{"id":2099,"date":"2009-11-03T06:27:29","date_gmt":"2009-11-03T08:27:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/?p=2099"},"modified":"2026-08-19T20:03:38","modified_gmt":"2026-08-19T23:03:38","slug":"ukazovalni-stavki-v-japonscini","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sl\/frases-imperativas-em-japones\/","title":{"rendered":"Imperativ v japon\u0161\u010dini: tvorba, raba in alternative"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>O <strong>imperativ v japon\u0161\u010dini<\/strong> se uporablja za dajanje ukazov, navodil ali opozoril na neposreden na\u010din. Oblika, imenovana <span lang=\"ja\">\u547d\u4ee4\u5f62<\/span> (<em>meireikei<\/em>) je lahko uporabna v nujnih primerih, \u0161portu, ukazih in dramati\u010dnih govorih, vendar se v obi\u010dajnem pogovoru pogosto sli\u0161i ostro. Za bolj previdno pro\u0161njo se obi\u010dajno izberejo konstrukcije, kot so <span lang=\"ja\">V\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044<\/span> ali <span lang=\"ja\">V\u306a\u3044\u3067\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044<\/span>.<\/p>\n\n<p>V tem vodniku se boste nau\u010dili tvoriti imperativne povedi v japon\u0161\u010dini, razlikovati tri skupine glagolov in izbirati med <span lang=\"ja\">\u547d\u4ee4\u5f62<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">\u306a\u3055\u3044<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">\u3066\u304f\u308c<\/span> in drugimi alternativami. Glavna to\u010dka je ta: <strong>konjugacija je odvisna od skupine glagola, izbira izraza pa od situacije in odnosa med ljudmi<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Imperativ v japon\u0161\u010dini: hitri povzetek<\/h2>\n\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr><th>Oblika<\/th><th>Primer<\/th><th>Mo\u010d in splo\u0161na uporaba<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u547d\u4ee4\u5f62<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u884c\u3051<\/span><\/td><td>Neposreden in mo\u010dan ukaz<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Slovarska oblika + <span lang=\"ja\">\u306a<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u884c\u304f\u306a<\/span><\/td><td>Neposredna prepoved: \u201cne hodi\u201d<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Osnova <span lang=\"ja\">\u307e\u3059<\/span> + <span lang=\"ja\">\u306a\u3055\u3044<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u884c\u304d\u306a\u3055\u3044<\/span><\/td><td>Navodilo ali graja z avtoriteto<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Oblika <span lang=\"ja\">\u3066<\/span> + <span lang=\"ja\">\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u884c\u3063\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044<\/span><\/td><td>Vljudna pro\u0161nja ali navodilo<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Oblika <span lang=\"ja\">\u306a\u3044\u3067<\/span> + <span lang=\"ja\">\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u884c\u304b\u306a\u3044\u3067\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044<\/span><\/td><td>Uglajen pro\u0161nja, naj nekaj ne stori\u0161<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Oblika <span lang=\"ja\">\u3066<\/span> + <span lang=\"ja\">\u304f\u308c<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u884c\u3063\u3066\u304f\u308c<\/span><\/td><td>Neposredna in neformalna pro\u0161nja<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<p>Teh oblik ne obravnavajte kot popolne sopomenke. Vse lahko usmerjajo dejanje poslu\u0161alca, vendar spreminjajo stopnjo vsiljivosti, vljudnosti in bli\u017eine. \u010ce \u0161e ne obvladate glagolske klasifikacije, si ponovno oglejte <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sl\/skupine-glagolov-v-japonscini\/\">skupine japonskih glagolov<\/a> preden si zapomnite tabelo spregatev.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Kako tvoriti velelnik glagolov 1. skupine<\/h2>\n\n<p>Pri glagolih 1. skupine, imenovanih tudi <strong>godan<\/strong>, zadnja mora slovarjeve oblike preide iz vrstice <em>u<\/em> v vrstico <em>e<\/em>. V praksi zamenjajte kon\u010dnico v skladu s tabelo:<\/p>\n\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr><th>Kon\u010dnica<\/th><th>Velelnik<\/th><th>Primer<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3046<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3048<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u8cb7\u3046 \u2192 \u8cb7\u3048<\/span> (<em>kau \u2192 kae<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u304f<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3051<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u66f8\u304f \u2192 \u66f8\u3051<\/span> (<em>kaku \u2192 kake<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3050<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3052<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u6cf3\u3050 \u2192 \u6cf3\u3052<\/span> (<em>oyogu \u2192 oyoge<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3059<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u305b<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u8a71\u3059 \u2192 \u8a71\u305b<\/span> (<em>hanasu \u2192 hanase<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3064<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3066<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u5f85\u3064 \u2192 \u5f85\u3066<\/span> (<em>matsu \u2192 mate<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u306c<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u306d<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u6b7b\u306c \u2192 \u6b7b\u306d<\/span> (<em>shinu \u2192 shine<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3076<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3079<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u904a\u3076 \u2192 \u904a\u3079<\/span> (<em>asobu \u2192 asobe<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3080<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3081<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u8aad\u3080 \u2192 \u8aad\u3081<\/span> (<em>yomu \u2192 yome<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u308b<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u308c<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u5e30\u308b \u2192 \u5e30\u308c<\/span> (<em>kaeru \u2192 kaere<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<p>Zadnja vrstica prepre\u010duje pogosto napako: <strong>ni vsak glagol, ki se kon\u010da na <span lang=\"ja\">\u308b<\/span> spada v skupino 2<\/strong>. <span lang=\"ja\">\u5e30\u308b<\/span> (vrniti se), <span lang=\"ja\">\u5165\u308b<\/span> (vstopiti) in <span lang=\"ja\">\u8d70\u308b<\/span> (te\u010di) so glagoli skupine 1; zato postanejo <span lang=\"ja\">\u5e30\u308c<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">\u5165\u308c<\/span> e <span lang=\"ja\">\u8d70\u308c<\/span>. Razlaga o <a href=\"https:\/\/www.coelang.tufs.ac.jp\/modules\/ja\/gmod\/contents_m\/explanation\/039.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">treh vrstah glagolov Tokijske univerze za tuje \u0161tudije<\/a> prav tako opozarja, da obstajajo glagoli v <em>-iru<\/em> e <em>-eru<\/em> v skupini 1.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Kako tvoriti velelnik glagolov skupine 2<\/h2>\n\n<p>Pri glagolih skupine 2 ali <strong>ichidan<\/strong>, odstranite kon\u010dni <span lang=\"ja\">\u308b<\/span> in dodajte <span lang=\"ja\">\u308d<\/span>:<\/p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u98df\u3079\u308b \u2192 \u98df\u3079\u308d<\/span> (<em>taberu \u2192 tabero<\/em>) \u2014 jej;<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u898b\u308b \u2192 \u898b\u308d<\/span> (<em>miru \u2192 miro<\/em>) \u2014 glej;<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u8d77\u304d\u308b \u2192 \u8d77\u304d\u308d<\/span> (<em>okiru \u2192 okiro<\/em>) \u2014 zbudi se;<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u6559\u3048\u308b \u2192 \u6559\u3048\u308d<\/span> (<em>oshieru \u2192 oshiero<\/em>) \u2014 u\u010di ali povej.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>Nekateri materiali navajajo tudi kon\u010dnico <span lang=\"ja\">\u3088<\/span>kot so <span lang=\"ja\">\u98df\u3079\u3088<\/span>, zlasti v pisnem ali literarnem slogu. Za sodobno komunikacijo je, <span lang=\"ja\">\u98df\u3079\u308d<\/span> najuporabnej\u0161a oblika, ki se jo je treba najprej nau\u010diti. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gavo.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp\/ojad\/search\/index\/textbook%3A13\/section%3A50\/order%3Aname\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">OJAD, Univerza v Tokiu<\/a>, omogo\u010da iskanje velelnika glagolov po skupinah.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Velelnik glagolov \u3059\u308b in \u6765\u308b<\/h2>\n\n<p>Dva glavna nepravilna glagola imata svoji obliki:<\/p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u3059\u308b \u2192 \u3057\u308d<\/span> (<em>suru \u2192 shiro<\/em>) \u2014 naredi;<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u6765\u308b \u2192 \u6765\u3044<\/span> (<em>kuru \u2192 koi<\/em>) \u2014 pridi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">\u305b\u3088<\/span> je druga oblika <span lang=\"ja\">\u3059\u308b<\/span> ki se pojavlja v pisnem jeziku, formalnih navodilih, izpitnih vpra\u0161anjih in stalnih izrazih. V vsakdanjem govoru boste verjetno pogosteje sre\u010dali <span lang=\"ja\">\u3057\u308d<\/span> .<\/p>\n\n<h3>Primeri neposredne velelni\u0161ke oblike<\/h3>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">Nevarno! Be\u017ei!<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Abunai! Nigero!<\/em><br \/>\nNevarno! Be\u017ei!<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">Glej \u017eogo.<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>B\u014dru o miro.<\/em><br \/>\nGlej \u017eogo.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">Bodi tiho.<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Shizuka ni shiro.<\/em><br \/>\nBodi tiho.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">Pridi sem.<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Kocchi e koi.<\/em><br \/>\nPridi sem.<\/p>\n\n<p>Portugalske prevode so lahko videti obi\u010dajne izven konteksta, vendar so zgornje japonske fraze neposredne. Intonacija, nujnost, dru\u017ebena vloga in situacija spremenijo interpretacijo.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Kako oblikovati negativni velelnik z \u306a<\/h2>\n\n<p>Neposredna prepoved se oblikuje z <strong>glagolom v obliki slovarja, ki mu sledi <span lang=\"ja\">\u306a<\/span><\/strong>. . <span lang=\"ja\">\u306a<\/span> pride za glagolom:<\/p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u98df\u3079\u308b\u306a.<\/span> (<em>Taberu na.<\/em>) \u2014 Ne jej.<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u884c\u304f\u306a.<\/span> (<em>Iku na.<\/em>) \u2014 Ne hodi.<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3053\u306b\u5165\u308b\u306a.<\/span> (<em>Koko ni hairu na.<\/em>\u2014 Ne vstopaj sem.<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u5fc3\u914d\u3059\u308b\u306a\u3002<\/span> (<em>Shinpai suru na.<\/em>\u2014 Ne skrbi.<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u6765\u308b\u306a\u3002<\/span> (<em>Kuru na.<\/em>\u2014 Ne prihajaj.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>Ne zamenjujte te konstrukcije z drugimi rabami <span lang=\"ja\">\u306a<\/span> na koncu stavka. Tu zaporedje <span lang=\"ja\">V\u308b\u306a<\/span> deluje kot mo\u010dna prepoved. \u010ce \u017eelite z nekom govoriti bolj previdno, uporabite <span lang=\"ja\">V\u306a\u3044\u3067\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044<\/span>. Za razlago pravil in stvari, ki niso dovoljene, si oglejte vodnik o <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sl\/kako-se-v-japonscini-rece-dovoljiti-in-prepovedati\/\">kako prositi za dovoljenje in prepovedati v japon\u0161\u010dini<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<!--Ads6-->\n\n<h2>Ko se uporablja velelnik<\/h2>\n\n<p>Neposredni velelnik v pogovoru ni preprosto \u201cnapa\u010den\u201d ali \u201cprepovedan\u201d. Primeren je, ko mo\u010d ukaza ustreza situaciji. Lahko se pojavi v:<\/p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>nujnih opozorilih: <span lang=\"ja\">\u9003\u3052\u308d\uff01<\/span> \u2014 \u201cBe\u017ei!\u201d;<\/li>\n<li>hitrih navodilih pri \u0161portu in ekipnih dejavnostih;<\/li>\n<li>institucionalnih, voja\u0161kih ukazih ali ukazih nekoga z izrecno avtoriteto;<\/li>\n<li>spodbudnih frazah, geslih in retori\u010dnem jeziku;<\/li>\n<li>dialogih v leposlovju in citatih ukaza: <span lang=\"ja\">\u300c\u6765\u3044\u300d\u3068\u8a00\u3063\u305f<\/span> \u2014 \u201crekel je \u203apridi\u2039\u2018.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>Med neznanci, sodelavci brez bli\u017eine ali v storitvenih dejavnostih lahko ista oblika zveni agresivno. Anime, manga, filmi in igre so uporabni za prepoznavanje vzorca, vendar dramati\u010dnega dialoga ne smete samodejno prena\u0161ati v resni\u010dni pogovor.<\/p>\n\n<p>Tamb\u00e9m n\u00e3o h\u00e1 uma divis\u00e3o segura do tipo \u201cesta forma \u00e9 de homem\u201d ou \u201caquela \u00e9 de mulher\u201d. Tend\u00eancias de fala variam por \u00e9poca, regi\u00e3o, personagem, grupo e identidade. Para aprender a usar o imperativo, observe principalmente <strong>registro, hierarquia, intimidade, urg\u00eancia e inten\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Alternativas ao imperativo direto<\/h2>\n\n<h3>V\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044: pedido ou instru\u00e7\u00e3o polida<\/h3>\n\n<p>Use a <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sl\/te-oblika-japonskih-glagolov\/\">oblike \u3066<\/a> seguida de <span lang=\"ja\">\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044<\/span> para formular um pedido ou uma instru\u00e7\u00e3o polida:<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3053\u306b\u540d\u524d\u3092\u66f8\u3044\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Koko ni namae o kaite kudasai.<\/em><br \/>\nPor favor, escreva seu nome aqui.<\/p>\n\n<p>A <a href=\"https:\/\/www.kyozai.jpf.go.jp\/kyozai\/material\/BTS00149\/ja\/render.do\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">explica\u00e7\u00e3o da Japan Foundation para V\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044<\/a> apresenta a constru\u00e7\u00e3o como uma maneira polida de dar instru\u00e7\u00f5es ou comandos. \u201cPolida\u201d n\u00e3o significa necessariamente \u201copcional\u201d: em sala de aula, formul\u00e1rios e procedimentos, ela pode ser uma instru\u00e7\u00e3o que se espera que a pessoa siga.<\/p>\n\n<h3>V\u306a\u3044\u3067\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044: pe\u00e7a para n\u00e3o fazer<\/h3>\n\n<p>Para pedir que algu\u00e9m n\u00e3o realize uma a\u00e7\u00e3o, use a forma negativa em <span lang=\"ja\">\u306a\u3044<\/span>, acrescente <span lang=\"ja\">\u3067\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044<\/span> e obtenha <span lang=\"ja\">V\u306a\u3044\u3067\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044<\/span>:<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3053\u3067\u5199\u771f\u3092\u64ae\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3067\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Koko de shashin o toranaide kudasai.<\/em><br \/>\nPor favor, n\u00e3o tire fotos aqui.<\/p>\n\n<p>A <a href=\"https:\/\/www.kyozai.jpf.go.jp\/kyozai\/material\/BTS00136\/ja\/render.do\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Japan Foundation explica V\u306a\u3044\u3067\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044<\/a> como uma instru\u00e7\u00e3o para n\u00e3o fazer algo e destaca a import\u00e2ncia da rela\u00e7\u00e3o entre falante e ouvinte.<\/p>\n\n<h3>V\u306a\u3055\u3044: instru\u00e7\u00e3o, corre\u00e7\u00e3o ou repreens\u00e3o<\/h3>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">\u306a\u3055\u3044<\/span> se liga ao radical da <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sl\/masa-oblika-japonskih-glagolov\/\">obliko \u307e\u3059<\/a>. Retire <span lang=\"ja\">\u307e\u3059<\/span> in dodajte <span lang=\"ja\">\u306a\u3055\u3044<\/span>:<\/p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u66f8\u304d\u307e\u3059 \u2192 \u66f8\u304d\u306a\u3055\u3044<\/span> \u2014 napi\u0161i;<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u98df\u3079\u307e\u3059 \u2192 \u98df\u3079\u306a\u3055\u3044<\/span> \u2014 jej;<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u3057\u307e\u3059 \u2192 \u3057\u306a\u3055\u3044<\/span> \u2014 naredi;<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u6765\u307e\u3059 \u2192 \u6765\u306a\u3055\u3044<\/span> \u2014 pridi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>Ta oblika je pogosta v navodilih star\u0161ev ali skrbnikov otrokom, u\u010diteljev u\u010dencem in v drugih odnosih, kjer govorec prevzema avtoriteto ali odgovornost. Lahko se sli\u0161i manj ostro kot <span lang=\"ja\">\u547d\u4ee4\u5f62<\/span>, vendar je \u0161e vedno ukaz in ne pomeni preprosto \u201cprosim\u201d. Njena uporaba ni dolo\u010dena s spolom govorca.<\/p>\n\n<h3>V\u3066 in V\u3066\u304f\u308c: neformalne pro\u0161nje<\/h3>\n\n<p>Med bli\u017enjimi ljudmi lahko oblika <span lang=\"ja\">\u3066<\/span> sama deluje kot prilo\u017enostna pro\u0161nja:<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3061\u3087\u3063\u3068\u5f85\u3063\u3066\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Chotto matte.<\/em><br \/>\nPo\u010dakaj malo.<\/p>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">V\u3066\u304f\u308c<\/span> predstavlja dejanje kot nekaj, kar bo poslu\u0161alec naredil za govorca. Je neformalno, neposredno in lahko zveni ostro:<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e\u624b\u7d19\u3092\u8aad\u3093\u3067\u304f\u308c\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Kono tegami o yonde kure.<\/em><br \/>\nPreberi to pismo zame.<\/p>\n\n<p>Pri nekom na vi\u0161jem polo\u017eaju ali pri ob\u010dutljivi pro\u0161nji raje uporabite bolj previdne vpra\u0161alne konstrukcije, kot je <span lang=\"ja\">V\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3060\u3051\u307e\u3059\u304b<\/span>, namesto <span lang=\"ja\">V\u3066\u304f\u308c<\/span>.<\/p>\n\n<h3>V\u305f\u307e\u3048: ozna\u010dena oblika, ki jo je dobro poznati<\/h3>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">V\u305f\u307e\u3048<\/span> je oblikovan s korenom <span lang=\"ja\">\u307e\u3059<\/span>: <span lang=\"ja\">\u5ea7\u308a\u307e\u3059 \u2192 \u5ea7\u308a\u305f\u307e\u3048<\/span>. Danes ta oblika zveni izrazito, starinsko, avtoritativno ali pa je povezana z dolo\u010denimi liki in slogi. Uporabna je za razumevanje fikcije in besedil, vendar je ne smemo obravnavati kot nevtralno alternativo za vsakodnevne pro\u0161nje.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Primerjajte isto dejanje na razli\u010dnih ravneh<\/h2>\n\n<p>Oglejte si, kako se \u201cprebrati to knjigo\u201d spreminja glede na izbrano obliko:<\/p>\n\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr><th>Stavek<\/th><th>Branje<\/th><th>Interpretacija<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e\u672c\u3092\u8aad\u3081\u3002<\/span><\/td><td><em>Kono hon o yome.<\/em><\/td><td>Preberi to knjigo. Neposredni ukaz.<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e\u672c\u3092\u8aad\u307f\u306a\u3055\u3044\u3002<\/span><\/td><td><em>Kono hon o yominasai.<\/em><\/td><td>Preberi to knjigo. Navodilo z avtoriteto.<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e\u672c\u3092\u8aad\u3093\u3067\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044\u3002<\/span><\/td><td><em>Kono hon o yonde kudasai.<\/em><\/td><td>Prosim, preberite to knjigo. Vljudna pro\u0161nja ali navodilo.<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e\u672c\u3092\u8aad\u3093\u3067\u3002<\/span><\/td><td><em>Kono hon o yonde.<\/em><\/td><td>Preberi to knjigo. Prilo\u017enostna pro\u0161nja, odvisna od intonacije.<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e\u672c\u3092\u8aad\u3093\u3067\u304f\u308c\u3002<\/span><\/td><td><em>Kono hon o yonde kure.<\/em><\/td><td>Preberi to knjigo zame. Neposredna in neformalna pro\u0161nja.<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<p>Najbolj\u0161a mo\u017enost ne izhaja le iz slovnice. Vpra\u0161ajte se: kdo govori s kom, v kak\u0161nem okolju, s kak\u0161no nujnostjo in s kak\u0161no pravico usmerjati dejanje? Ta analiza konteksta je del <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sl\/temeljna-japonska-slovnica\/\">osnove japonske slovnice<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Pogoste napake pri oblikovanju velelnih stavkov<\/h2>\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Zamenjava vsega <span lang=\"ja\">\u308b<\/span> po <span lang=\"ja\">\u308d<\/span>:<\/strong> isso funciona para o grupo 2, mas <span lang=\"ja\">\u5e30\u308b<\/span> \u00e9 do grupo 1 e vira <span lang=\"ja\">\u5e30\u308c<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Postaviti <span lang=\"ja\">\u306a<\/span> pred glagol:<\/strong> neposredna prepoved je <span lang=\"ja\">\u98df\u3079\u308b\u306a<\/span>, z <span lang=\"ja\">\u306a<\/span> za obliko slovarja.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Prevesti <span lang=\"ja\">\u306a\u3055\u3044<\/span> vedno kot \u201cprosim\u201d:<\/strong> oblika izra\u017ea navodilo ali ukaz in predpostavlja dolo\u010deno avtoriteto.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Kopirati govor likov brez upo\u0161tevanja konteksta:<\/strong> naravni stavek v prizoru konflikta je lahko v vsakdanjem \u017eivljenju nesramen.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Zamenjevati prepoved z negativno pro\u0161njo:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u5165\u308b\u306a<\/span> je mo\u010dna; <span lang=\"ja\">\u5165\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3067\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044<\/span> oblikuje pro\u0161njo ali vljudno navodilo.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2>Hitra vaja<\/h2>\n\n<p>Preoblikujte ali dopolnite povedi:<\/p>\n\n<ol>\n<li>Passe <span lang=\"ja\">\u5e30\u308b<\/span> v neposredni velelnik.<\/li>\n<li>Passe <span lang=\"ja\">\u98df\u3079\u308b<\/span> v neposredni velelnik.<\/li>\n<li>Passe <span lang=\"ja\">\u3059\u308b<\/span> v neposredni velelnik.<\/li>\n<li>Recite \u201cNe govori\u201d kot neposredno prepoved, z uporabo <span lang=\"ja\">\u8a71\u3059<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li>Recite \u201cProsim, ne vstopaj\u201d z <span lang=\"ja\">\u5165\u308b<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li>Katera mo\u017enost bi bila obi\u010dajno primernej\u0161a za pro\u0161njo prijatelju, naj po\u010daka: <span lang=\"ja\">\u5f85\u3066<\/span> ali <span lang=\"ja\">\u3061\u3087\u3063\u3068\u5f85\u3063\u3066<\/span>?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<p><strong>Odgovori:<\/strong> 1. <span lang=\"ja\">\u5e30\u308c<\/span>; 2. <span lang=\"ja\">\u98df\u3079\u308d<\/span>; 3. <span lang=\"ja\">\u3057\u308d<\/span>; 4. <span lang=\"ja\">\u8a71\u3059\u306a<\/span>; 5. <span lang=\"ja\">\u5165\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3067\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044<\/span>; 6. <span lang=\"ja\">\u3061\u3087\u3063\u3068\u5f85\u3063\u3066<\/span>, razen \u010de situacija upravi\u010duje mo\u010dan ukaz.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Kaj si zapomniti<\/h2>\n\n<ul>\n<li>Skupina 1: spremenite kon\u010dnico vrstice <em>u<\/em> v vrstico <em>e<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>Skupina 2: odstranite <span lang=\"ja\">\u308b<\/span> in dodajte <span lang=\"ja\">\u308d<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li>Nepravilni: <span lang=\"ja\">\u3059\u308b \u2192 \u3057\u308d<\/span> e <span lang=\"ja\">\u6765\u308b \u2192 \u6765\u3044<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li>Neposredna prepoved: oblika slovarja + <span lang=\"ja\">\u306a<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u306a\u3055\u3044<\/span> izra\u017ea navodilo ali grajo z avtoriteto; ni oblika, vezana na dolo\u010den spol.<\/li>\n<li>Za obi\u010dajne pro\u0161nje, <span lang=\"ja\">V\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">V\u306a\u3044\u3067\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044<\/span> in med bli\u017enjimi ljudmi, <span lang=\"ja\">V\u3066<\/span> so ponavadi primernej\u0161e mo\u017enosti.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>Najprej vadite z glagoli, katerih razvrstitev poznate. Nato primerjajte velelnik z <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sl\/neformalni-nacin-japonskih-glagolov\/\">preprosta oblika japonskih glagolov<\/a> da prepoznate, kdaj je stavek ukaz, prepoved ali samo trditev.<\/p>\n\n<div id=\"rank-math-faq\" class=\"rank-math-block\">\n<div class=\"rank-math-list\">\n<div id=\"faq-question-808fcc2bc41b0\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Kako oblikovati velelnik v japon\u0161\u010dini?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>Odvisno od glagolske skupine. V skupini 1 se kon\u010dnica spremeni iz vrstice u v vrstico e. V skupini 2 odstranite \u308b in dodajte \u308d. Glavni nepravilni sta \u3059\u308b\u2192\u3057\u308d in \u6765\u308b\u2192\u6765\u3044.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-151382ecd572b\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Kako izgleda velelnik glagolov skupine 1?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>Spremenite kon\u010dnico za e-vrstico: \u66f8\u304f\u2192\u66f8\u3051, \u8aad\u3080\u2192\u8aad\u3081, \u5f85\u3064\u2192\u5f85\u3066 in \u5e30\u308b\u2192\u5e30\u308c. Glagoli skupine 1, ki se kon\u010dajo na \u308b, ne sledijo pravilu skupine 2.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-a50ef6698531b\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Kako izgleda velelnik glagolov skupine 2?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>Odstranite kon\u010dni \u308b in dodajte \u308d. Na primer, \u98df\u3079\u308b postane \u98df\u3079\u308d, \u898b\u308b postane \u898b\u308d in \u8d77\u304d\u308b postane \u8d77\u304d\u308d.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-c41560dba5688\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Kaj je velelnik za \u3059\u308b in \u6765\u308b?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>\u3059\u308b postane \u3057\u308d, \u6765\u308b pa postane \u6765\u3044. Oblika \u305b\u3088 prav tako obstaja za \u3059\u308b in se pojavlja predvsem v pisnem jeziku, navodilih in formalnih izrazih.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-16fc53faa3bf3\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Kako re\u010di ne delaj v japon\u0161\u010dini?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>Neposredna prepoved uporablja slovarsko obliko, ki ji sledi \u306a: \u98df\u3079\u308b\u306a pomeni \u2018ne jej\u2019, \u884c\u304f\u306a pa \u2018ne hodi\u2019. Za vljudno pro\u0161njo uporabite V\u306a\u3044\u3067\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-8a89d6fbe1bcf\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Kak\u0161na je razlika med \u547d\u4ee4\u5f62 in V\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>\u547d\u4ee4\u5f62 ustvarja neposredni in mo\u010dni ukaz, kot \u884c\u3051. V\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044 oblikuje vljudno pro\u0161njo ali navodilo, kot \u884c\u3063\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044, \u010deprav lahko \u0161e vedno predpostavlja, da bo navodilo upo\u0161tevano.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-aa6ae30bba946\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Ali se oblika \u306a\u3055\u3044 uporablja samo pri \u017eenskah?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>Ne. Uporaba \u306a\u3055\u3044 je odvisna od avtoritete, odgovornosti in konteksta, ne od spola govorca. Pogosta je v navodilih skrbnikov otrokom, u\u010diteljev u\u010dencem in pri grajah.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-445a66c393fbe\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Ali lahko uporabljam velelni\u0161ke stavke, ki jih sli\u0161im v animejih?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>Uporabite anime in fikcijo za prepoznavanje slovnice, vendar govora ne kopirajte samodejno. Primerni ukazi v dramati\u010dnih prizorih lahko zvenijo agresivno med neznanci, sodelavci ali v stre\u017ebi.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Nau\u010dite se tvoriti in uporabljati imperativ v japon\u0161\u010dini, vklju\u010dno z ukazi, prepovedmi, \u306a\u3055\u3044, \u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044 in alternativami, ki so primernej\u0161e za vsak kontekst.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":2100,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[49,73,60],"tags":[69,2,3],"class_list":["post-2099","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-curso-de-japones-gratis","category-verbos-em-japones","category-vocabulario-japones","tag-curso-japones-gratis","tag-idioma-japones","tag-nihongo","resize-featured-image"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2099","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/18"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2099"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2099\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4445,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2099\/revisions\/4445"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2100"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2099"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2099"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2099"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}