{"id":2132,"date":"2009-11-04T06:32:27","date_gmt":"2009-11-04T08:32:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/?p=2132"},"modified":"2026-08-15T17:29:12","modified_gmt":"2026-08-15T20:29:12","slug":"potencialny-tvar-japonskych-slovies","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/forma-potencial-dos-verbos-japoneses\/","title":{"rendered":"Potenci\u00e1lny tvar japonsk\u00fdch slovies: praktick\u00fd sprievodca"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>A <strong>potenci\u00e1lna forma v japon\u010dine<\/strong> ozna\u010duje, \u017ee niekto dok\u00e1\u017ee vykona\u0165 \u010dinnos\u0165 alebo \u017ee \u010dinnos\u0165 je mo\u017en\u00e1 za dan\u00fdch podmienok. Napr\u00edklad, <span lang=\"ja\">\u8a71\u305b\u307e\u3059<\/span> znamen\u00e1 \u201cdok\u00e1\u017eem hovori\u0165\u201d, zatia\u013e \u010do <span lang=\"ja\">\u4f7f\u3048\u307e\u305b\u3093<\/span> m\u00f4\u017ee znamena\u0165 \u201cnie je mo\u017en\u00e9 pou\u017ei\u0165\u201d.<\/p>\n\n<p>T\u00e1to forma sama o sebe nie je form\u00e1lna ani neform\u00e1lna. Zdvorilos\u0165 z\u00e1vis\u00ed od koncovky: <span lang=\"ja\">\u8a71\u305b\u308b<\/span> patr\u00ed do jednoduch\u00e9ho \u0161t\u00fdlu a <span lang=\"ja\">\u8a71\u305b\u307e\u3059<\/span> do zdvoril\u00e9ho \u0161t\u00fdlu. Kon\u0161trukcia <span lang=\"ja\">verbo + \u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b<\/span> vyjadruje podobn\u00e9 v\u00fdznamy a m\u00f4\u017ee sa tie\u017e vyskytova\u0165 v oboch registroch.<\/p>\n\n<h2>\u010co vyjadruje potenci\u00e1lna forma?<\/h2>\n\n<p>Potenci\u00e1lna forma, naz\u00fdvan\u00e1 <span lang=\"ja\">\u53ef\u80fd\u5f62<\/span> (<em>kan\u014dkei<\/em>), predstavuje \u010dinnos\u0165 ako mo\u017en\u00fa. Kontext ukazuje, \u010di veta hovor\u00ed o schopnosti osoby, o pr\u00edle\u017eitosti alebo o vonkaj\u0161ej podmienke.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u79c1\u306f\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u304c\u8a71\u305b\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/><span lang=\"ja\">\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306f \u306b\u307b\u3093\u3054\u304c \u306f\u306a\u305b\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><br \/><em>Watashi wa nihongo ga hanasemasu.<\/em><br \/>Dok\u00e1\u017eem hovori\u0165 po japonsky.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e\u7f8e\u8853\u9928\u3067\u306f\u5199\u771f\u304c\u64ae\u308c\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e \u3073\u3058\u3085\u3064\u304b\u3093\u3067\u306f \u3057\u3083\u3057\u3093\u304c \u3068\u308c\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002<\/span><br \/><em>Kono bijutsukan de wa shashin ga toremasen.<\/em><br \/>Nie je mo\u017en\u00e9 fotografova\u0165 v tomto m\u00fazeu.<\/p>\n\n<p>Prv\u00e1 veta opisuje schopnos\u0165. Druh\u00e1 predstavuje nemo\u017enos\u0165 sp\u00f4soben\u00fa pravidlami alebo podmienkami miesta. V sloven\u010dine sa tieto dve my\u0161lienky zvy\u010dajne prekladaj\u00fa pomocou \u201cm\u00f4c\u0165\u201d alebo \u201cdok\u00e1za\u0165\u201d.<\/p>\n\n<h2>S\u00fa potenci\u00e1lna forma a \u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b ekvivalentn\u00e9?<\/h2>\n\n<p>Obe kon\u0161trukcie m\u00f4\u017eu vyjadrova\u0165 schopnos\u0165 a mo\u017enos\u0165. Neexistuje pravidlo, pod\u013ea ktor\u00e9ho by <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b<\/span> bola nevyhnutne neform\u00e1lna a potenci\u00e1lna forma form\u00e1lna. Porovnajte:<\/p>\n\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr><th>\u0160trukt\u00fara<\/th><th>Jednoduch\u00fd \u0161t\u00fdl<\/th><th>Zdvoril\u00fd \u0161t\u00fdl<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td>Potenci\u00e1lna forma<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u304c\u8a71\u305b\u308b<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u304c\u8a71\u305b\u307e\u3059<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3092\u8a71\u3059\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3092\u8a71\u3059\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3059<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<p>Potenci\u00e1lna forma je zvy\u010dajne kompaktnej\u0161ia. <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b<\/span> rob\u00ed \u010dinnos\u0165 explicitnou ako jednotku \u2014 doslova \u201cje mo\u017en\u00e9 vykona\u0165 akt\u2026\u201d. Preto sa \u010dasto objavuje vo vysvetleniach o slu\u017eb\u00e1ch, pravidl\u00e1ch, zdrojoch a dostupn\u00fdch aktivit\u00e1ch. Vo\u013eba z\u00e1vis\u00ed od vety a kontextu, nie od pevn\u00e9ho protikladu form\u00e1lnosti.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Ako tvori\u0165 sloves\u00e1 v potenci\u00e1lnej forme<\/h2>\n\n<p>Najprv identifikujte, \u010di je sloveso godan, ichidan alebo nepravideln\u00e9. Ak toto rozdelenie e\u0161te nie je jasn\u00e9, zopakujte si <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/skupiny-slovies-v-japoncine\/\">skupiny japonsk\u00fdch slovies<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<h3>Sloves\u00e1 godan: prejdite zo st\u013apca U do st\u013apca E a pridajte \u308b<\/h3>\n\n<p>Pri sloves\u00e1ch godan sa posledn\u00e1 m\u00f4ra zmen\u00ed na zodpovedaj\u00facu v st\u013apci E a dostane <span lang=\"ja\">\u308b<\/span>.<\/p>\n\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr><th>Koncovka<\/th><th>Zmena<\/th><th>Pr\u00edklad<\/th><th>Potenci\u00e1lna forma<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3046<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3048\u308b<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u8cb7\u3046<\/span> (<em>kau<\/em>)<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u8cb7\u3048\u308b<\/span> (<em>kaeru<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u304f<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3051\u308b<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u66f8\u304f<\/span> (<em>kaku<\/em>)<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u66f8\u3051\u308b<\/span> (<em>kakeru<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3050<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3052\u308b<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u6cf3\u3050<\/span> (<em>oyogu<\/em>)<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u6cf3\u3052\u308b<\/span> (<em>oyogeru<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3059<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u305b\u308b<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u8a71\u3059<\/span> (<em>hanasu<\/em>)<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u8a71\u305b\u308b<\/span> (<em>hanaseru<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3064<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3066\u308b<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u5f85\u3064<\/span> (<em>matsu<\/em>)<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u5f85\u3066\u308b<\/span> (<em>materu<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u306c<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u306d\u308b<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u6b7b\u306c<\/span> (<em>shinu<\/em>)<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u6b7b\u306d\u308b<\/span> (<em>shineru<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3076<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3079\u308b<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u904a\u3076<\/span> (<em>asobu<\/em>)<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u904a\u3079\u308b<\/span> (<em>asoberu<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3080<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3081\u308b<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u8aad\u3080<\/span> (<em>yomu<\/em>)<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u8aad\u3081\u308b<\/span> (<em>yomeru<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u308b<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u308c\u308b<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u5e30\u308b<\/span> (<em>kaeru<\/em>)<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u5e30\u308c\u308b<\/span> (<em>kaereru<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<p>Sloveso <span lang=\"ja\">\u5e30\u308b<\/span> kon\u010d\u00ed na <span lang=\"ja\">\u308b<\/span>, ale je godan. Preto tvar <span lang=\"ja\">\u5e30\u308c\u308b<\/span>, a nie <span lang=\"ja\">\u5e30\u3089\u308c\u308b<\/span>. Samotn\u00e1 vizu\u00e1lna koncovka nesta\u010d\u00ed na zistenie skupiny.<\/p>\n\n<h3>Ichidan sloves\u00e1: odstr\u00e1\u0148te \u308b a pridajte \u3089\u308c\u308b<\/h3>\n\n<ul>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u98df\u3079\u308b \u2192 \u98df\u3079\u3089\u308c\u308b<\/span> (<em>taberu \u2192 taberareru<\/em>) \u2014 dok\u00e1za\u0165 jes\u0165;<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u898b\u308b \u2192 \u898b\u3089\u308c\u308b<\/span> (<em>miru \u2192 mirareru<\/em>) \u2014 vidie\u0165;<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u8d77\u304d\u308b \u2192 \u8d77\u304d\u3089\u308c\u308b<\/span> (<em>okiru \u2192 okirareru<\/em>) \u2014 dok\u00e1za\u0165 sa zobudi\u0165 alebo vsta\u0165.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h3>Nepravideln\u00e9 sloves\u00e1<\/h3>\n\n<ul>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u3059\u308b \u2192 \u3067\u304d\u308b<\/span> (<em>suru \u2192 dekiru<\/em>) \u2014 dok\u00e1za\u0165 urobi\u0165;<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u6765\u308b \u2192 \u6765\u3089\u308c\u308b<\/span> (<em>kuru \u2192 korareru<\/em>) \u2014 dok\u00e1za\u0165 pr\u00eds\u0165.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>Zlo\u017eeniny <span lang=\"ja\">\u3059\u308b<\/span> sa riadia rovnak\u00fdm vzorom: <span lang=\"ja\">\u4e88\u7d04\u3059\u308b<\/span> oto\u010di\u0165 <span lang=\"ja\">\u4e88\u7d04\u3067\u304d\u308b<\/span> e <span lang=\"ja\">\u52c9\u5f37\u3059\u308b<\/span> oto\u010di\u0165 <span lang=\"ja\">\u52c9\u5f37\u3067\u304d\u308b<\/span>.<\/p>\n\n<!--Ads6-->\n\n<h2>Ako \u010dasova\u0165 potenci\u00e1lne sloveso<\/h2>\n\n<p>Po vytvoren\u00ed sa v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina potenci\u00e1lnych tvarov spr\u00e1va ako sloveso ichidan. Takto je mo\u017en\u00e9 vytvori\u0165 z\u00e1por, minul\u00fd \u010das a zdvoril\u00e9 tvary s pravideln\u00fdm vzorom. Str\u00e1nky o <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/neformalny-sposob-japonskych-slovies\/\">jednoduch\u00e1 forma slovies<\/a> a <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/forma-masu-slovies-v-japoncine\/\">tvar \u307e\u3059<\/a> pom\u00e1haj\u00fa zopakova\u0165 si tieto koncovky.<\/p>\n\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr><th>Funkcia<\/th><th><span lang=\"ja\">\u8a71\u305b\u308b<\/span><\/th><th><span lang=\"ja\">\u98df\u3079\u3089\u308c\u308b<\/span><\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td>Nie minul\u00fd kladn\u00fd<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u8a71\u305b\u308b<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u98df\u3079\u3089\u308c\u308b<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Nie minul\u00fd z\u00e1porn\u00fd<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u8a71\u305b\u306a\u3044<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u98df\u3079\u3089\u308c\u306a\u3044<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Minulos\u0165 kladn\u00e1<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u8a71\u305b\u305f<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u98df\u3079\u3089\u308c\u305f<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Negat\u00edvna minulos\u0165<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u8a71\u305b\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u98df\u3079\u3089\u308c\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Zdvoril\u00fd klad<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u8a71\u305b\u307e\u3059<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u98df\u3079\u3089\u308c\u307e\u3059<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Polido negativo<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u8a71\u305b\u307e\u305b\u3093<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u98df\u3079\u3089\u308c\u307e\u305b\u3093<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<h2>Osobn\u00e1 schopnos\u0165 a mo\u017enos\u0165 situ\u00e1cie<\/h2>\n\n<h3>Schopnos\u0165 alebo zru\u010dnos\u0165<\/h3>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">Moja mlad\u0161ia sestra vie prepl\u00e1va\u0165 sto metrov.<\/span><\/strong><br \/><span lang=\"ja\">\u3044\u3082\u3046\u3068\u306f \u3072\u3083\u304f\u30e1\u30fc\u30c8\u30eb \u304a\u3088\u3052\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><br \/><em>Im\u014dto wa hyaku m\u0113toru oyogemasu.<\/em><br \/>Moja mlad\u0161ia sestra vie prepl\u00e1va\u0165 sto metrov.<\/p>\n\n<p>Veta opisuje schopnos\u0165 osoby. Rovnak\u00e9 uva\u017eovanie sa objavuje v <span lang=\"ja\">\u6f22\u5b57\u304c\u8aad\u3081\u308b<\/span> (\u201cvedie\u0165 \u010d\u00edta\u0165 kand\u017ei\u201d) a <span lang=\"ja\">\u8eca\u3092\u904b\u8ee2\u3067\u304d\u308b<\/span> (\u201cvedie\u0165\/ovl\u00e1da\u0165 \u0161of\u00e9rova\u0165\u201d).<\/p>\n\n<h3>Podmienka, pr\u00edle\u017eitos\u0165 alebo praktick\u00e9 povolenie<\/h3>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">V tejto kni\u017enici je mo\u017en\u00e9 bezplatne pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 Wi-Fi.<\/span><\/strong><br \/><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e \u3068\u3057\u3087\u304b\u3093\u3067\u306f \u3080\u308a\u3087\u3046\u3067 \u30ef\u30a4\u30d5\u30a1\u30a4\u304c \u3064\u304b\u3048\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><br \/><em>Kono toshokan de wa mury\u014d de waifai ga tsukaemasu.<\/em><br \/>V tejto kni\u017enici je mo\u017en\u00e9 bezplatne pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 Wi-Fi.<\/p>\n\n<p>Osoba m\u00f4\u017ee alebo nemus\u00ed ma\u0165 \u0161peci\u00e1lnu schopnos\u0165; hlavn\u00fdm bodom je, \u017ee miesto t\u00fato mo\u017enos\u0165 pon\u00faka. Preto n\u00e1pisy, sprievodcovia a popisy slu\u017eieb pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa tak potenci\u00e1lnu formu, ako aj <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3059<\/span>.<\/p>\n\n<h2>M\u00e1m pou\u017ei\u0165 \u010dasticu \u304c alebo \u3092?<\/h2>\n\n<p>Pri transform\u00e1cii, ktor\u00e1 sa u\u010d\u00ed za\u010diato\u010dn\u00edkov, sa objekt ozna\u010den\u00fd <span lang=\"ja\">\u3092<\/span> zvy\u010dajne objavuje s <span lang=\"ja\">\u304c<\/span> pred potenci\u00e1lnou formou:<\/p>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">Hovor\u00edm po japonsky.<\/span> \u2014 Hovor\u00edm po japonsky.<br \/><span lang=\"ja\">Viem po japonsky.<\/span> \u2014 Viem hovori\u0165 po japonsky.<\/p>\n\n<p>Toto je neutr\u00e1lny a bezpe\u010dn\u00fd vzor. Av\u0161ak vety s <span lang=\"ja\">\u3092<\/span> sa vyskytuj\u00fa aj v s\u00fa\u010dasnej re\u010di a p\u00edsan\u00ed, najm\u00e4 ke\u010f hovoriaci dr\u017e\u00ed v centre pozornosti \u010dinnos\u0165 a jej objekt. Preto, <span lang=\"ja\">\u79c1\u306f\u30d1\u30f3\u3092\u98df\u3079\u3089\u308c\u308b<\/span> by sa nemalo automaticky zavrhova\u0165 ako nespr\u00e1vne.<\/p>\n\n<p>Na za\u010diatok pou\u017eite <span lang=\"ja\">\u304c<\/span> v neutr\u00e1lnych vyhl\u00e1seniach o schopnosti a nau\u010dte sa rozpozn\u00e1va\u0165 <span lang=\"ja\">\u3092<\/span> v re\u00e1lnych pou\u017eitiach. Sprievodca <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/zakladne-castice-v-japoncine\/\">z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 \u010dastice v japon\u010dine<\/a> pom\u00e1ha presk\u00fama\u0165 v\u0161eobecn\u00fa funkciu t\u00fdchto zna\u010diek vo vete.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Ako rozl\u00ed\u0161i\u0165 potenci\u00e1l a trpn\u00fd rod<\/h2>\n\n<p>Pri sloves\u00e1ch ichidan a v <span lang=\"ja\">\u6765\u308b<\/span>, tvar v <span lang=\"ja\">\u3089\u308c\u308b<\/span> m\u00f4\u017ee ma\u0165 aj trpn\u00fd v\u00fdznam. Kontext a \u010dastice ukazuj\u00fa interpret\u00e1ciu.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u79c1\u306f\u9b5a\u304c\u98df\u3079\u3089\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/><em>Watashi wa sakana ga taberaremasu.<\/em><br \/>Viem jes\u0165 ryby. <strong>(potenci\u00e1l)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u9b5a\u306f\u732b\u306b\u98df\u3079\u3089\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/><em>Sakana wa neko ni taberaremashita.<\/em><br \/>Rybu zjedla ma\u010dka. <strong>(trpn\u00fd rod)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p>V prvej vete, <span lang=\"ja\">\u79c1<\/span> je ten, kto m\u00e1 schopnos\u0165. V druhej, <span lang=\"ja\">\u9b5a<\/span> prij\u00edma dejstvo a <span lang=\"ja\">\u732b\u306b<\/span> ozna\u010duje agenta. Samotn\u00fd preklad koncovky nesta\u010d\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n<h2>\u898b\u308c\u308b a \u98df\u3079\u308c\u308b: \u010do je \u3089\u629c\u304d?<\/h2>\n\n<p>V re\u010di tie\u017e po\u010dujete <span lang=\"ja\">\u898b\u308c\u308b<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">\u98df\u3079\u308c\u308b<\/span> e <span lang=\"ja\">\u6765\u308c\u308b<\/span>, formy, v ktor\u00fdch <span lang=\"ja\">\u3089<\/span> z <span lang=\"ja\">\u898b\u3089\u308c\u308b<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">\u98df\u3079\u3089\u308c\u308b<\/span> e <span lang=\"ja\">\u6765\u3089\u308c\u308b<\/span> bolo vynechan\u00e9. Tento jav sa naz\u00fdva <span lang=\"ja\">\u3089\u629c\u304d\u8a00\u8449<\/span> (<em>ranuki kotoba<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n<p>Pou\u017eitie je re\u00e1lne a roz\u0161\u00edren\u00e9, najm\u00e4 v hovorenom jazyku, ale prijatie sa l\u00ed\u0161i pod\u013ea regi\u00f3nu, gener\u00e1cie a miery form\u00e1lnosti. Na vybudovanie stabiln\u00e9ho z\u00e1kladu a p\u00edsanie v starostlivej\u0161\u00edch situ\u00e1ci\u00e1ch uprednostnite najprv pln\u00e9 formy <span lang=\"ja\">\u898b\u3089\u308c\u308b<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">\u98df\u3079\u3089\u308c\u308b<\/span> e <span lang=\"ja\">\u6765\u3089\u308c\u308b<\/span>. Pri po\u010dut\u00ed verzi\u00ed bez <span lang=\"ja\">\u3089<\/span>, rozpoznajte ich ako varianty pou\u017eitia, nie ako nov\u00fa slovesn\u00fa skupinu.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Potenci\u00e1lna forma, forma \u305f\u3044 a \u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046<\/h2>\n\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr><th>Forma<\/th><th>Hlavn\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka<\/th><th>Pr\u00edklad<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td>Potenci\u00e1l<\/td><td>Je to mo\u017en\u00e9? Dok\u00e1\u017ee to \u010dlovek?<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u304c\u8a71\u305b\u308b<\/span> \u2014 Viem hovori\u0165 po japonsky.<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u305f\u3044<\/span><\/td><td>Chce to \u010dlovek urobi\u0165?<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3092\u8a71\u3057\u305f\u3044<\/span> \u2014 Chcem hovori\u0165 po japonsky.<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046<\/span><\/td><td>Urob\u00edme to spolu?<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3092\u8a71\u3057\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046<\/span> \u2014 Po\u010fme hovori\u0165 po japonsky.<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<p>Schopnos\u0165, \u017eelanie a n\u00e1vrh s\u00fa r\u00f4zne z\u00e1mery. Pre hlb\u0161\u00ed kontrast pozri <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/japonske-slovesa-v-tvare-tai\/\">forma \u305f\u3044 slovies<\/a> a <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/forma-mashou-slovies-v-japoncine\/\">forma \u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<h2>\u010cast\u00e9 chyby s potenci\u00e1lnou formou<\/h2>\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Zaobch\u00e1dzanie s potenci\u00e1lom ako so synonymom form\u00e1lnosti:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u8a71\u305b\u308b<\/span> je to jednoduch\u00e9; <span lang=\"ja\">\u8a71\u305b\u307e\u3059<\/span> je to zdvoril\u00e9.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tvrdi\u0165, \u017ee \u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b je v\u017edy neform\u00e1lne:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3059<\/span> je to zdvoril\u00e1 a \u00faplne norm\u00e1lna kon\u0161trukcia.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Klasifikova\u0165 ka\u017ed\u00e9 sloveso kon\u010diace na \u3044\u308b alebo \u3048\u308b ako ichidan:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u5e30\u308b<\/span> je godan a st\u00e1va sa <span lang=\"ja\">\u5e30\u308c\u308b<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u010casova\u0165 \u3059\u308b pravidelne:<\/strong> potenci\u00e1lna forma je <span lang=\"ja\">\u3067\u304d\u308b<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Zakazova\u0165 \u3092 v akejko\u013evek potenci\u00e1lnej vete:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u304c<\/span> je to neutr\u00e1lny didaktick\u00fd \u0161tandard, ale <span lang=\"ja\">\u3092<\/span> sa tie\u017e objavuje v re\u00e1lnom pou\u017eit\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ignorova\u0165 nejednozna\u010dnos\u0165 \u3089\u308c\u308b:<\/strong> pri ichidan sloves\u00e1ch kontext odde\u013euje potenci\u00e1l a pas\u00edvum.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2>Mini dial\u00f3g o schopnosti a mo\u017enosti<\/h2>\n\n<p><strong>A:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u304c\u8a71\u305b\u307e\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><br \/><em>Nihongo ga hanasemasu ka.<\/em><br \/>Vie\u0161 hovori\u0165 po japonsky?<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>B:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u5c11\u3057\u8a71\u305b\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3067\u3082\u3001\u6f22\u5b57\u306f\u3042\u307e\u308a\u8aad\u3081\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002<\/span><br \/><em>Sukoshi hanasemasu. Demo, kanji wa amari yomemasen.<\/em><br \/>Viem hovori\u0165 trochu. Ale neviem pre\u010d\u00edta\u0165 ve\u013ea kand\u017ei.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>A:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e\u30a2\u30d7\u30ea\u3067\u6f22\u5b57\u3092\u8abf\u3079\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3059\u3088\u3002<\/span><br \/><em>Kono apuri de kanji o shiraberu koto ga dekimasu yo.<\/em><br \/>Pomocou tejto aplik\u00e1cie m\u00f4\u017eete vyh\u013ead\u00e1va\u0165 kand\u017ei.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>B:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u3046\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306a\u3089\u8aad\u3081\u305d\u3046\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><br \/><em>S\u014d desu ka. Kore nara yomes\u014d desu.<\/em><br \/>Rozumiem. V takom pr\u00edpade to vyzer\u00e1, \u017ee to budem vedie\u0165 pre\u010d\u00edta\u0165.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Cvi\u010denia na potenci\u00e1lnu formu<\/h2>\n\n<p>Preve\u010fte ka\u017ed\u00e9 sloveso na jednoduch\u00fa potenci\u00e1lnu formu. Potom dopl\u0148te vety.<\/p>\n\n<ol>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u66f8\u304f<\/span> \u2192 ______<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u98df\u3079\u308b<\/span> \u2192 ______<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u6765\u308b<\/span> \u2192 ______<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u3059\u308b<\/span> \u2192 ______<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u8a71\u3059<\/span>: <span lang=\"ja\">Ja viem po japonsky trochu ______.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u898b\u308b<\/span>: <span lang=\"ja\">Odtia\u013eto je vidie\u0165 more ______.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<details>\n<summary><strong>Zobrazi\u0165 odpovede<\/strong><\/summary>\n<ol>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u66f8\u3051\u308b<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u98df\u3079\u3089\u308c\u308b<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u6765\u3089\u308c\u308b<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u3067\u304d\u308b<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u8a71\u305b\u308b<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u898b\u3089\u308c\u308b<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/details>\n\n<h2>Zhrnutie a \u010fal\u0161ie kroky<\/h2>\n\n<p>Pri sloves\u00e1ch godan zme\u0148te posledn\u00fa moru zo st\u013apca U na st\u013apec E a pridajte <span lang=\"ja\">\u308b<\/span>. Pri ichidan odstr\u00e1\u0148te <span lang=\"ja\">\u308b<\/span> a pou\u017eite <span lang=\"ja\">\u3089\u308c\u308b<\/span>. Zapam\u00e4tajte si tie\u017e <span lang=\"ja\">\u3059\u308b \u2192 \u3067\u304d\u308b<\/span> e <span lang=\"ja\">\u6765\u308b \u2192 \u6765\u3089\u308c\u308b<\/span>.<\/p>\n\n<p>Po vytvoren\u00ed formy si v\u0161imnite tri body: kontext odde\u013euje schopnos\u0165 od mo\u017enosti; jednoduch\u00e9 alebo zdvoril\u00e9 zakon\u010denie ur\u010duje register; a \u010dastice pom\u00e1haj\u00fa interpretova\u0165 funkciu \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edkov. Ak chcete t\u00fato t\u00e9mu spoji\u0165 so zvy\u0161kom jazyka, pozrite si <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/zakladna-japonska-gramatika\/\">z\u00e1klady japonskej gramatiky<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<h2>\u010cast\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky o potenci\u00e1lnej forme<\/h2>\n\n<div id=\"rank-math-faq\" class=\"rank-math-block\">\n<div class=\"rank-math-list\">\n<div id=\"faq-question-7cde76a66b534\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Na \u010do sl\u00fa\u017ei potenci\u00e1lna forma v japon\u010dine?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>Potenci\u00e1lna forma vyjadruje, \u017ee niekto dok\u00e1\u017ee vykona\u0165 \u010dinnos\u0165 alebo \u017ee \u010dinnos\u0165 je mo\u017en\u00e1 v ur\u010ditej situ\u00e1cii. Kontext rozli\u0161uje schopnos\u0165, pr\u00edle\u017eitos\u0165 a vonkaj\u0161iu podmienku.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-491c126caf4ec\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Ako transformova\u0165 sloveso do potenci\u00e1lnej formy?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>Pri sloves\u00e1ch godan zme\u0148te koncovku zo st\u013apca U na st\u013apec E a pridajte \u308b. Pri ichidan odstr\u00e1\u0148te \u308b a pou\u017eite \u3089\u308c\u308b. Hlavn\u00e9 nepravideln\u00e9 s\u00fa \u3059\u308b \u2192 \u3067\u304d\u308b a \u6765\u308b \u2192 \u6765\u3089\u308c\u308b.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-83d3db996eabf\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Ak\u00fd je rozdiel medzi potenci\u00e1lnou formou a \u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>Obe kon\u0161trukcie m\u00f4\u017eu vyjadrova\u0165 schopnos\u0165 a mo\u017enos\u0165. Potenci\u00e1lna forma je kompaktnej\u0161ia; \u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b rob\u00ed akciu explicitnou ako jednotku. Obe m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 jednoduch\u00e9 alebo zdvoril\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-186353a7f04f6\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">M\u00e1m pou\u017ei\u0165 \u304c alebo \u3092 s potenci\u00e1lnou formou?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>\u304c je neutr\u00e1lny \u0161tandard, ktor\u00fd sa zvy\u010dajne vyu\u010duje, ako v \u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u304c\u8a71\u305b\u307e\u3059. Av\u0161ak \u3092 sa tie\u017e vyskytuje v s\u00fa\u010dasnej re\u010di a p\u00edsomnom prejave a nemalo by sa automaticky pova\u017eova\u0165 za nespr\u00e1vne.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-d3ea5ae5e4b7a\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">S\u00fa \u898b\u308c\u308b a \u98df\u3079\u308c\u308b spr\u00e1vne?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>Tieto tvary bez \u3089 s\u00fa be\u017en\u00e9 v re\u010di a predstavuj\u00fa vari\u00e1ciu naz\u00fdvan\u00fa \u3089\u629c\u304d. Pre bezpe\u010dn\u00fd z\u00e1klad a pre starostlivej\u0161ie situ\u00e1cie uprednostnite najprv \u898b\u3089\u308c\u308b, \u98df\u3079\u3089\u308c\u308b a \u6765\u3089\u308c\u308b.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<h2>Pou\u017eit\u00e9 ofici\u00e1lne zdroje<\/h2>\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.irodori.jpf.go.jp\/assets\/data\/elementary02\/pdf\/Z_L05.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Irodori, lekcia 5 \u00farovne Elementary 2 \u2014 tvorba a pou\u017eitie potenci\u00e1lnej formy<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.irodori.jpf.go.jp\/assets\/data\/elementary01\/pdf\/Y_L05.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Irodori, lekcia 5 \u00farovne Elementary 1 \u2014 kon\u0161trukcia sloveso + \u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3059<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/kotoba.ninjal.ac.jp\/qa\/yokuaru\/qa-51\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NINJAL \u2014 vari\u00e1cia medzi \u304c a \u3092 pri potenci\u00e1lnych sloves\u00e1ch<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bunka.go.jp\/kokugo_nihongo\/sisaku\/joho\/joho\/kakuki\/20\/tosin03\/09.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Agent\u00fara pre kult\u00farne z\u00e1le\u017eitosti Japonska \u2014 hist\u00f3ria a vari\u00e1cia \u3089\u629c\u304d\u8a00\u8449<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/a2-2.marugotoweb.jp\/en\/grammar\/detail\/topic8-sec16-1\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Marugoto \u2014 pr\u00edklady potenci\u00e1lnej formy v kladnom a z\u00e1pornom tvare<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Nau\u010dte sa tvori\u0165 a pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 sloves\u00e1 v potenci\u00e1lnom tvare, rozli\u0161ova\u0165 schopnos\u0165 a mo\u017enos\u0165, porovn\u00e1va\u0165 \u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b a pochopi\u0165 \u010dastice \u304c a \u3092.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":23,"featured_media":2134,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[49,70,73],"tags":[69,2,3],"class_list":["post-2132","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-curso-de-japones-gratis","category-gramatica-japonesa","category-verbos-em-japones","tag-curso-japones-gratis","tag-idioma-japones","tag-nihongo","resize-featured-image"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2132","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/23"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2132"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2132\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4430,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2132\/revisions\/4430"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2134"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2132"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2132"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2132"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}