{"id":2144,"date":"2009-11-04T06:40:58","date_gmt":"2009-11-04T08:40:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/?p=2144"},"modified":"2026-08-15T15:42:32","modified_gmt":"2026-08-15T18:42:32","slug":"forma-mashou-slovies-v-japoncine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sk\/forma-mashou-dos-verbos-em-japones\/","title":{"rendered":"Tvar \u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046 (mashou): pozvania a n\u00e1vrhy v japon\u010dine"},"content":{"rendered":"

A forma \u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046 (mashou<\/em>)<\/strong> sa pou\u017e\u00edva hlavne na navrhnutie spolo\u010dnej akcie: \u201cpo\u010fme urobi\u0165?\u201d. Objavuje sa v pozv\u00e1nkach, n\u00e1vrhoch, spolo\u010dn\u00fdch rozhodnutiach a pozit\u00edvnych odpovediach na pozvanie.<\/p>\n\n

Hoci \u010dasto zodpoved\u00e1 slovu \u201cpo\u010fme\u201d v portugal\u010dine, \u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046 nie je bud\u00faci \u010das, potenci\u00e1lna forma ani vyjadrenie \u017eelania. Kontext ukazuje, \u010di osoba predklad\u00e1 n\u00e1vrh, prij\u00edma pozvanie alebo povzbudzuje skupinu k \u010dinnosti.<\/p>\n\n

\u010co znamen\u00e1 \u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046 v japon\u010dine?<\/h2>\n\n

\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046 je zdvoril\u00e1 volit\u00edvna forma<\/strong> japonsk\u00fdch slovies. \u201cVolit\u00edvna\u201d znamen\u00e1, \u017ee kon\u0161trukcia vyjadruje v\u00f4\u013eu alebo iniciat\u00edvu. S \u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046 t\u00e1to iniciat\u00edva zvy\u010dajne zah\u0155\u0148a partnera alebo skupinu.<\/p>\n\n

\u3044\u3063\u3057\u3087\u306b\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3092\u52c9\u5f37\u3057\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002<\/strong>
Issho ni nihongo o benky\u014d shimash\u014d.<\/em>
Po\u010fme sa spolu u\u010di\u0165 po japonsky.<\/p>\n\n

Pravopis v r\u014dmad\u017ei sa m\u00f4\u017ee objavi\u0165 ako mash\u014d<\/em> alebo mashou<\/em>. V oboch pr\u00edpadoch m\u00e1 koncovka \u3057\u3087\u3046 dlh\u00fa samohl\u00e1sku a znie pribli\u017ene ako \u201cma\u0161\u00f3\u201d.<\/p>\n\n

Je tie\u017e d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 oddeli\u0165 pojmy. \u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046 neznamen\u00e1, \u017ee niekto \u201cdok\u00e1\u017ee\u201d vykona\u0165 \u010dinnos\u0165, \u010do je vysvetlen\u00e9 v potenci\u00e1lny tvar japonsk\u00fdch slovies<\/a>. Taktie\u017e nezodpoved\u00e1 \u201cchcie\u0165 urobi\u0165\u201d, \u010do je v\u00fdznam vyjadren\u00fd formou \u305f\u3044<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n

Ako tvori\u0165 sloves\u00e1 s \u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046<\/h2>\n\n

Praktick\u00e9 pravidlo je jednoduch\u00e9: dajte sloveso do formy \u307e\u3059 a nahra\u010fte \u307e\u3059<\/strong> pod\u013ea \u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n

Z\u00e1klad slovesa + \u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Slovn\u00edkov\u00e1 forma<\/th>\nTvar \u307e\u3059<\/th>\nForma \u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046<\/th>\nZ\u00e1kladn\u00fd v\u00fdznam<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
\u884c\u304f (iku<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u884c\u304d\u307e\u3059<\/td>\n\u884c\u304d\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046<\/td>\nPo\u010fme<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u8a71\u3059 (hanasu<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u8a71\u3057\u307e\u3059<\/td>\n\u8a71\u3057\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046<\/td>\nPo\u010fme hovori\u0165<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u98df\u3079\u308b (taberu<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u98df\u3079\u307e\u3059<\/td>\n\u98df\u3079\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046<\/td>\nPo\u010fme jes\u0165<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u3059\u308b (suru<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u3057\u307e\u3059<\/td>\n\u3057\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046<\/td>\nPo\u010fme urobi\u0165<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u6765\u308b (kuru<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u6765\u307e\u3059<\/td>\n\u6765\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046<\/td>\nPo\u010fme pr\u00eds\u0165<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n

Preto ten, kto u\u017e ovl\u00e1da formu \u307e\u3059 japonsk\u00fdch slovies<\/a> nemus\u00ed memorova\u0165 in\u00e9 pravidlo pre ka\u017ed\u00fa skupinu. Sta\u010d\u00ed odstr\u00e1ni\u0165 \u307e\u3059 a prida\u0165 \u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046.<\/p>\n\n

Ak m\u00e1te st\u00e1le probl\u00e9my n\u00e1js\u0165 z\u00e1klad slovies ako \u884c\u304f, \u98df\u3079\u308b a \u3059\u308b, zopakujte si skupiny japonsk\u00fdch slovies<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ako pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 formu \u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046<\/h2>\n\n

1. Navrhn\u00fa\u0165 spolo\u010dn\u00fa \u010dinnos\u0165<\/h3>\n\n

Naj\u010dastej\u0161ie pou\u017eitie \u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046 je navrhn\u00fa\u0165, aby hovoriaci a posluch\u00e1\u010d urobili nie\u010do spolo\u010dne.<\/p>\n\n

\u4f11\u307f\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002<\/strong>
Yasumimash\u014d.<\/em>
Po\u010fme si odd\u00fdchnu\u0165.<\/p>\n\n

\u3053\u306e\u554f\u984c\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u8a71\u3057\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002<\/strong>
Kono mondai ni tsuite hanashimash\u014d.<\/em>
Po\u010fme sa porozpr\u00e1va\u0165 o tomto probl\u00e9me.<\/p>\n\n

V z\u00e1vislosti od situ\u00e1cie a inton\u00e1cie m\u00f4\u017ee veta znie\u0165 ako priate\u013esk\u00fd n\u00e1vrh, povzbudenie alebo pokyn pre skupinu.<\/p>\n\n

2. Prija\u0165 pozvanie<\/h3>\n\n

Ve\u013emi prirodzen\u00e1 kombin\u00e1cia je prija\u0165 pozvanie s \u307e\u305b\u3093\u304b a odpoveda\u0165 s \u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046.<\/p>\n\n

A: \u571f\u66dc\u65e5\u3001\u3044\u3063\u3057\u3087\u306b\u663c\u3054\u98ef\u3092\u98df\u3079\u307e\u305b\u3093\u304b\u3002<\/strong>
Doy\u014dbi, issho ni hirugohan o tabemasen ka.<\/em>
Nechceli by ste v sobotu so mnou naobedova\u0165?<\/p>\n\n

B: \u3044\u3044\u3067\u3059\u306d\u3002\u98df\u3079\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002<\/strong>
Ii desu ne. Tabemash\u014d.<\/em>
Dobr\u00fd n\u00e1pad. Po\u010fme.<\/p>\n\n

V tomto dial\u00f3gu \u307e\u305b\u3093\u304b predstavuje pozvanie a nech\u00e1va priestor pre druh\u00fa osobu, aby prijala alebo odmietla. Odpove\u010f \u98df\u3079\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046 potvrdzuje n\u00e1vrh.<\/p>\n\n

3. Dohodn\u00fa\u0165 pl\u00e1n<\/h3>\n\n

\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046 tie\u017e sl\u00fa\u017ei na uzavretie rozhodnutia alebo stanovenie spolo\u010dn\u00e9ho pl\u00e1nu.<\/p>\n\n

\u4e09\u6642\u306b\u99c5\u3067\u4f1a\u3044\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002<\/strong>
Sanji ni eki de aimash\u014d.<\/em>
Stretnime sa na stanici o tretej.<\/p>\n\n

\u4eca\u65e5\u306f\u3053\u3053\u307e\u3067\u306b\u3057\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002<\/strong>
Ky\u014d wa koko made ni shimash\u014d.<\/em>
Skon\u010dime to dnes tu.<\/p>\n\n

4. Povzbudzova\u0165 alebo usmer\u0148ova\u0165 skupinu<\/h3>\n\n

U\u010ditelia, moder\u00e1tori a u\u010debn\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa \u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046 na pozvanie v\u0161etk\u00fdch, aby vykonali \u010dinnos\u0165.<\/p>\n\n

\u4f8b\u3092\u898b\u3066\u307f\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002<\/strong>
Rei o mite mimash\u014d.<\/em>
Pozrime sa na pr\u00edklad.<\/p>\n\n

\u6bce\u65e5\u5c11\u3057\u305a\u3064\u7df4\u7fd2\u3057\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002<\/strong>
Mainichi sukoshi zutsu rensh\u016b shimash\u014d.<\/em>
Cvi\u010dme ka\u017ed\u00fd de\u0148 trochu.<\/p>\n\n

V tomto pou\u017eit\u00ed m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 preklad \u201cpo\u010fme\u201d, ale veta tie\u017e funguje ako inkluz\u00edvna v\u00fdzva: hovoriaci vedie \u010dinnos\u0165 bez toho, aby sa uch\u00fdlil k priamemu rozkazu.<\/p>\n\n

Ako pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 \u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\u304b<\/h2>\n\n

Pridan\u00edm opytovacej \u010dastice \u304b dostaneme \u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\u304b<\/strong>. T\u00e1to kon\u0161trukcia m\u00f4\u017ee pon\u00faknu\u0165 pomoc alebo po\u017eiada\u0165 partnera, aby sa z\u00fa\u010dastnil na rozhodnut\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n

Pon\u00faknu\u0165 sa, \u017ee nie\u010do urob\u00edte<\/h3>\n\n

\u8377\u7269\u3092\u6301\u3061\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\u304b\u3002<\/strong>
Nimotsu o mochimash\u014d ka.<\/em>
Chcete, aby som niesol bato\u017einu?<\/p>\n\n

\u7a93\u3092\u958b\u3051\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\u304b\u3002<\/strong>
Mado o akemash\u014d ka.<\/em>
Chcete, aby som otvoril okno?<\/p>\n\n

V t\u00fdchto pr\u00edkladoch sa hovoriaci pon\u00faka, \u017ee bude kona\u0165. Preto by mechanick\u00fd preklad ako \u201cpo\u010fme nies\u0165?\u201d alebo \u201cpo\u010fme otvori\u0165?\u201d vymazal prirodzenej\u0161\u00ed zmysel situ\u00e1cie.<\/p>\n\n

Rozhodn\u00fa\u0165 nie\u010do spolo\u010dne<\/h3>\n\n

S opytovac\u00edm slovom m\u00f4\u017ee \u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\u304b po\u017eiada\u0165 o spolo\u010dn\u00e9 rozhodnutie:<\/p>\n\n

\u3069\u3053\u3067\u4f1a\u3044\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\u304b\u3002<\/strong>
Doko de aimash\u014d ka.<\/em>
Kde sa stretneme?<\/p>\n\n

\u4f55\u6642\u306b\u51fa\u767a\u3057\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\u304b\u3002<\/strong>
Nanji ni shuppatsu shimash\u014d ka.<\/em>
O ko\u013ekej vyraz\u00edme?<\/p>\n\n

Rozdiel medzi \u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046, \u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\u304b a \u307e\u305b\u3093\u304b<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u0160trukt\u00fara<\/th>\nHlavn\u00e1 funkcia<\/th>\nPr\u00edklad<\/th>\nPrirodzen\u00fd preklad<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046<\/td>\nNavrhn\u00fa\u0165, prija\u0165 alebo potvrdi\u0165 akciu<\/td>\n\u884c\u304d\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002<\/td>\nPo\u010fme.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\u304b<\/td>\nPon\u00faknu\u0165 pomoc alebo po\u017eiada\u0165 o rozhodnutie<\/td>\n\u624b\u4f1d\u3044\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\u304b\u3002<\/td>\nQuer que eu ajude?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u307e\u305b\u3093\u304b<\/td>\nConvidar de modo aberto<\/td>\n\u884c\u304d\u307e\u305b\u3093\u304b\u3002<\/td>\nVoc\u00ea gostaria de ir?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n

Ao iniciar um convite, \u307e\u305b\u3093\u304b costuma deixar mais espa\u00e7o para a resposta do interlocutor. \u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046 apresenta a a\u00e7\u00e3o como proposta ou encaminhamento e pode soar mais decidido. Nenhuma das duas \u00e9 automaticamente rude; a escolha depende da rela\u00e7\u00e3o, da situa\u00e7\u00e3o e da inten\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n\n

Forma \u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046 e forma volitiva simples<\/h2>\n\n

O texto antigo tratava \u884c\u3053\u3046, \u98df\u3079\u3088\u3046 e \u3057\u3088\u3046 como uma \u201cforma mashou informal\u201d. \u00c9 mais preciso cham\u00e1-las de forma volitiva simples<\/strong>. Elas cumprem fun\u00e7\u00f5es relacionadas, mas pertencem ao registro casual.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Skupina<\/th>\nRegra da volitiva simples<\/th>\nPr\u00edklad<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Godan<\/td>\nTroque a s\u00edlaba final da coluna U pela correspondente da coluna O e acrescente \u3046<\/td>\n\u884c\u304f \u2192 \u884c\u3053\u3046; \u8a71\u3059 \u2192 \u8a71\u305d\u3046<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ichidan<\/td>\nRetire \u308b e acrescente \u3088\u3046<\/td>\n\u98df\u3079\u308b \u2192 \u98df\u3079\u3088\u3046<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Irregulares<\/td>\nUse as formas pr\u00f3prias<\/td>\n\u3059\u308b \u2192 \u3057\u3088\u3046; \u6765\u308b \u2192 \u6765\u3088\u3046<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n

\u6620\u753b\u3092\u898b\u3088\u3046\u3002<\/strong>
Eiga o miy\u014d.<\/em>
Vamos assistir a um filme.<\/p>\n\n

A forma simples \u00e9 natural entre pessoas pr\u00f3ximas. Ela tamb\u00e9m participa de constru\u00e7\u00f5es de inten\u00e7\u00e3o, como \u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3092\u52c9\u5f37\u3057\u3088\u3046\u3068\u601d\u3044\u307e\u3059 (\u201cestou pensando em estudar japon\u00eas\u201d). Para revisar o registro casual que serve de base para essas conjuga\u00e7\u00f5es, consulte a jednoduch\u00fd tvar japonsk\u00fdch slovies<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n

Mini di\u00e1logo com \u307e\u305b\u3093\u304b e \u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046<\/h2>\n\n

A:<\/strong> \u65e5\u66dc\u65e5\u3001\u3044\u3063\u3057\u3087\u306b\u6620\u753b\u3092\u898b\u306b\u884c\u304d\u307e\u305b\u3093\u304b\u3002
Nichiy\u014dbi, issho ni eiga o mi ni ikimasen ka.<\/em>
Voc\u00ea gostaria de ir ao cinema comigo no domingo?<\/p>\n\n

B:<\/strong> \u3044\u3044\u3067\u3059\u306d\u3002\u884c\u304d\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002
Ii desu ne. Ikimash\u014d.<\/em>
Dobr\u00fd n\u00e1pad. Po\u010fme.<\/p>\n\n

A:<\/strong> \u4f55\u6642\u306b\u4f1a\u3044\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\u304b\u3002
Nanji ni aimash\u014d ka.<\/em>
A que horas vamos nos encontrar?<\/p>\n\n

B:<\/strong> \u4e09\u6642\u306b\u99c5\u3067\u4f1a\u3044\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002
Sanji ni eki de aimash\u014d.<\/em>
Stretnime sa na stanici o tretej.<\/p>\n\n

O di\u00e1logo percorre uma sequ\u00eancia natural: convite com \u307e\u305b\u3093\u304b, aceita\u00e7\u00e3o com \u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046, decis\u00e3o conjunta com \u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\u304b e confirma\u00e7\u00e3o do plano com \u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046.<\/p>\n\n

Erros comuns com \u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046<\/h2>\n\n