{"id":1671,"date":"2009-11-03T04:45:42","date_gmt":"2009-11-03T06:45:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/?p=1671"},"modified":"2026-08-21T21:16:45","modified_gmt":"2026-08-22T00:16:45","slug":"povezovanje-samostalnikov-v-japonscini","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sl\/relacionando-substantivos-em-japones\/","title":{"rendered":"Japonski delec no (\u306e): kako povezati samostalnike"},"content":{"rendered":"

A delec (\u306e) v japon\u0161\u010dini<\/strong> povezuje samostalnike v strukturi N1\u306eN2<\/span>. Prvi samostalnik omejuje ali pojasnjuje drugega: \u79c1\u306e\u672c<\/span> je \u201cmoja knjiga\u201d, \u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306e\u5148\u751f<\/span> je \u201cu\u010ditelj japon\u0161\u010dine\u201d in \u6728\u306e\u673a<\/span> je \u201clesena miza\u201d. Razmerje lahko ozna\u010duje lastni\u0161tvo, pripadnost, kraj, vsebino, vrsto, material, \u010das ali drugo povezavo, ki je razumljiva iz konteksta.<\/p>\n\n

Najbolj uporabno pravilo je to: v N1\u306eN2<\/span>, N2<\/span> je jedro<\/strong> e N1\u306e<\/span> ga modificira. Zato najprej preberite samostalnik na desni in se vpra\u0161ajte, katero informacijo dodaja element na levi. Slovni\u010dna razlaga Tokyo University of Foreign Studies<\/a> predstavlja natanko to razmerje in njegove temeljne uporabe.<\/p>\n\n

Povzetek: kako deluje N1\u306eN2<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n
Struktura<\/th>Kako analizirati<\/th>Primer<\/th>Pomen<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
N1\u306eN2<\/span><\/td>N1<\/span> dolo\u010da N2<\/span><\/td>\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306e\u672c<\/span>
nihongo no hon<\/em><\/td>		knjiga o japon\u0161\u010dini<\/td><\/tr>\n
N1\u306eN2\u306eN3<\/span><\/td>vsak blok modificira ime na desni<\/td>\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306e\u6587\u6cd5\u306e\u672c<\/span>
nihongo no bunp\u014d no hon<\/em><\/td>		japonska slovni\u010dna knjiga<\/td><\/tr>\n
N1\u306e\u3067\u3059<\/span><\/td>N2<\/span> je bil izpu\u0161\u010den, ker je \u017ee znan<\/td>\u79c1\u306e\u3067\u3059<\/span>
watashi no desu<\/em><\/td>		je moj \/ je moja<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n

\u010ce \u0161e vedno razvr\u0161\u010date besedne vrste, si najprej oglejte pregled samostalniki v japon\u0161\u010dini<\/a>. Da bi razumeli, kako se zgradba vklju\u010di v celoten stavek, si oglejte tudi besednem redu v japon\u0161\u010dini<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n

Kateri samostalnik modificira katerega?<\/h2>\n\n

V portugal\u0161\u010dini se prevod pogosto za\u010dne z N2<\/span>: \u5927\u5b66\u306e\u5148\u751f<\/span> je \u201cprofesor na univerzi\u201d. To lahko daje vtis, da je japonski vrstni red obrnjen. Varnej\u0161i na\u010din analize je graditi od desne proti levi:<\/p>\n\n

    \n
  1. \u5148\u751f<\/span> (sensei<\/em>) \u2014 profesor;<\/li>\n
  2. \u5927\u5b66\u306e\u5148\u751f<\/span> (daigaku no sensei<\/em>) \u2014 profesor, povezan z univerzo.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n

    Enako razmi\u0161ljanje velja za verigo:<\/p>\n\n

      \n
    1. \u672c<\/span> (\u010dast<\/em>) \u2014 knjiga;<\/li>\n
    2. \u6587\u6cd5\u306e\u672c<\/span> (bunp\u014d no hon<\/em>) \u2014 slovni\u010dna knjiga;<\/li>\n
    3. \u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306e\u6587\u6cd5\u306e\u672c<\/span> (nihongo no bunp\u014d no hon<\/em>) \u2014 japonska slovni\u010dna knjiga.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n

      \u306e<\/span> sam po sebi ne pove, kak\u0161no je pomensko razmerje. Samostalniki in situacija dopolnijo pomen. TUFS razvr\u0161\u010da delce kot besede, ki ozna\u010dujejo slovni\u010dna razmerja; v primeru \u306e<\/span>, lahko povezuje eno ime z drugim. To na\u010delo se pojavi v uradni razlagi o tem, kaj so delci<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n

      Principais usos da part\u00edcula no entre substantivos<\/h2>\n\n

      Posse ou pertencimento<\/h3>\n\n

      \u3053\u308c\u306f\u7530\u4e2d\u3055\u3093\u306e\u304b\u3070\u3093\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/strong>
      \nKore wa Tanaka-san no kaban desu.<\/em>
      \nEsta \u00e9 a bolsa de Tanaka.<\/p>\n\n

      \u79c1\u306e\u540d\u524d\u306f\u30de\u30ea\u30a2\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/strong>
      \nWatashi no namae wa Maria desu.<\/em>
      \nMeu nome \u00e9 Maria.<\/p>\n\n

      Nesses exemplos, \u7530\u4e2d\u3055\u3093<\/span> e \u79c1<\/span> identificam a pessoa a quem o segundo substantivo pertence ou se relaciona. Os chamados svojilni zaimki v japon\u0161\u010dini<\/a> normalmente s\u00e3o formados justamente por uma express\u00e3o de pessoa seguida de \u306e<\/span>kot so \u79c1\u306e<\/span> e \u5f7c\u306e<\/span>.<\/p>\n\n

      Afilia\u00e7\u00e3o, grupo ou fun\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h3>\n\n

      \u5c71\u7530\u3055\u3093\u306f\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u5148\u751f\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/strong>
      \nYamada-san wa daigaku no sensei desu.<\/em>
      \nYamada \u00e9 professor universit\u00e1rio.<\/p>\n\n

      \u3042\u306e\u4eba\u306f\u4f1a\u793e\u306e\u4eba\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/strong>
      \nAno hito wa kaisha no hito desu.<\/em>
      \nAquela pessoa \u00e9 da empresa.<\/p>\n\n

      A rela\u00e7\u00e3o n\u00e3o precisa ser propriedade. A universidade e a empresa indicam a institui\u00e7\u00e3o ou o grupo ao qual a pessoa est\u00e1 ligada.<\/p>\n\n

      Lugar, origem ou refer\u00eancia espacial<\/h3>\n\n

      \u6771\u4eac\u306e\u5927\u5b66\u3067\u52c9\u5f37\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/strong>
      \nT\u014dky\u014d no daigaku de benky\u014d shite imasu.<\/em>
      \nEstudo em uma universidade de T\u00f3quio.<\/p>\n\n

      \u673a\u306e\u4e0a\u306b\u8f9e\u66f8\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/strong>
      \nTsukue no ue ni jisho ga arimasu.<\/em>
      \nH\u00e1 um dicion\u00e1rio em cima da mesa.<\/p>\n\n

      Na spletni strani \u673a\u306e\u4e0a<\/span>, o nome \u4e0a<\/span> indica uma posi\u00e7\u00e3o relativa \u00e0 mesa. Em \u6771\u4eac\u306e\u5927\u5b66<\/span>, T\u00f3quio especifica o lugar associado \u00e0 universidade. A tradu\u00e7\u00e3o pode usar \u201cde\u201d, \u201cem\u201d ou outra solu\u00e7\u00e3o natural em portugu\u00eas.<\/p>\n\n

      Conte\u00fado, assunto, \u00e1rea ou finalidade<\/h3>\n\n

      \u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306e\u8f9e\u66f8\u3092\u8cb7\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/span><\/strong>
      \nNihongo no jisho o kaimashita.<\/em>
      \nComprei um dicion\u00e1rio de japon\u00eas.<\/p>\n\n

      \u6599\u7406\u306e\u672c\u3092\u8aad\u3093\u3067\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/strong>
      \nRy\u014dri no hon o yonde imasu.<\/em>
      \nEstou lendo um livro de culin\u00e1ria.<\/p>\n\n

      \u4f1a\u8b70\u306e\u8cc7\u6599\u306f\u673a\u306e\u4e0a\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/strong>
      \nKaigi no shiry\u014d wa tsukue no ue desu.<\/em>
      \nOs materiais da reuni\u00e3o est\u00e3o sobre a mesa.<\/p>\n\n

      O primeiro substantivo pode definir o assunto de um livro, a \u00e1rea de um dicion\u00e1rio ou a finalidade associada a materiais. A interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o exata vem do uso convencional e do contexto.<\/p>\n\n

      Material, ingrediente ou tipo<\/h3>\n\n

      \u3053\u308c\u306f\u6728\u306e\u673a\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/strong>
      \nKore wa ki no tsukue desu.<\/em>
      \nEsta \u00e9 uma mesa de madeira.<\/p>\n\n

      \u3044\u3061\u3054\u306e\u30b8\u30e3\u30e0\u3092\u98df\u3079\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/span><\/strong>
      \nIchigo no jamu o tabemashita.<\/em>
      \nComi geleia de morango.<\/p>\n\n

      \u6570\u5b66\u306e\u6559\u79d1\u66f8\u306f\u3069\u308c\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><\/strong>
      \nS\u016bgaku no ky\u014dkasho wa dore desu ka.<\/em>
      \nQual \u00e9 o livro did\u00e1tico de matem\u00e1tica?<\/p>\n\n

      A mesma forma conecta rela\u00e7\u00f5es diferentes: material, ingrediente e categoria. Por isso, decorar \u201c\u306e<\/span> = de\u201d ajuda no come\u00e7o, mas n\u00e3o substitui a an\u00e1lise do par de substantivos.<\/p>\n\n

      \u010cas<\/h3>\n\n

      \u3053\u308c\u306f\u4eca\u65e5\u306e\u65b0\u805e\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/strong>
      \nKore wa ky\u014d no shinbun desu.<\/em>
      \nEste \u00e9 o jornal de hoje.<\/p>\n\n

      \u6765\u9031\u306e\u8a66\u9a13\u306f\u96e3\u3057\u3044\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/strong>
      \nRaish\u016b no shiken wa muzukashii desu.<\/em>
      \nA prova da pr\u00f3xima semana \u00e9 dif\u00edcil.<\/p>\n\n

      Palavras de tempo podem especificar um evento ou objeto. Isso tamb\u00e9m explica respostas como \u6628\u65e5\u306e\u3067\u3059<\/span>, \u201c\u00e9 o de ontem\u201d, quando o substantivo j\u00e1 foi mencionado.<\/p>\n\n

      Aposi\u00e7\u00e3o: duas formas de identificar a mesma pessoa ou coisa<\/h3>\n\n

      \u3053\u3061\u3089\u306f\u53cb\u9054\u306e\u7530\u4e2d\u3055\u3093\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/strong>
      \nKochira wa tomodachi no Tanaka-san desu.<\/em>
      \nEste \u00e9 Tanaka, meu amigo.<\/p>\n\n

      Aqui, \u53cb\u9054<\/span> e \u7530\u4e2d\u3055\u3093<\/span> apontam para a mesma pessoa. Esse uso \u00e9 chamado de aposi\u00e7\u00e3o. Ele mostra mais uma vez por que nem todo \u306e<\/span> deve virar literalmente \u201cde\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Quando o segundo substantivo pode ser omitido<\/h2>\n\n

      Se N2<\/span> j\u00e1 estiver claro, ele pode ser omitido em rela\u00e7\u00f5es de posse, tipo ou tempo. A forma terminada em \u306e<\/span> passa a recuperar o item conhecido pelo contexto:<\/p>\n\n

      A:<\/strong> \u3053\u308c\u306f\u8ab0\u306e\u304b\u3070\u3093\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span>
      \nKore wa dare no kaban desu ka.<\/em>
      \nDe quem \u00e9 esta bolsa?<\/p>\n\n

      B:<\/strong> \u79c1\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span>
      \nWatashi no desu.<\/em>
      \n\u00c9 minha.<\/p>\n\n

      A:<\/strong> \u305d\u308c\u306f\u3044\u3064\u306e\u65b0\u805e\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span>
      \nSore wa itsu no shinbun desu ka.<\/em>
      \nEsse jornal \u00e9 de quando?<\/p>\n\n

      B:<\/strong> \u6628\u65e5\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span>
      \nKin\u014d no desu.<\/em>
      \n\u00c9 o de ontem.<\/p>\n\n

      Esses exemplos fazem parte do conjunto oficial de frases sobre N\u306eN<\/span> da TUFS<\/a>. A omiss\u00e3o funciona porque os interlocutores sabem que est\u00e3o falando de uma bolsa ou de um jornal.<\/p>\n\n

      N\u00e3o confunda estes usos de \u306e<\/h2>\n\n

      Este artigo trata de \u306e<\/span> ligando substantivos. O mesmo caractere aparece em outras estruturas que merecem an\u00e1lises pr\u00f3prias:<\/p>\n\n