoduch\u00fd tvar sa objavuje aj v r\u00e1mci zdvorilostn\u00fdch viet, pred prvkami, ktor\u00e9 si vy\u017eaduj\u00fa toto spojenie:<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>\u65e5\u672c\u3078\u884c\u304f\u3068\u601d\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/strong><br \/>\u306b\u307b\u3093\u3078\u3044\u304f\u3068\u304a\u3082\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<br \/><em>Nihon e iku to omoimasu.<\/em><br \/>Mysl\u00edm, \u017ee p\u00f4jdem do Japonska.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>\u884c\u304f<\/strong> je v jednoduchom tvare pred <strong>\u3068<\/strong>, zatia\u013e \u010do <strong>\u601d\u3044\u307e\u3059<\/strong> zachov\u00e1va zdvorilostn\u00fd koniec. To ukazuje, pre\u010do \u201cjednoduch\u00fd tvar\u201d a \u201cneform\u00e1lna re\u010d\u201d nie s\u00fa presne to ist\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Jednoduch\u00fd tvar pred podstatn\u00fdmi menami a in\u00fdmi \u0161trukt\u00farami<\/h2>\n\n<p>\u0160tyri jednoduch\u00e9 tvary m\u00f4\u017eu priamo modifikova\u0165 podstatn\u00e9 meno. <a href=\"https:\/\/a2.marugotoweb.jp\/en\/grammar\/description\/016.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Pozn\u00e1mky Marugoto o slovese + podstatn\u00e9 meno<\/a> ukazuj\u00fa \u00fapln\u00fd kontrast medzi <strong>\u98df\u3079\u308b<\/strong>, <strong>nejem<\/strong>, <strong>\u98df\u3079\u305f<\/strong> e <strong>\u98df\u3079\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>\u671d\u3054\u306f\u3093\u3092\u98df\u3079\u306a\u3044\u4eba\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/strong><br \/>Je to \u010dlovek, ktor\u00fd neje ra\u0148ajky.<br \/><em>Asa-gohan o tabenai hito desu.<\/em><br \/>Je to \u010dlovek, ktor\u00fd neje ra\u0148ajky.<\/p>\n\n<p>\u010eal\u0161ie \u010dast\u00e9 kon\u0161trukcie zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00fa:<\/p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>sloveso + \u3053\u3068:<\/strong> \u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3092\u52c9\u5f37\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068 (\u0161tudova\u0165 japon\u010dinu);<\/li>\n<li><strong>veta + \u3068\u601d\u3044\u307e\u3059:<\/strong> \u6765\u308b\u3068\u601d\u3044\u307e\u3059 (mysl\u00edm, \u017ee pr\u00edde);<\/li>\n<li><strong>veta + \u3093\u3067\u3059:<\/strong> \u3061\u3087\u3063\u3068\u805e\u304d\u305f\u3044\u3093\u3067\u3059 (chcel by som sa nie\u010do sp\u00fdta\u0165);<\/li>\n<li><strong>sloveso + podstatn\u00e9 meno:<\/strong> \u6628\u65e5\u8cb7\u3063\u305f\u672c (kniha, ktor\u00fa som k\u00fapil v\u010dera).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>Ak chcete vytvori\u0165 \u00fapln\u00e9 vety s t\u00fdmito prvkami, pozrite si tie\u017e sprievodcu o <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/ako-tvorit-vety-v-japoncine\/\">ako tvori\u0165 vety v japon\u010dine<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<h2>\u010cast\u00e9 chyby s jednoduch\u00fdm tvarom<\/h2>\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Naz\u00fdva\u0165 slovn\u00edkov\u00fd tvar infinit\u00edvom:<\/strong> porovnanie m\u00f4\u017ee pom\u00f4c\u0165 na za\u010diatku, ale neopisuje v\u0161etky japonsk\u00e9 funkcie.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Zamie\u0148a\u0165 jednoduch\u00fd tvar s jedin\u00fdm zakon\u010den\u00edm:<\/strong> zah\u0155\u0148a \u308b, \u306a\u3044, \u305f a \u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f, pod\u013ea \u010dasu a polarity.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Preklada\u0165 ne-minul\u00fd \u010das v\u017edy ako pr\u00edtomn\u00fd:<\/strong> <strong>\u660e\u65e5\u884c\u304f<\/strong> zvy\u010dajne ozna\u010duje bud\u00facnos\u0165.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Klasifikova\u0165 ka\u017ed\u00e9 sloveso na -iru alebo -eru ako skupinu 2:<\/strong> overte v\u00fdnimky ako \u5e30\u308b a \u8d70\u308b.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 jednoduch\u00fd tvar na konci akejko\u013evek konverz\u00e1cie:<\/strong> pos\u00fa\u010fte vz\u0165ah, situ\u00e1ciu a o\u010dak\u00e1van\u00fd stupe\u0148 zdvorilosti.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Vlo\u017ei\u0165 medzery do konjug\u00e1cie:<\/strong> nap\u00ed\u0161te <strong>\u8cb7\u308f\u306a\u3044<\/strong>, nie <span aria-label=\"nespr\u00e1vna forma\">\u8cb7\u308f \u306a\u3044<\/span>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2>Komentovan\u00e9 cvi\u010denie<\/h2>\n\n<p>Transformujte ka\u017ed\u00e9 sloveso do \u0161tyroch foriem: nepr\u00edtomn\u00fd afirmat\u00edv, nepr\u00edtomn\u00fd negat\u00edv, minul\u00fd afirmat\u00edv a minul\u00fd negat\u00edv.<\/p>\n\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u66f8\u304f:<\/strong> \u66f8\u304f\u30fb\u66f8\u304b\u306a\u3044\u30fb\u66f8\u3044\u305f\u30fb\u66f8\u304b\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u98df\u3079\u308b:<\/strong> \u98df\u3079\u308b\u30fb\u98df\u3079\u306a\u3044\u30fb\u98df\u3079\u305f\u30fb\u98df\u3079\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u884c\u304f:<\/strong> \u884c\u304f\u30fb\u884c\u304b\u306a\u3044\u30fb\u884c\u3063\u305f\u30fb\u884c\u304b\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f. Minul\u00fd afirmat\u00edv je \u0161peci\u00e1lny.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u3059\u308b:<\/strong> \u3059\u308b\u30fb\u3057\u306a\u3044\u30fb\u3057\u305f\u30fb\u3057\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u6765\u308b:<\/strong> \u6765\u308b\uff08\u304f\u308b\uff09\u30fb\u6765\u306a\u3044\uff08\u3053\u306a\u3044\uff09\u30fb\u6765\u305f\uff08\u304d\u305f\uff09\u30fb\u6765\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\uff08\u3053\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\uff09.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<p>Ako pravidlo r\u00fdchlej kontroly: identifikujte skupinu, vytvorte negat\u00edv s \u306a\u3044, vytvorte minul\u00fd \u010das s \u305f a odvo\u010fte minul\u00fd negat\u00edv v\u00fdmenou \u3044 v \u306a\u3044 za \u304b\u3063\u305f.<\/p>\n\n<h2>\u010eal\u0161ie kroky<\/h2>\n\n<p>Po zvl\u00e1dnut\u00ed \u0161tyroch jednoduch\u00fdch foriem ich porovnajte s <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/forma-masu-slovies-v-japoncine\/\">tvarom \u307e\u3059 slovies<\/a>. Potom si precvi\u010dte <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/form-your-eyes-in-japan\/\">tvar \u3066<\/a> a <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/potencialny-tvar-japonskych-slovies\/\">potenci\u00e1lny tvar<\/a>. Pre zopakovanie miesta t\u00fdchto foriem v syst\u00e9me jazyka sa vr\u00e1\u0165te k <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/zakladna-japonska-gramatika\/\">z\u00e1klady japonskej gramatiky<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<div id=\"rank-math-faq\" class=\"rank-math-block\">\n<div class=\"rank-math-list\">\n<div id=\"faq-question-9d22e4e2ee8ce\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Ak\u00fd je rozdiel medzi jednoduch\u00fdm tvarom a tvarom slovn\u00edka?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>Slovn\u00edkov\u00e1 forma je iba jednoduch\u00fd kladn\u00fd tvar nepr\u00edtomn\u00e9ho \u010dasu, ako \u66f8\u304f a \u98df\u3079\u308b. S\u00fabor jednoduch\u00fdch tvarov zah\u0155\u0148a aj verzie \u306a\u3044, \u305f a \u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-e13f8d7309ae3\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Je jednoduch\u00e1 forma v\u017edy neform\u00e1lna?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>Nie. Na konci hlavnej vety je charakteristick\u00e1 pre jednoduch\u00fd \u0161t\u00fdl a zvy\u010dajne sa objavuje v neform\u00e1lnych interakci\u00e1ch. Av\u0161ak je tie\u017e vy\u017eadovan\u00e1 v \u0161trukt\u00farach ako sloveso + podstatn\u00e9 meno, \uff5e\u3068\u601d\u3044\u307e\u3059 a \uff5e\u3093\u3067\u3059, aj ke\u010f veta kon\u010d\u00ed zdvorilo.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-a5d845164eeba\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Ozna\u010duje slovn\u00edkov\u00e1 forma pr\u00edtomn\u00fd alebo bud\u00faci \u010das?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>Je to forma nepr\u00edtomn\u00e9ho \u010dasu. M\u00f4\u017ee vyjadrova\u0165 zvyk, aktu\u00e1lny stav alebo bud\u00facnos\u0165 v z\u00e1vislosti od typu slovesa a kontextu. \u6bce\u65e5\u52c9\u5f37\u3059\u308b opisuje zvyk; \u660e\u65e5\u884c\u304f zvy\u010dajne poukazuje na bud\u00facnos\u0165.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-6e747724149b3\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Ako sa tvor\u00ed jednoduch\u00fd minul\u00fd \u010das z\u00e1porn\u00fd?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>Vych\u00e1dzajte zo z\u00e1poru v \u306a\u3044, odstr\u00e1\u0148te koncov\u00e9 \u3044 a pridajte \u304b\u3063\u305f: \u66f8\u304b\u306a\u3044 sa zmen\u00ed na \u66f8\u304b\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f, \u98df\u3079\u306a\u3044 sa zmen\u00ed na \u98df\u3079\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f, \u3057\u306a\u3044 sa zmen\u00ed na \u3057\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f a \u6765\u306a\u3044 sa zmen\u00ed na \u6765\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-3e06913bb8830\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Je ka\u017ed\u00e9 sloveso kon\u010diace na iru alebo eru zo skupiny 2?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>Nie. T\u00e1to koncovka je len ind\u00edcia. Sloves\u00e1 ako \u5e30\u308b, \u8d70\u308b, \u5207\u308b a \u8981\u308b patria do Skupiny 1 a tvoria z\u00e1por s \u3089\u306a\u3044.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Nau\u010dte sa \u0161tyri jednoduch\u00e9 tvary japonsk\u00fdch slovies, \u010dasujte godan, ichidan a nepravideln\u00e9 a pochopte, kedy pou\u017ei\u0165 jednoduch\u00fd \u0161t\u00fdl.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":23,"featured_media":1752,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[49,70,73],"tags":[27,71,2,3],"class_list":["post-1751","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-curso-de-japones-gratis","category-gramatica-japonesa","category-verbos-em-japones","tag-gramatica","tag-gramatica-japonesa","tag-idioma-japones","tag-nihongo","resize-featured-image"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1751","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/23"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1751"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1751\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4420,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1751\/revisions\/4420"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1752"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1751"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1751"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1751"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}