{"id":1680,"date":"2009-11-03T04:51:12","date_gmt":"2009-11-03T06:51:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/?p=1680"},"modified":"2026-08-21T20:38:21","modified_gmt":"2026-08-21T23:38:21","slug":"kazalni-zaimki-v-japonscini","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sl\/pronomes-demonstrativos-em-japones\/","title":{"rendered":"Japonski sistem kosoado: vodnik po kazalnih zaimkih"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>O <strong>sistem kosoado v japon\u0161\u010dini<\/strong> organizira kazalne in vpra\u0161alne besede v \u0161tiri serije: <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053<\/span> za govor\u010devo polje, <span lang=\"ja\">\u305d<\/span> za poslu\u0161al\u010devo polje ali ponovljeno referenco, <span lang=\"ja\">\u3042<\/span> za nekaj oddaljenega in <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069<\/span> za vpra\u0161anja. Ko razumete to logiko, je la\u017eje izbrati med <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3053<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">koti<\/span> in drugimi besedami iste dru\u017eine.<\/p>\n\n<p>\u010ceprav mnoge razlage imenujejo celoten nabor \u201ckazalni zaimki\u201d, besede nimajo enake funkcije. <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c<\/span> lahko samostojno zasede mesto stvari; <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e<\/span> mora priti pred samostalnik; <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3053<\/span> ka\u017ee na kraj. Ta vodnik prikazuje razlike s tabelami, primeri, dialogom in vajami.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Povzetek sistema kosoado<\/h2>\n\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr><th>Funkcija<\/th><th>Serija \u3053<\/th><th>Serija \u305d<\/th><th>Serija \u3042<\/th><th>Serija \u3069<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td>Stvari<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c<\/span><br \/><em>kore<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u308c<\/span><br \/><em>bole\u010dina<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u308c<\/span><br \/><em>so<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u308c<\/span><br \/><em>dore<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Pred samostalnikom<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e<\/span><br \/><em>kono<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u306e<\/span><br \/><em>sono<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u306e<\/span><br \/><em>ano<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u306e<\/span><br \/><em>lastnik<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Kraji<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3053<\/span><br \/><em>koko<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u3053<\/span><br \/><em>soko<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u305d\u3053<\/span><br \/><em>asoko<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u3053<\/span><br \/><em>doko<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Smer ali vljudna oblika<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">koti<\/span><br \/><em>kochira<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u3061\u3089<\/span><br \/><em>sochira<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u3061\u3089<\/span><br \/><em>achira<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u3061\u3089<\/span><br \/><em>dochira<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Vrsta ali zna\u010dilnost<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3093\u306a<\/span><br \/><em>konna<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u3093\u306a<\/span><br \/><em>sonna<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u3093\u306a<\/span><br \/><em>anna<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u3093\u306a<\/span><br \/><em>donna<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<p>O <a href=\"https:\/\/a1.marugotoweb.jp\/en\/appendix_03.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">demonstrativna tabela Marugoto, Japonske fundacije<\/a>, zdru\u017euje dru\u017eine stvari, krajev, smeri in spreminjanja samostalnikov. A <a href=\"https:\/\/www.coelang.tufs.ac.jp\/mt\/ja\/gmod\/courses\/c01\/lesson04\/step4\/card\/014.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Tokyo University of Foreign Studies prav tako predstavlja ujemanje med \u3053\u308c, \u3053\u3053, \u3053\u306e in njihovimi serijami<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<p>Te besede se pojavljajo od za\u010detne ravni in se kombinirajo z osnovnimi strukturami <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sl\/temeljna-japonska-slovnica\/\">Japonska slovnica<\/a>. Za branje primerov kot celih stavkov pomaga tudi prepoznati vlogo <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sl\/osnovni-delci-v-japonscini\/\">delcev \u306f, \u304c, \u3092, \u306b in \u3067<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Kako izbrati med \u3053, \u305d, \u3042 in \u3069<\/h2>\n\n<p>Izbira ni odvisna le od fiksnega prevoda, kot so \u201cto\u201d, \u201cono\u201d ali \u201ctisto\u201d. Odvisna je od razmerja med referenco, govorcem in poslu\u0161alcem.<\/p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Serija \u3053:<\/strong> ka\u017ee na nekaj v govor\u010devem polju ali kar dojema kot blizu sebe.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Serija \u305d:<\/strong> ka\u017ee na nekaj na podro\u010dju poslu\u0161alca. V pogovoru lahko tudi povzame informacijo, ki jo je sogovornik pravkar omenil.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Serija \u3042:<\/strong> ka\u017ee na nekaj dale\u010d od obeh. V spominskih rabah se lahko nana\u0161a na nekaj, kar govorec in poslu\u0161alec prepoznata kot skupno.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Serija \u3069:<\/strong> spra\u0161uje, katera stvar, kraj, smer, oseba ali vrsta je vpra\u0161anje.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>Ko sta govorec in poslu\u0161alec drug ob drugem, serija <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053<\/span> pokriva tisto, kar je blizu obeh, <span lang=\"ja\">\u305d<\/span> lahko ozna\u010duje vmesno obmo\u010dje in <span lang=\"ja\">\u3042<\/span> ka\u017ee na oddaljeno obmo\u010dje. Ko sta drug nasproti drugemu, <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053<\/span> se nagiba k ozna\u010devanju govor\u010deve strani, <span lang=\"ja\">\u305d<\/span> poslu\u0161al\u010deve strani in <span lang=\"ja\">\u3042<\/span> tistega, kar je dale\u010d od obeh. Ta prostorska razlika je razlo\u017eena v <a href=\"https:\/\/www.coelang.tufs.ac.jp\/mt\/ja\/gmod\/contents\/explanation\/011.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">uradnem modulu TUFS o \u3053\u308c, \u305d\u308c in \u3042\u308c<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<h2>\u3053\u308c, \u305d\u308c, \u3042\u308c in \u3069\u308c: prikazovanje stvari<\/h2>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u308c<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u308c<\/span> e <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u308c<\/span> ka\u017eejo na stvari brez ponavljanja samostalnika. Zato se lahko pojavijo neposredno s \u010dlenkom ali z <span lang=\"ja\">\u3067\u3059<\/span>.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c\u306f\u4f55\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Kore wa nan desu ka.<\/em><br \/>\nKaj je to?<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u308c\u306f\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306e\u8f9e\u66f8\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Sore wa nihongo no jisho desu.<\/em><br \/>\nTo je japonski slovar.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u308c\u306f\u99c5\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Are wa eki desu.<\/em><br \/>\nTo je postaja.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u7530\u4e2d\u3055\u3093\u306e\u5098\u306f\u3069\u308c\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Tanaka-san no kasa wa dore desu ka.<\/em><br \/>\nKateri de\u017enik je Tanakin?<\/p>\n\n<p>Pri vpra\u0161anjih z <span lang=\"ja\">\u4f55<\/span>, se branje spremeni glede na to, kaj sledi. Vodnik o <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sl\/ko-poraba-nan-ali-nani\/\">kdaj uporabiti <span lang=\"ja\">\u306a\u3093<\/span> ali <span lang=\"ja\">\u306a\u306b<\/span><\/a> pojasni zakaj <span lang=\"ja\">\u4f55\u3067\u3059\u304b<\/span> se bere <em>nan desu ka<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n<p>\u010ce \u017eelite posebej vaditi prostorski kontrast te trojice, si oglejte tudi kratko lekcijo o <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sl\/kore-sore-are-%e3%81%93%e3%82%8c-%e3%81%9d%e3%82%8c-%e3%81%82%e3%82%8c\/\"><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c\u30fb\u305d\u308c\u30fb\u3042\u308c<\/span><\/a>. Tukaj je cilj razumeti celoten sistem in primerjati dru\u017eine z razli\u010dnimi funkcijami.<\/p>\n\n<h2>\u3053\u306e, \u305d\u306e, \u3042\u306e in \u3069\u306e: kazanje na samostalnik<\/h2>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u306e<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u306e<\/span> e <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u306e<\/span> ne nadome\u0161\u010dajo samostalnika: pridejo neposredno pred njim. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.coelang.tufs.ac.jp\/mt\/ja\/gmod\/contents\/explanation\/013.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">TUFS razvr\u0161\u010da konstrukcijo kot <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306eN\uff0f\u305d\u306eN\uff0f\u3042\u306eN<\/span><\/a>, kjer <span lang=\"ja\">N<\/span> predstavlja navedeno ime.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e\u672c\u306f\u304a\u3082\u3057\u308d\u3044\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Kono hon wa omoshiroi desu.<\/em><br \/>\nTa knjiga je zanimiva.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u306e\u304b\u3070\u3093\u306f\u79c1\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Sono kaban wa watashi no desu.<\/em><br \/>\nTa torba je moja.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u306e\u4eba\u306f\u5c71\u7530\u5148\u751f\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Ano hito wa Yamada-sensei desu.<\/em><br \/>\nTista oseba je profesor Yamada.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u306e\u96fb\u8eca\u304c\u6771\u4eac\u3078\u884c\u304d\u307e\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Dono densha ga T\u014dky\u014d e ikimasu ka.<\/em><br \/>\nKateri vlak gre v Tokio?<\/p>\n\n<p>Bistvena razlika je skladenjska:<\/p>\n\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr><th>Oblika<\/th><th>Pravilno<\/th><th>Nepravilno<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td>Nadomesti stvar<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c\u306f\u672c\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e\u306f\u672c\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Pride pred ime<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e\u672c\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c\u672c\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<p>Za osebe raje uporabite izraz s samostalnikom, kot <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e\u4eba<\/span> (\u201cta oseba\u201d) ali spo\u0161tljivo obliko <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e\u65b9<\/span>. Uporaba <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c<\/span> za kazanje na osebo obi\u010dajno zveni neprimerno.<\/p>\n\n<!--Ads10-->\n\n<h2>\u3053\u3053, \u305d\u3053, \u3042\u305d\u3053 in \u3069\u3053: kazanje krajev<\/h2>\n\n<p>Dru\u017eina <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3053\u30fb\u305d\u3053\u30fb\u3042\u305d\u3053\u30fb\u3069\u3053<\/span> ka\u017ee na kraje. Sledi isti prostorski delitvi kot druge serije.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3059\u307f\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3001\u30c8\u30a4\u30ec\u306f\u3069\u3053\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Sumimasen, toire wa doko desu ka.<\/em><br \/>\nOprostite, kje je strani\u0161\u010de?<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u30c8\u30a4\u30ec\u306f\u3042\u305d\u3053\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Toire wa asoko desu.<\/em><br \/>\nStrani\u0161\u010de je tam.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3053\u306b\u5ea7\u3063\u3066\u3082\u3044\u3044\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Koko ni suwatte mo ii desu ka.<\/em><br \/>\nAli se lahko usedem tukaj?<\/p>\n\n<p>Upo\u0161tevajte, da <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3053<\/span> je lahko tema v <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3053\u306f\u6559\u5ba4\u3067\u3059<\/span> (\u201ctu je u\u010dilnica\u201d) ali pa prejme \u010dlenek za kraj v <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3053\u306b\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059<\/span> (\u201cje tukaj\u201d). To ka\u017ee, zakaj je bolje razumeti funkcijo \u010dlenkov kot pa si zapomniti izoliran prevod.<\/p>\n\n<p>Za ve\u010d primerov samo s kraji si oglejte lekcijo o <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sl\/koko-soko-asoko\/\"><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3053\u30fb\u305d\u3053\u30fb\u3042\u305d\u3053<\/span><\/a>. . <a href=\"https:\/\/www.coelang.tufs.ac.jp\/mt\/ja\/gmod\/courses\/c02\/lesson07\/step2\/explanation\/012.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">razlaga TUFS o tej dru\u017eini<\/a> potrjuje delitev na obmo\u010dje govorca, poslu\u0161alca in oddaljeno regijo od obeh.<\/p>\n\n<h2>\u3053\u3061\u3089, \u305d\u3061\u3089, \u3042\u3061\u3089 in \u3069\u3061\u3089: smer in vljudnost<\/h2>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">koti<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u3061\u3089<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u3061\u3089<\/span> e <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u3061\u3089<\/span> lahko ozna\u010dujejo smer ali stran. V stre\u017ebi in drugih vljudnostnih situacijah slu\u017eijo tudi kot vljudnej\u0161e oblike za \u201ctukaj\u201d, \u201ctam\u201d, \u201ctam\u201d in \u201ckje\u201d. Odvisno od konteksta, <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u3061\u3089<\/span> lahko \u0161e vedno vpra\u0161ate \u201ckateri od obeh\u201d ali, spo\u0161tljivo, \u201ckdo\u201d.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u53d7\u4ed8\u306f\u3053\u3061\u3089\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Uketsuke wa kochira desu.<\/em><br \/>\nSprejem je tukaj.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u30a8\u30ec\u30d9\u30fc\u30bf\u30fc\u306f\u3042\u3061\u3089\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Ereb\u0113t\u0101 wa achira desu.<\/em><br \/>\nDvigalo je tam.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3054\u51fa\u8eab\u306f\u3069\u3061\u3089\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Goshusshin wa dochira desu ka.<\/em><br \/>\nOd kod si?<\/p>\n\n<p>Ne prevajajte <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u3061\u3089<\/span> vedno na enak na\u010din. V <span lang=\"ja\">\u30b3\u30fc\u30d2\u30fc\u3068\u304a\u8336\u3068\u3001\u3069\u3061\u3089\u304c\u3044\u3044\u3067\u3059\u304b<\/span>, a pergunta \u00e9 \u201cqual dos dois voc\u00ea prefere?\u201d. Em <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u3061\u3089\u3055\u307e\u3067\u3059\u304b<\/span>, pergunta-se respeitosamente quem \u00e9 a pessoa.<\/p>\n\n<h2>\u3053\u3093\u306a, \u305d\u3093\u306a, \u3042\u3093\u306a e \u3069\u3093\u306a: tipo ou caracter\u00edstica<\/h2>\n\n<p>Essa fam\u00edlia descreve \u201calgo deste tipo\u201d, \u201cdesse tipo\u201d, \u201cdaquele tipo\u201d ou pergunta \u201cque tipo de\u201d. Normalmente aparece antes de um substantivo e se refere a caracter\u00edsticas, modo ou classe, n\u00e3o apenas \u00e0 dist\u00e2ncia f\u00edsica.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3093\u306a\u672c\u3092\u63a2\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Konna hon o sagashite imasu.<\/em><br \/>\nEstou procurando um livro deste tipo.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u3093\u306a\u3053\u3068\u306f\u8a00\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Sonna koto wa itte imasen.<\/em><br \/>\nEu n\u00e3o disse uma coisa dessas.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u3093\u306a\u5e97\u306b\u306f\u884c\u304d\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Anna mise ni wa ikimasen.<\/em><br \/>\nN\u00e3o vou a uma loja como aquela.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u3093\u306a\u97f3\u697d\u304c\u597d\u304d\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Donna ongaku ga suki desu ka.<\/em><br \/>\nDe que tipo de m\u00fasica voc\u00ea gosta?<\/p>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u306e<\/span> e <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u3093\u306a<\/span> fazem perguntas diferentes. <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u306e\u672c<\/span> pede que voc\u00ea identifique qual livro entre op\u00e7\u00f5es; <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u3093\u306a\u672c<\/span> pergunta o tipo ou as caracter\u00edsticas do livro.<\/p>\n\n<h2>O uso de \u305d\u308c e \u3042\u306e em uma conversa<\/h2>\n\n<p>As s\u00e9ries tamb\u00e9m organizam refer\u00eancias no discurso. Quando o interlocutor apresenta uma informa\u00e7\u00e3o, <span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u308c<\/span> ali <span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u306e<\/span> frequentemente a retoma:<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>A:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u6765\u9031\u3001\u8a66\u9a13\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n<em>Raish\u016b, shiken ga arimasu.<\/em><br \/>\nNa pr\u00f3xima semana, haver\u00e1 uma prova.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>B:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u308c\u306f\u5927\u5909\u3067\u3059\u306d\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n<em>Sore wa taihen desu ne.<\/em><br \/>\nIsso \u00e9 complicado, n\u00e3o \u00e9?<\/p>\n\n<p>Quando os dois reconhecem uma lembran\u00e7a ou refer\u00eancia compartilhada, a s\u00e9rie <span lang=\"ja\">\u3042<\/span> pode soar natural:<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u306e\u5e97\u3092\u899a\u3048\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Ano mise o oboete imasu ka.<\/em><br \/>\nVoc\u00ea se lembra daquela loja?<\/p>\n\n<p>Esses usos dependem do que falante e ouvinte consideram acess\u00edvel na conversa. Para iniciantes, a regra espacial \u00e9 o primeiro passo; depois, observe como o contexto cria proximidade informacional.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Di\u00e1logo em uma loja<\/h2>\n\n<p><strong>Cliente:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u3059\u307f\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3001\u3053\u306e\u6642\u8a08\u306f\u3044\u304f\u3089\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n<em>Sumimasen, kono tokei wa ikura desu ka.<\/em><br \/>\nCom licen\u00e7a, quanto custa este rel\u00f3gio?<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Atendente:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u308c\u306f\u4e09\u5343\u5186\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n<em>Sore wa sanzen-en desu.<\/em><br \/>\nEsse custa 3.000 ienes.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Cliente:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u306e\u9ed2\u3044\u6642\u8a08\u306f\u3069\u3046\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n<em>Ano kuroi tokei wa d\u014d desu ka.<\/em><br \/>\nE aquele rel\u00f3gio preto?<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Atendente:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u308c\u306f\u4e94\u5343\u5186\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n<em>Are wa gosen-en desu.<\/em><br \/>\nAquele custa 5.000 ienes.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Cliente:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u3061\u3089\u304c\u4eba\u6c17\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n<em>Dochira ga ninki desu ka.<\/em><br \/>\nQual dos dois \u00e9 mais popular?<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Atendente:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3061\u3089\u306e\u6642\u8a08\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n<em>Kochira no tokei desu.<\/em><br \/>\n\u00c9 este rel\u00f3gio aqui.<\/p>\n\n<p>O di\u00e1logo alterna uma forma que acompanha o nome (<span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e\u6642\u8a08<\/span>) e outra que o substitui (<span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u308c<\/span>). Essa altern\u00e2ncia \u00e9 comum porque evita repetir o mesmo substantivo. O guia sobre <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sl\/kako-tvoriti-stavke-v-japonscini\/\">kako tvoriti stavke v japon\u0161\u010dini<\/a> ajuda a analisar a ordem e os elementos omitidos pelo contexto.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Erros comuns com os demonstrativos<\/h2>\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Postaviti <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c<\/span> antes de um nome:<\/strong> recite <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e\u672c<\/span>, ne <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c\u672c<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Uporabite <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e<\/span> sozinho:<\/strong> se n\u00e3o houver substantivo, use <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c<\/span> ou recupere o nome pelo contexto com outra estrutura.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Traduzir apenas por isto, isso e aquilo:<\/strong> considere a posi\u00e7\u00e3o do falante, do ouvinte e a refer\u00eancia na conversa.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Confundir <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u308c<\/span> e <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u306e<\/span>:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u308c<\/span> aparece sozinho; <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u306e<\/span> exige um substantivo.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Confundir <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u306e<\/span> e <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u3093\u306a<\/span>:<\/strong> o primeiro identifica uma op\u00e7\u00e3o; o segundo pergunta o tipo ou a caracter\u00edstica.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Uporabite <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c<\/span> para pessoas:<\/strong> raje <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e\u4eba<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u306e\u4eba<\/span> ou formas corteses com <span lang=\"ja\">\u65b9<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Obravnavanje <span lang=\"ja\">koti<\/span> apenas como \u201caqui\u201d:<\/strong> ela pode indicar dire\u00e7\u00e3o, pessoa, lado ou uma de duas op\u00e7\u00f5es, conforme o contexto.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2>Vaja<\/h2>\n\n<ol>\n<li>Voc\u00ea segura um livro. Complete: <span lang=\"ja\">\uff08\u3000\uff09\u306f\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306e\u672c\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/li>\n<li>O livro est\u00e1 perto do ouvinte. Complete: <span lang=\"ja\">\uff08\u3000\uff09\u672c\u306f\u3060\u308c\u306e\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Pergunte \u201cQual \u00e9 o seu guarda-chuva?\u201d sem repetir o substantivo na resposta esperada.<\/li>\n<li>Pergunte onde fica a esta\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/li>\n<li>Complete com a palavra que pergunta o tipo: <span lang=\"ja\">\uff08\u3000\uff09\u6620\u753b\u304c\u597d\u304d\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Corrija a frase: <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c\u304b\u3070\u3093\u306f\u79c1\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<p><strong>Odgovori:<\/strong> 1. <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c<\/span>; 2. <span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u306e<\/span>; 3. <span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u306a\u305f\u306e\u5098\u306f\u3069\u308c\u3067\u3059\u304b<\/span>; 4. <span lang=\"ja\">\u99c5\u306f\u3069\u3053\u3067\u3059\u304b<\/span>; 5. <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u3093\u306a<\/span>; 6. <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e\u304b\u3070\u3093\u306f\u79c1\u306e\u3067\u3059<\/span>.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Povzetek<\/h2>\n\n<ul>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053<\/span> se relaciona ao campo do falante; <span lang=\"ja\">\u305d<\/span>, ao do ouvinte ou a uma retomada; <span lang=\"ja\">\u3042<\/span>, ao que est\u00e1 distante ou compartilhado na mem\u00f3ria; <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069<\/span> forma perguntas.<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c\u30fb\u305d\u308c\u30fb\u3042\u308c\u30fb\u3069\u308c<\/span> apontam coisas e podem aparecer sem substantivo.<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e\u30fb\u305d\u306e\u30fb\u3042\u306e\u30fb\u3069\u306e<\/span> precisam vir antes de um substantivo.<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3053\u30fb\u305d\u3053\u30fb\u3042\u305d\u3053\u30fb\u3069\u3053<\/span> apontam lugares.<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3061\u3089\u30fb\u305d\u3061\u3089\u30fb\u3042\u3061\u3089\u30fb\u3069\u3061\u3089<\/span> indicam dire\u00e7\u00e3o, lado e formas corteses.<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3093\u306a\u30fb\u305d\u3093\u306a\u30fb\u3042\u3093\u306a\u30fb\u3069\u3093\u306a<\/span> descrevem ou perguntam tipo e caracter\u00edstica.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>Em vez de memorizar cinco listas separadas, use duas perguntas: \u201cqual \u00e9 a fun\u00e7\u00e3o desta palavra?\u201d e \u201cde qual campo ou refer\u00eancia estou falando?\u201d. Depois, aplique a resposta \u00e0 <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sl\/japonski-besedni-red\/\">besednem redu v japon\u0161\u010dini<\/a> e \u00e0s part\u00edculas exigidas pela frase.<\/p>\n\n<div id=\"rank-math-faq\" class=\"rank-math-block\">\n<div class=\"rank-math-list\">\n<div id=\"faq-question-5707ee28724f8\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Kaj je sistem kosoado v japon\u0161\u010dini?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>To je nabor kazalnih in vpra\u0161alnih zaimkov, organiziranih v serije \u3053, \u305d, \u3042 in \u3069. Ozna\u010dujejo odnos reference do govorca, poslu\u0161alca, razdalje in vpra\u0161anja.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-82212807ae2b8\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Kak\u0161na je razlika med \u3053\u308c in \u3053\u306e?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>\u3053\u308c nadome\u0161\u010da stvar in se lahko pojavi brez samostalnika, kot v \u3053\u308c\u306f\u672c\u3067\u3059. \u3053\u306e pride pred samostalnik, kot v \u3053\u306e\u672c\u3067\u3059.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-2e464e1b5dbfb\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Kak\u0161na je razlika med \u305d\u308c in \u3042\u308c?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>To ka\u017ee na nekaj v poslu\u0161al\u010devem polju ali pa povzame sklic, ki ga je ta podal. \u3042\u308c ka\u017ee na nekaj, kar je dale\u010d od govorca in poslu\u0161alca, in se lahko nana\u0161a tudi na skupni sklic.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-8eb6417e96787\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Kak\u0161na je razlika med \u3069\u308c in \u3069\u306e?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>\u3069\u308c pomeni \u2018kateri\u2019 in se pojavi brez samostalnika. \u3069\u306e prav tako spra\u0161uje \u2018kateri\u2019, vendar mora stati pred samostalnikom, kot v \u3069\u306e\u672c, \u2018katera knjiga\u2019.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-8d5a831235a7e\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Kako uporabljati \u3053\u3053, \u305d\u3053, \u3042\u305d\u3053 in \u3069\u3053?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>Uporabite \u3053\u3053 za kraj govorca, \u305d\u3053 za kraj poslu\u0161alca, \u3042\u305d\u3053 za kraj, ki je dale\u010d od obeh, in \u3069\u3053 za vpra\u0161anje, kje.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-d0e23b0307f1d\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Kaj pomenijo \u3053\u3061\u3089, \u305d\u3061\u3089, \u3042\u3061\u3089 in \u3069\u3061\u3089?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>Lahko ozna\u010dujejo smer ali stran in delujejo kot vljudne oblike za tukaj, tam in kje. Glede na kontekst \u3069\u3061\u3089 prav tako spra\u0161uje, kateri od obeh ali kdo.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-075afa9574627\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Kako uporabljati \u3053\u3093\u306a, \u305d\u3093\u306a, \u3042\u3093\u306a in \u3069\u3093\u306a?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>Te besede opisujejo ali spra\u0161ujejo o vrsti in zna\u010dilnosti. \u3053\u3093\u306a pomeni nekaj takega, \u305d\u3093\u306a takega, \u3042\u3093\u306a onega in \u3069\u3093\u306a spra\u0161uje, kak\u0161ne vrste.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-33ec9c6d5e8d3\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Ali lahko uporabim \u3053\u308c za pogovor o osebi?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>Obi\u010dajno ne. Za ljudi uporabite izraz s samostalnikom, kot so \u3053\u306e\u4eba, \u305d\u306e\u4eba in \u3042\u306e\u4eba, ali bolj spo\u0161tljivo obliko \u65b9.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Razumite sistem kosoado v japon\u0161\u010dini: \u3053\u308c, \u3053\u306e, \u3053\u3053 in druge dru\u017eine, z razlikami, primeri, dialogom, pogostimi napakami in vajami.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":23,"featured_media":1682,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[49,70,72,60],"tags":[27,71,2,3],"class_list":["post-1680","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-curso-de-japones-gratis","category-gramatica-japonesa","category-pronomes-em-japones","category-vocabulario-japones","tag-gramatica","tag-gramatica-japonesa","tag-idioma-japones","tag-nihongo","resize-featured-image"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1680","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/23"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1680"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1680\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4451,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1680\/revisions\/4451"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1682"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1680"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1680"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1680"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}