{"id":1699,"date":"2009-11-03T05:06:35","date_gmt":"2009-11-03T07:06:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/?p=1699"},"modified":"2026-08-11T14:35:58","modified_gmt":"2026-08-11T17:35:58","slug":"vrste-pridevnikov-v-japonscini","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sl\/tipos-de-adjetivos-em-japones\/","title":{"rendered":"Kako razlikovati pridevnike i in na v japon\u0161\u010dini"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Da bi razumeli <strong>razliko med pridevniki i in na<\/strong>, ni dovolj pogledati zadnje \u010drke besede. Najbolj zanesljiv preizkus je opazovati, kako se pridevnik pojavi pred samostalnikom in kako tvori nikalnico ter preteklik.<\/p>\n\n<p>Skratka, pridevniki \u3044 ohranijo <strong>\u3044<\/strong> pred samostalnikom, kot <strong>\u9ad8\u3044\u672c<\/strong> (<em>takai hon<\/em>, draga knjiga). Pridevniki \u306a dobijo <strong>\u306a<\/strong> na tem mestu, kot <strong>\u9759\u304b\u306a\u753a<\/strong> (<em>shizuka na machi<\/em>, mirno mesto). Besede, kot je <strong>\u304d\u308c\u3044<\/strong> ka\u017eejo, zakaj je lahko samostojen videz zavajajo\u010d: \u010deprav se grafi\u010dno kon\u010da na \u3044, spada v skupino \u306a.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Razlika med pridevniki i in na: hiter odgovor<\/h2>\n\n<table>\n<thead><tr><th>Preizkus<\/th><th>Pridevnik \u3044<\/th><th>Pridevnik \u306a<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td>Pred samostalnikom<\/td><td>\u9ad8\u3044\u672c<\/td><td>\u9759\u304b\u306a\u753a<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Vljudni povedek<\/td><td>\u672c\u306f\u9ad8\u3044\u3067\u3059<\/td><td>\u753a\u306f\u9759\u304b\u3067\u3059<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Preprosti nikalnik<\/td><td>\u9ad8\u304f\u306a\u3044<\/td><td>\u9759\u304b\u3058\u3083\u306a\u3044<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Preprosti preteklik<\/td><td>\u9ad8\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/td><td>\u9759\u304b\u3060\u3063\u305f<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Povezava<\/td><td>\u9ad8\u304f\u3066<\/td><td>\u9759\u304b\u3067<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<p>O <a href=\"https:\/\/www.irodori.jpf.go.jp\/assets\/data\/starter\/pdf\/X_L07.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Japonska fundacija Irodori deli pridevnike glede na oblike, ki se uporabljajo za spreminjanje samostalnikov<\/a> in opozarja na <strong>\u304d\u308c\u3044<\/strong> kot pridevnik \u306a. Oznaki \u3044 in \u306a opisujeta slovni\u010dne vzorce; ne pomenita, da vsaka beseda, ki se vizualno kon\u010da na \u3044, spada v prvo skupino, niti da je \u306a v vseh stavkih vezan na besedo.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Test 1: opazujte obliko pred samostalnikom<\/h2>\n\n<p>Uporabite trdilno obliko v nepreteklem \u010dasu in besedo postavite neposredno pred samostalnik. Ta kontekst naredi razliko vidno:<\/p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u65b0\u3057\u3044\u672c<\/strong> (<em>atarashii hon<\/em>) \u2014 nova knjiga: <strong>\u65b0\u3057\u3044<\/strong> je pridevnik \u3044;<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u304a\u3082\u3057\u308d\u3044\u6620\u753b<\/strong> (<em>omoshiroi eiga<\/em>) \u2014 zanimiv film: <strong>\u304a\u3082\u3057\u308d\u3044<\/strong> je pridevnik \u3044;<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u4fbf\u5229\u306a\u9053\u5177<\/strong> (<em>benri na d\u014dgu<\/em>) \u2014 prakti\u010dno orodje: <strong>\u4fbf\u5229<\/strong> je pridevnik \u306a;<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u304d\u308c\u3044\u306a\u90e8\u5c4b<\/strong> (<em>kirei na heya<\/em>) \u2014 quarto bonito ou limpo: <strong>\u304d\u308c\u3044<\/strong> \u00e9 adjetivo \u306a.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>O material oficial tamb\u00e9m apresenta o contraste entre <a href=\"https:\/\/www.irodori.jpf.go.jp\/assets\/data\/starter\/pdf\/X_L14.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u30a4A-\u3044 N e \u30caA-\u306a N diante de substantivos<\/a>. Para estudar cada padr\u00e3o com mais profundidade, consulte os guias de <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sl\/pridevniki-v-japonscini\/\">pridevniki \u3044<\/a> e <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sl\/pridevniki-v-japonscini-2\/\">pridevniki \u306a<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Teste 2: compare a negativa e o passado<\/h2>\n\n<p>Quando a forma diante do substantivo ainda n\u00e3o estiver clara, observe como a palavra muda. As duas classes seguem fam\u00edlias diferentes:<\/p>\n\n<table>\n<thead><tr><th>Palavra<\/th><th>Razred<\/th><th>Preprosti nikalnik<\/th><th>Preprosti preteklik<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td>\u9ad8\u3044<\/td><td>\u3044<\/td><td>\u9ad8\u304f\u306a\u3044<\/td><td>\u9ad8\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>\u304a\u3082\u3057\u308d\u3044<\/td><td>\u3044<\/td><td>\u304a\u3082\u3057\u308d\u304f\u306a\u3044<\/td><td>\u304a\u3082\u3057\u308d\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>\u9759\u304b<\/td><td>\u306a<\/td><td>\u9759\u304b\u3058\u3083\u306a\u3044<\/td><td>\u9759\u304b\u3060\u3063\u305f<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>\u304d\u308c\u3044<\/td><td>\u306a<\/td><td>\u304d\u308c\u3044\u3058\u3083\u306a\u3044<\/td><td>\u304d\u308c\u3044\u3060\u3063\u305f<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<p>A <a href=\"https:\/\/a1.marugotoweb.jp\/en\/appendix_06.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">tabela konjugacije Marugoto<\/a> mostra lado a lado as quatro formas educadas das duas classes. O <a href=\"https:\/\/www.irodori.jpf.go.jp\/assets\/data\/starter\/pdf\/X_L17.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Irodori sobre o passado dos adjetivos<\/a> confirma contrastes como <strong>\u304a\u3044\u3057\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3067\u3059<\/strong> e <strong>\u304d\u308c\u3044\u3067\u3057\u305f<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n<p>Esse teste \u00e9 especialmente \u00fatil para evitar <strong>\u304d\u308c\u304f\u306a\u3044<\/strong>, que \u00e9 incorreto. Como <strong>\u304d\u308c\u3044<\/strong> pertence ao grupo \u306a, sua negativa \u00e9 <strong>\u304d\u308c\u3044\u3058\u3083\u306a\u3044<\/strong> ou, em registro mais formal, <strong>\u304d\u308c\u3044\u3067\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Por que terminar em \u3044 n\u00e3o resolve a classifica\u00e7\u00e3o?<\/h2>\n\n<p>Veliko pridevnikov \u3044 se res kon\u010da na \u3044, kot na primer <strong>\u9ad8\u3044<\/strong>, <strong>\u65b0\u3057\u3044<\/strong> e <strong>\u96e3\u3057\u3044<\/strong>. Te\u017eava je v tem, da ta namig spremenimo v absolutno pravilo. Pri <strong>\u304d\u308c\u3044<\/strong> e <strong>\u5acc\u3044<\/strong> (<em>kirai<\/em>, nekaj, \u010desar ne maramo), je \u3044 del besede; ne deluje kot pregibna kon\u010dnica pridevnikov \u3044.<\/p>\n\n<p>Primerjajte:<\/p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u96e3\u3057\u3044\u554f\u984c<\/strong> \u2014 te\u017eaven problem; nikalnica: <strong>\u96e3\u3057\u304f\u306a\u3044<\/strong>;<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u304d\u308c\u3044\u306a\u666f\u8272<\/strong> \u2014 lepa pokrajina; nikalnica: <strong>\u304d\u308c\u3044\u3058\u3083\u306a\u3044<\/strong>;<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u5acc\u3044\u306a\u98df\u3079\u7269<\/strong> \u2014 hrana, ki je ne maramo; nikalnica: <strong>\u5acc\u3044\u3058\u3083\u306a\u3044<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>Obstaja tudi nepravilnost <strong>\u3044\u3044<\/strong> (<em>ii<\/em>, dober). Je pridevnik \u3044, vendar izpeljane oblike izhajajo iz osnove <strong>\u3088\u3044<\/strong>: <strong>\u3088\u304f\u306a\u3044<\/strong>, <strong>\u3088\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/strong> e <strong>\u3088\u304f\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/strong>. Enako se zgodi pri sestavljenkah, kot so <strong>\u304b\u3063\u3053\u3044\u3044<\/strong>: <strong>\u304b\u3063\u3053\u3088\u304f\u306a\u3044<\/strong> e <strong>\u304b\u3063\u3053\u3088\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n<!--Ads10-->\n\n<h2>Prakti\u010dna metoda v treh korakih<\/h2>\n\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Preverite razred v slovarju.<\/strong> Poi\u0161\u010dite oznake, kot so \u30a4\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e, \u3044-adjective, \u30ca\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e ali \u306a-adjective. To je najvarnej\u0161a mo\u017enost za novo besedo.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Oglejte primer pred samostalnikom.<\/strong> \u010ce se pojavi <strong>\u9ad8\u3044\u5c71<\/strong>, je vzorec \u3044; \u010de se pojavi <strong>\u6709\u540d\u306a\u5c71<\/strong>, je vzorec \u306a.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Preizkusite izpeljano obliko.<\/strong> <strong>\uff5e\u304f\u306a\u3044\uff0f\uff5e\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/strong> ka\u017ee na skupino \u3044; <strong>\uff5e\u3058\u3083\u306a\u3044\uff0f\uff5e\u3060\u3063\u305f<\/strong> ka\u017ee na skupino \u306a.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<p>Ne izmi\u0161ljajte si oblike, da bi ugotovili razred: najprej potrdite zanesljiv primer in nato uporabite vzorec za pomnjenje. <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sl\/kako-uporabljati-pridevnike-v-japonscini\/\">Splo\u0161ni vodnik po japonskih pridevnikih<\/a> organizira funkcije in pregibanje, medtem ko vam <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sl\/temeljna-japonska-slovnica\/\">osnove japonske slovnice<\/a> pomagajo prepoznati samostalnik, temo in povedek.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Primerjajte oba razreda v istem stavku<\/h2>\n\n<p>Uporaba razredov v vzporednih strukturah pomaga videti, kaj se spreminja:<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>\u3053\u306e\u753a\u306f\u65b0\u3057\u304f\u3066\u3001\u4fbf\u5229\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/strong><br \/>\u3053\u306e \u307e\u3061\u306f \u3042\u305f\u3089\u3057\u304f\u3066\u3001\u3079\u3093\u308a\u3067\u3059\u3002<br \/><em>Kono machi wa atarashikute, benri desu.<\/em><br \/>To mesto je novo in prakti\u010dno.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>\u3053\u306e\u753a\u306f\u9759\u304b\u3067\u3001\u4fbf\u5229\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/strong><br \/>\u3053\u306e \u307e\u3061\u306f \u3057\u305a\u304b\u3067\u3001\u3079\u3093\u308a\u3067\u3059\u3002<br \/><em>Kono machi wa shizuka de, benri desu.<\/em><br \/>To mesto je mirno in prakti\u010dno.<\/p>\n\n<p>Prvi primer povezuje pridevnik \u3044 z <strong>\uff5e\u304f\u3066<\/strong>; drugi povezuje pridevnik \u306a z <strong>\uff5e\u3067<\/strong>. Japonska fundacija dokumentira <a href=\"https:\/\/www.irodori.jpf.go.jp\/assets\/data\/elementary01\/pdf\/Y_L05.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">vzorce \u30a4A-\u304f\u3066 in \u30caA-\u3067<\/a>. Za pregled celotne sestave uporabite metodo <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sl\/kako-tvoriti-stavke-v-japonscini\/\">tvorbe stavkov v japon\u0161\u010dini<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Pogoste napake pri razlikovanju pridevnikov i in na<\/h2>\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Razvr\u0161\u010danje samo po pisavi:<\/strong> <strong>\u304d\u308c\u3044<\/strong> e <strong>\u5acc\u3044<\/strong> se kon\u010dajo na \u3044, vendar so pridevniki \u306a.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Obravnavanje \u306a kot fiksnega dela:<\/strong> recite <strong>\u9759\u304b\u306a\u753a<\/strong>vendar <strong>\u753a\u306f\u9759\u304b\u3067\u3059<\/strong>, brez \u306a pred \u3067\u3059.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Uporaba napa\u010dne pregibnosti razreda:<\/strong> <strong>\u304d\u308c\u3044\u304f\u306a\u3044<\/strong> ne deluje; uporabite <strong>\u304d\u308c\u3044\u3058\u3083\u306a\u3044<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pozabljanje nepravilnosti \u3044\u3044:<\/strong> negativna oblika je <strong>\u3088\u304f\u306a\u3044<\/strong>, ne <strong>\u3044\u304f\u306a\u3044<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Samodejno prevajanje \u597d\u304d kot glagola:<\/strong> slovni\u010dno, <strong>\u597d\u304d<\/strong> sledi vzorcu pridevnikov \u306a.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2>Komentirana vaja razvr\u0161\u010danja<\/h2>\n\n<p>Razvrstite vsako besedo kot pridevnik \u3044 ali \u306a in dopolnite obliko pred <strong>\u672c<\/strong> (knjiga), <strong>\u753a<\/strong> (cidade) ou outro substantivo adequado:<\/p>\n\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u9ad8\u3044<\/strong> \u2192 adjetivo \u3044: <strong>\u9ad8\u3044\u672c<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u9759\u304b<\/strong> \u2192 adjetivo \u306a: <strong>\u9759\u304b\u306a\u753a<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u304d\u308c\u3044<\/strong> \u2192 adjetivo \u306a: <strong>\u304d\u308c\u3044\u306a\u753a<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u96e3\u3057\u3044<\/strong> \u2192 adjetivo \u3044: <strong>\u96e3\u3057\u3044\u672c<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u6709\u540d<\/strong> \u2192 adjetivo \u306a: <strong>\u6709\u540d\u306a\u753a<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u3044\u3044<\/strong> \u2192 adjetivo \u3044: <strong>\u3044\u3044\u672c<\/strong>; no passado, <strong>\u3088\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<p>Como regra de consulta r\u00e1pida: verifique <strong>\uff5e\u3044 N<\/strong> ali <strong>\uff5e\u306a N<\/strong>, confirme a negativa e o passado e memorize exce\u00e7\u00f5es junto de um exemplo. A classe gramatical, e n\u00e3o a \u00faltima letra isolada, determina o padr\u00e3o.<\/p>\n\n<div id=\"rank-math-faq\" class=\"rank-math-block\">\n<div class=\"rank-math-list\">\n<div id=\"faq-question-1c16ae74d520f\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Ali je vsak japonski pridevnik, ki se kon\u010da na \u3044, pridevnik i?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>Ne. Kon\u010dnica je le namig. Besede, kot sta \u304d\u308c\u3044 in \u5acc\u3044, se grafi\u010dno kon\u010dajo na \u3044, vendar sledijo vzorcu pridevnikov \u306a: \u304d\u308c\u3044\u306a\u90e8\u5c4b, \u304d\u308c\u3044\u3058\u3083\u306a\u3044 in \u304d\u308c\u3044\u3060\u3063\u305f.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-6178b416e5fab\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Zakaj je \u304d\u308c\u3044 pridevnik na?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>Ker se njegova razvrstitev ka\u017ee v slovni\u010dnem obna\u0161anju: pred samostalnikom se uporablja \u306a, kot \u304d\u308c\u3044\u306a\u90e8\u5c4b; v nikalni obliki se uporablja \u304d\u308c\u3044\u3058\u3083\u306a\u3044. Kon\u010dni \u3044 je del besede in ne sprejema pregibov skupine \u3044.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-916cde62887a3\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Ali \u306a ni del slovarske oblike pridevnika?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>Na splo\u0161no ne. \u306a se pojavi, ko pridevnik \u306a neposredno modificira samostalnik v trdilni nepretekli obliki, kot \u9759\u304b\u306a\u753a. V vljudnem povedku recite \u753a\u306f\u9759\u304b\u3067\u3059.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-b53b307971586\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Ali je \u3044\u3044 pridevnik i ali na?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>\u3044\u3044 je pridevnik \u3044. Nepravilen je v izpeljanih oblikah, ki uporabljajo osnovo \u3088\u3044: \u3088\u304f\u306a\u3044, \u3088\u304b\u3063\u305f in \u3088\u304f\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-3305b2727232f\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Kater je najvarnej\u0161i na\u010din, da ugotovimo razred pridevnika?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>Potrdite oznako v zanesljivem slovarju in si oglejte primer pred samostalnikom. Nato preverite nikalnico: \uff5e\u304f\u306a\u3044 obi\u010dajno ozna\u010duje skupino \u3044, medtem ko \uff5e\u3058\u3083\u306a\u3044 ozna\u010duje skupino \u306a.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Nau\u010dite se razlikovati japonske pridevnike i in na po obliki pred samostalnikom, po sklanjatvah in po izjemah, kot sta \u304d\u308c\u3044 in \u3044\u3044.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":1703,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[49,76,70],"tags":[27,71,2,3],"class_list":["post-1699","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-curso-de-japones-gratis","category-adjetivos-japoneses","category-gramatica-japonesa","tag-gramatica","tag-gramatica-japonesa","tag-idioma-japones","tag-nihongo","resize-featured-image"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1699","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/18"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1699"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1699\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4415,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1699\/revisions\/4415"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1703"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1699"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1699"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1699"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}