{"id":1680,"date":"2009-11-03T04:51:12","date_gmt":"2009-11-03T06:51:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/?p=1680"},"modified":"2026-08-21T20:38:21","modified_gmt":"2026-08-21T23:38:21","slug":"japanska-demonstrativa-pronomen","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sv\/pronomes-demonstrativos-em-japones\/","title":{"rendered":"Kosoado-systemet p\u00e5 japanska: guide till demonstrativa pronomen"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>O <strong>kosoado-systemet p\u00e5 japanska<\/strong> organiserar demonstrativa och interrogativa ord i fyra serier: <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053<\/span> f\u00f6r talarens f\u00e4lt, <span lang=\"ja\">\u305d<\/span> f\u00f6r lyssnarens f\u00e4lt eller en \u00e5terkopplad referens, <span lang=\"ja\">\u3042<\/span> f\u00f6r n\u00e5got avl\u00e4gset och <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069<\/span> f\u00f6r fr\u00e5gor. N\u00e4r man f\u00f6rst\u00e5r denna logik blir det l\u00e4ttare att v\u00e4lja mellan <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3053\u3053<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3061\u3089<\/span> och andra ord i samma familj.<\/p>\n\n<p>\u00c4ven om m\u00e5nga f\u00f6rklaringar kallar hela upps\u00e4ttningen f\u00f6r \u201cdemonstrativa pronomen\u201d, har orden inte samma funktion. <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c<\/span> kan ensamt ta platsen f\u00f6r en sak; <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e<\/span> m\u00e5ste komma f\u00f6re ett substantiv; <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3053\u3053<\/span> pekar p\u00e5 en plats. Den h\u00e4r guiden visar skillnaderna med tabeller, exempel, dialog och \u00f6vningar.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Sammanfattning av kosoado-systemet<\/h2>\n\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr><th>Funktion<\/th><th>Serie \u3053<\/th><th>Serie \u305d<\/th><th>Serie \u3042<\/th><th>Serie \u3069<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td>Saker<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c<\/span><br \/><em>kore<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u308c<\/span><br \/><em>sore<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u308c<\/span><br \/><em>\u00e4r<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u308c<\/span><br \/><em>dore<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>F\u00f6re substantiv<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e<\/span><br \/><em>kono<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u306e<\/span><br \/><em>sono<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u306e<\/span><br \/><em>ano<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u306e<\/span><br \/><em>\u00c4gare<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Platser<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3053\u3053<\/span><br \/><em>koko<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u3053<\/span><br \/><em>soko<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u305d\u3053<\/span><br \/><em>asoko<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u3053<\/span><br \/><em>doko<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Riktning eller artigt s\u00e4tt<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3061\u3089<\/span><br \/><em>kochira<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u3061\u3089<\/span><br \/><em>sochira<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u3061\u3089<\/span><br \/><em>achira<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u3061\u3089<\/span><br \/><em>dochira<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Typ eller egenskap<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3093\u306a<\/span><br \/><em>konna<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u3093\u306a<\/span><br \/><em>sonna<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u3093\u306a<\/span><br \/><em>anna<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u3093\u306a<\/span><br \/><em>donna<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<p>O <a href=\"https:\/\/a1.marugotoweb.jp\/en\/appendix_03.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">demonstrativtabell fr\u00e5n Marugoto, av Japan Foundation<\/a>, samlar familjerna av saker, platser, riktning och modifiering av substantiv. A <a href=\"https:\/\/www.coelang.tufs.ac.jp\/mt\/ja\/gmod\/courses\/c01\/lesson04\/step4\/card\/014.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Tokyo University of Foreign Studies presenterar ocks\u00e5 motsvarigheten mellan \u3053\u308c, \u3053\u3053, \u3053\u306e och deras serier<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<p>Dessa ord f\u00f6rekommer fr\u00e5n nyb\u00f6rjarniv\u00e5n och kombineras med grundl\u00e4ggande strukturer f\u00f6r <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sv\/grundlaggande-japansk-grammatik\/\">Japansk grammatik<\/a>. F\u00f6r att l\u00e4sa exemplen som fullst\u00e4ndiga meningar hj\u00e4lper det ocks\u00e5 att k\u00e4nna igen rollen f\u00f6r <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sv\/grundlaggande-partiklar-pa-japanska\/\">partiklarna \u306f, \u304c, \u3092, \u306b och \u3067<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Hur man v\u00e4ljer mellan \u3053, \u305d, \u3042 och \u3069<\/h2>\n\n<p>Valet beror inte bara p\u00e5 en fast \u00f6vers\u00e4ttning som \u201cdetta\u201d, \u201cdet\u201d eller \u201cdet d\u00e4r\u201d. Det beror p\u00e5 f\u00f6rh\u00e5llandet mellan referenten, talaren och lyssnaren.<\/p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Serie \u3053:<\/strong> pekar p\u00e5 n\u00e5got i talarens f\u00e4lt eller uppfattas som n\u00e4ra honom\/henne.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Serie \u305d:<\/strong> pekar p\u00e5 n\u00e5got i lyssnarens f\u00e4lt. I samtal kan det ocks\u00e5 \u00e5terknyta till information som samtalspartnern just n\u00e4mnt.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Serie \u3042:<\/strong> pekar p\u00e5 n\u00e5got avl\u00e4gset fr\u00e5n b\u00e5da. I minnesanv\u00e4ndningar kan det h\u00e4nvisa till n\u00e5got som talaren och lyssnaren k\u00e4nner igen som delat.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Serie \u3069:<\/strong> fr\u00e5gar vilken sak, plats, riktning, person eller typ som \u00e4r i fr\u00e5ga.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>N\u00e4r talare och lyssnare st\u00e5r sida vid sida, t\u00e4cker serien <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053<\/span> det som \u00e4r n\u00e4ra b\u00e5da, <span lang=\"ja\">\u305d<\/span> kan indikera en mellanzon och <span lang=\"ja\">\u3042<\/span> pekar p\u00e5 den avl\u00e4gsna zonen. N\u00e4r de st\u00e5r ansikte mot ansikte, <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053<\/span> tenderar att markera talarens sida, <span lang=\"ja\">\u305d<\/span> lyssnarens sida och <span lang=\"ja\">\u3042<\/span> det som \u00e4r l\u00e5ngt fr\u00e5n b\u00e5da. Denna rumsliga distinktion f\u00f6rklaras i <a href=\"https:\/\/www.coelang.tufs.ac.jp\/mt\/ja\/gmod\/contents\/explanation\/011.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">TUFS officiella modul om \u3053\u308c, \u305d\u308c och \u3042\u308c<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<h2>\u3053\u308c, \u305d\u308c, \u3042\u308c och \u3069\u308c: demonstrera saker<\/h2>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u308c<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u308c<\/span> e <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u308c<\/span> pekar p\u00e5 saker utan att beh\u00f6va upprepa substantivet. D\u00e4rf\u00f6r kan de f\u00f6rekomma direkt med en partikel eller med <span lang=\"ja\">\u3067\u3059<\/span>.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c\u306f\u4f55\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Kore wa nan desu ka.<\/em><br \/>\nVad \u00e4r det h\u00e4r?<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u308c\u306f\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306e\u8f9e\u66f8\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Sore wa nihongo no jisho desu.<\/em><br \/>\nDetta \u00e4r en japansk ordbok.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u308c\u306f\u99c5\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Are wa eki desu.<\/em><br \/>\nDet d\u00e4r \u00e4r stationen.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u7530\u4e2d\u3055\u3093\u306e\u5098\u306f\u3069\u308c\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Tanaka-san no kasa wa dore desu ka.<\/em><br \/>\nVilket \u00e4r Tanakas paraply?<\/p>\n\n<p>I fr\u00e5gor med <span lang=\"ja\">\u4f55<\/span>, l\u00e4sningen \u00e4ndras beroende p\u00e5 vad som kommer efter. Guiden om <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sv\/nar-man-anvander-nan-eller-nani\/\">n\u00e4r man ska anv\u00e4nda <span lang=\"ja\">\u306a\u3093<\/span> eller . <span lang=\"ja\">\u306a\u306b<\/span><\/a> f\u00f6rklarar varf\u00f6r <span lang=\"ja\">\u4f55\u3067\u3059\u304b<\/span> l\u00e4ses <em>nan desu ka<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n<p>Om du vill \u00f6va specifikt p\u00e5 den rumsliga kontrasten i denna trio, se \u00e4ven den korta lektionen om <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sv\/kore-sore-are-%e3%81%93%e3%82%8c-%e3%81%9d%e3%82%8c-%e3%81%82%e3%82%8c\/\"><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c\u30fb\u305d\u308c\u30fb\u3042\u308c<\/span><\/a>. H\u00e4r \u00e4r m\u00e5let att f\u00f6rst\u00e5 hela systemet och j\u00e4mf\u00f6ra familjer med olika funktioner.<\/p>\n\n<h2>\u3053\u306e, \u305d\u306e, \u3042\u306e och \u3069\u306e: peka ut ett substantiv<\/h2>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u306e<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u306e<\/span> e <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u306e<\/span> de ers\u00e4tter inte substantivet: de kommer omedelbart f\u00f6re det. A <a href=\"https:\/\/www.coelang.tufs.ac.jp\/mt\/ja\/gmod\/contents\/explanation\/013.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">TUFS klassificerar konstruktionen som <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306eN\uff0f\u305d\u306eN\uff0f\u3042\u306eN<\/span><\/a>, d\u00e4r <span lang=\"ja\">N<\/span> representerar det angivna namnet.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">Den h\u00e4r boken \u00e4r intressant.<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Den h\u00e4r boken \u00e4r intressant.<\/em><br \/>\nDen h\u00e4r boken \u00e4r intressant.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u306e\u304b\u3070\u3093\u306f\u79c1\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Sono kaban wa watashi no desu.<\/em><br \/>\nDen v\u00e4skan \u00e4r min.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u306e\u4eba\u306f\u5c71\u7530\u5148\u751f\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Ano hito wa Yamada-sensei desu.<\/em><br \/>\nDen personen \u00e4r professor Yamada.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u306e\u96fb\u8eca\u304c\u6771\u4eac\u3078\u884c\u304d\u307e\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Dono densha ga T\u014dky\u014d e ikimasu ka.<\/em><br \/>\nVilket t\u00e5g g\u00e5r till Tokyo?<\/p>\n\n<p>Den v\u00e4sentliga skillnaden \u00e4r syntaktisk:<\/p>\n\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr><th>Form<\/th><th>Korrekt<\/th><th>Inkorrekt<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td>Ers\u00e4tter saken<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c\u306f\u672c\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e\u306f\u672c\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Kommer f\u00f6re namnet<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e\u672c\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c\u672c\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<p>Para pessoas, prefira uma express\u00e3o com substantivo, como <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e\u4eba<\/span> (\u201cesta pessoa\u201d) ou a forma respeitosa <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e\u65b9<\/span>. Usar <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c<\/span> para apontar uma pessoa normalmente soa inadequado.<\/p>\n\n<!--Ads10-->\n\n<h2>\u3053\u3053, \u305d\u3053, \u3042\u305d\u3053 e \u3069\u3053: demonstrar lugares<\/h2>\n\n<p>A fam\u00edlia <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3053\u30fb\u305d\u3053\u30fb\u3042\u305d\u3053\u30fb\u3069\u3053<\/span> aponta lugares. Ela segue a mesma divis\u00e3o espacial das outras s\u00e9ries.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3059\u307f\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3001\u30c8\u30a4\u30ec\u306f\u3069\u3053\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Sumimasen, toire wa doko desu ka.<\/em><br \/>\nCom licen\u00e7a, onde fica o banheiro?<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u30c8\u30a4\u30ec\u306f\u3042\u305d\u3053\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Toire wa asoko desu.<\/em><br \/>\nO banheiro fica l\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3053\u306b\u5ea7\u3063\u3066\u3082\u3044\u3044\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Koko ni suwatte mo ii desu ka.<\/em><br \/>\nPosso me sentar aqui?<\/p>\n\n<p>Observera att <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3053\u3053<\/span> pode ser o tema em <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3053\u306f\u6559\u5ba4\u3067\u3059<\/span> (\u201caqui \u00e9 a sala de aula\u201d) ou receber a part\u00edcula de localiza\u00e7\u00e3o em <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3053\u306b\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059<\/span> (\u201cest\u00e1 aqui\u201d). Isso mostra por que \u00e9 melhor compreender a fun\u00e7\u00e3o das part\u00edculas do que decorar uma tradu\u00e7\u00e3o isolada.<\/p>\n\n<p>Para mais exemplos s\u00f3 com lugares, consulte a li\u00e7\u00e3o sobre <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sv\/koko-soko-asoko\/\"><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3053\u30fb\u305d\u3053\u30fb\u3042\u305d\u3053<\/span><\/a>. A <a href=\"https:\/\/www.coelang.tufs.ac.jp\/mt\/ja\/gmod\/courses\/c02\/lesson07\/step2\/explanation\/012.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">explica\u00e7\u00e3o da TUFS sobre essa fam\u00edlia<\/a> confirma a divis\u00e3o entre a \u00e1rea do falante, a do ouvinte e a regi\u00e3o distante dos dois.<\/p>\n\n<h2>\u3053\u3061\u3089, \u305d\u3061\u3089, \u3042\u3061\u3089 e \u3069\u3061\u3089: dire\u00e7\u00e3o e cortesia<\/h2>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3061\u3089<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u3061\u3089<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u3061\u3089<\/span> e <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u3061\u3089<\/span> podem indicar dire\u00e7\u00e3o ou lado. Em atendimento e outras situa\u00e7\u00f5es polidas, tamb\u00e9m servem como formas mais corteses para \u201caqui\u201d, \u201ca\u00ed\u201d, \u201cl\u00e1\u201d e \u201conde\u201d. Dependendo do contexto, <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u3061\u3089<\/span> ainda pode perguntar \u201cqual dos dois\u201d ou, com respeito, \u201cquem\u201d.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u53d7\u4ed8\u306f\u3053\u3061\u3089\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Uketsuke wa kochira desu.<\/em><br \/>\nA recep\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 por aqui.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u30a8\u30ec\u30d9\u30fc\u30bf\u30fc\u306f\u3042\u3061\u3089\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Ereb\u0113t\u0101 wa achira desu.<\/em><br \/>\nO elevador fica por ali.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3054\u51fa\u8eab\u306f\u3069\u3061\u3089\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Goshusshin wa dochira desu ka.<\/em><br \/>\nDe onde voc\u00ea \u00e9?<\/p>\n\n<p>N\u00e3o traduza <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u3061\u3089<\/span> sempre da mesma maneira. Em <span lang=\"ja\">\u30b3\u30fc\u30d2\u30fc\u3068\u304a\u8336\u3068\u3001\u3069\u3061\u3089\u304c\u3044\u3044\u3067\u3059\u304b<\/span>, a pergunta \u00e9 \u201cqual dos dois voc\u00ea prefere?\u201d. Em <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u3061\u3089\u3055\u307e\u3067\u3059\u304b<\/span>, pergunta-se respeitosamente quem \u00e9 a pessoa.<\/p>\n\n<h2>\u3053\u3093\u306a, \u305d\u3093\u306a, \u3042\u3093\u306a e \u3069\u3093\u306a: tipo ou caracter\u00edstica<\/h2>\n\n<p>Essa fam\u00edlia descreve \u201calgo deste tipo\u201d, \u201cdesse tipo\u201d, \u201cdaquele tipo\u201d ou pergunta \u201cque tipo de\u201d. Normalmente aparece antes de um substantivo e se refere a caracter\u00edsticas, modo ou classe, n\u00e3o apenas \u00e0 dist\u00e2ncia f\u00edsica.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3093\u306a\u672c\u3092\u63a2\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Konna hon o sagashite imasu.<\/em><br \/>\nEstou procurando um livro deste tipo.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u3093\u306a\u3053\u3068\u306f\u8a00\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Sonna koto wa itte imasen.<\/em><br \/>\nEu n\u00e3o disse uma coisa dessas.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u3093\u306a\u5e97\u306b\u306f\u884c\u304d\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Anna mise ni wa ikimasen.<\/em><br \/>\nN\u00e3o vou a uma loja como aquela.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u3093\u306a\u97f3\u697d\u304c\u597d\u304d\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Donna ongaku ga suki desu ka.<\/em><br \/>\nDe que tipo de m\u00fasica voc\u00ea gosta?<\/p>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u306e<\/span> e <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u3093\u306a<\/span> fazem perguntas diferentes. <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u306e\u672c<\/span> pede que voc\u00ea identifique qual livro entre op\u00e7\u00f5es; <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u3093\u306a\u672c<\/span> pergunta o tipo ou as caracter\u00edsticas do livro.<\/p>\n\n<h2>O uso de \u305d\u308c e \u3042\u306e em uma conversa<\/h2>\n\n<p>As s\u00e9ries tamb\u00e9m organizam refer\u00eancias no discurso. Quando o interlocutor apresenta uma informa\u00e7\u00e3o, <span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u308c<\/span> eller . <span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u306e<\/span> frequentemente a retoma:<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>A:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u6765\u9031\u3001\u8a66\u9a13\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n<em>Raish\u016b, shiken ga arimasu.<\/em><br \/>\nNa pr\u00f3xima semana, haver\u00e1 uma prova.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>B:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u308c\u306f\u5927\u5909\u3067\u3059\u306d\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n<em>Sore wa taihen desu ne.<\/em><br \/>\nIsso \u00e9 complicado, n\u00e3o \u00e9?<\/p>\n\n<p>Quando os dois reconhecem uma lembran\u00e7a ou refer\u00eancia compartilhada, a s\u00e9rie <span lang=\"ja\">\u3042<\/span> pode soar natural:<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u306e\u5e97\u3092\u899a\u3048\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Ano mise o oboete imasu ka.<\/em><br \/>\nVoc\u00ea se lembra daquela loja?<\/p>\n\n<p>Esses usos dependem do que falante e ouvinte consideram acess\u00edvel na conversa. Para iniciantes, a regra espacial \u00e9 o primeiro passo; depois, observe como o contexto cria proximidade informacional.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Di\u00e1logo em uma loja<\/h2>\n\n<p><strong>Cliente:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u3059\u307f\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3001\u3053\u306e\u6642\u8a08\u306f\u3044\u304f\u3089\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n<em>Sumimasen, kono tokei wa ikura desu ka.<\/em><br \/>\nCom licen\u00e7a, quanto custa este rel\u00f3gio?<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Atendente:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u308c\u306f\u4e09\u5343\u5186\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n<em>Sore wa sanzen-en desu.<\/em><br \/>\nEsse custa 3.000 ienes.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Cliente:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u306e\u9ed2\u3044\u6642\u8a08\u306f\u3069\u3046\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n<em>Ano kuroi tokei wa d\u014d desu ka.<\/em><br \/>\nE aquele rel\u00f3gio preto?<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Atendente:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u308c\u306f\u4e94\u5343\u5186\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n<em>Are wa gosen-en desu.<\/em><br \/>\nAquele custa 5.000 ienes.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Cliente:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u3061\u3089\u304c\u4eba\u6c17\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n<em>Dochira ga ninki desu ka.<\/em><br \/>\nQual dos dois \u00e9 mais popular?<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Atendente:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3061\u3089\u306e\u6642\u8a08\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n<em>Kochira no tokei desu.<\/em><br \/>\n\u00c9 este rel\u00f3gio aqui.<\/p>\n\n<p>O di\u00e1logo alterna uma forma que acompanha o nome (<span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e\u6642\u8a08<\/span>) e outra que o substitui (<span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u308c<\/span>). Essa altern\u00e2ncia \u00e9 comum porque evita repetir o mesmo substantivo. O guia sobre <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sv\/hur-man-bildar-meningar-pa-japanska\/\">hur man bildar meningar p\u00e5 japanska<\/a> ajuda a analisar a ordem e os elementos omitidos pelo contexto.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Erros comuns com os demonstrativos<\/h2>\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Att s\u00e4tta <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c<\/span> antes de um nome:<\/strong> s\u00e4g <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e\u672c<\/span>, inte <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c\u672c<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Att anv\u00e4nda <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e<\/span> sozinho:<\/strong> se n\u00e3o houver substantivo, use <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c<\/span> ou recupere o nome pelo contexto com outra estrutura.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Traduzir apenas por isto, isso e aquilo:<\/strong> considere a posi\u00e7\u00e3o do falante, do ouvinte e a refer\u00eancia na conversa.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Confundir <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u308c<\/span> e <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u306e<\/span>:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u308c<\/span> aparece sozinho; <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u306e<\/span> exige um substantivo.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Confundir <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u306e<\/span> e <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u3093\u306a<\/span>:<\/strong> o primeiro identifica uma op\u00e7\u00e3o; o segundo pergunta o tipo ou a caracter\u00edstica.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Att anv\u00e4nda <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c<\/span> para pessoas:<\/strong> f\u00f6redra <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e\u4eba<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u306e\u4eba<\/span> ou formas corteses com <span lang=\"ja\">\u65b9<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Att behandla <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3061\u3089<\/span> apenas como \u201caqui\u201d:<\/strong> ela pode indicar dire\u00e7\u00e3o, pessoa, lado ou uma de duas op\u00e7\u00f5es, conforme o contexto.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2>\u00d6vning<\/h2>\n\n<ol>\n<li>Voc\u00ea segura um livro. Complete: <span lang=\"ja\">\uff08\u3000\uff09\u306f\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306e\u672c\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/li>\n<li>O livro est\u00e1 perto do ouvinte. Complete: <span lang=\"ja\">\uff08\u3000\uff09\u672c\u306f\u3060\u308c\u306e\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Pergunte \u201cQual \u00e9 o seu guarda-chuva?\u201d sem repetir o substantivo na resposta esperada.<\/li>\n<li>Pergunte onde fica a esta\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/li>\n<li>Complete com a palavra que pergunta o tipo: <span lang=\"ja\">\uff08\u3000\uff09\u6620\u753b\u304c\u597d\u304d\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Corrija a frase: <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c\u304b\u3070\u3093\u306f\u79c1\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<p><strong>Svar:<\/strong> 1. <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c<\/span>; 2. <span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u306e<\/span>; 3. <span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u306a\u305f\u306e\u5098\u306f\u3069\u308c\u3067\u3059\u304b<\/span>; 4. <span lang=\"ja\">\u99c5\u306f\u3069\u3053\u3067\u3059\u304b<\/span>; 5. <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u3093\u306a<\/span>; 6. <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e\u304b\u3070\u3093\u306f\u79c1\u306e\u3067\u3059<\/span>.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Sammanfattning<\/h2>\n\n<ul>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053<\/span> se relaciona ao campo do falante; <span lang=\"ja\">\u305d<\/span>, ao do ouvinte ou a uma retomada; <span lang=\"ja\">\u3042<\/span>, ao que est\u00e1 distante ou compartilhado na mem\u00f3ria; <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069<\/span> forma perguntas.<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c\u30fb\u305d\u308c\u30fb\u3042\u308c\u30fb\u3069\u308c<\/span> apontam coisas e podem aparecer sem substantivo.<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e\u30fb\u305d\u306e\u30fb\u3042\u306e\u30fb\u3069\u306e<\/span> precisam vir antes de um substantivo.<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3053\u30fb\u305d\u3053\u30fb\u3042\u305d\u3053\u30fb\u3069\u3053<\/span> apontam lugares.<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3061\u3089\u30fb\u305d\u3061\u3089\u30fb\u3042\u3061\u3089\u30fb\u3069\u3061\u3089<\/span> indicam dire\u00e7\u00e3o, lado e formas corteses.<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3093\u306a\u30fb\u305d\u3093\u306a\u30fb\u3042\u3093\u306a\u30fb\u3069\u3093\u306a<\/span> descrevem ou perguntam tipo e caracter\u00edstica.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>Em vez de memorizar cinco listas separadas, use duas perguntas: \u201cqual \u00e9 a fun\u00e7\u00e3o desta palavra?\u201d e \u201cde qual campo ou refer\u00eancia estou falando?\u201d. Depois, aplique a resposta \u00e0 <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sv\/japansk-ordfoljd\/\">Ordf\u00f6ljden i japanska<\/a> e \u00e0s part\u00edculas exigidas pela frase.<\/p>\n\n<div id=\"rank-math-faq\" class=\"rank-math-block\">\n<div class=\"rank-math-list\">\n<div id=\"faq-question-5707ee28724f8\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Vad \u00e4r kosoado-systemet p\u00e5 japanska?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>Det \u00e4r upps\u00e4ttningen av demonstrativa och interrogativa pronomen organiserade i serierna \u3053, \u305d, \u3042 och \u3069. De anger referensens f\u00f6rh\u00e5llande till talaren, lyssnaren, avst\u00e5ndet och fr\u00e5gan.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-82212807ae2b8\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Vad \u00e4r skillnaden mellan \u3053\u308c och \u3053\u306e?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>\u3053\u308c ers\u00e4tter saken och kan f\u00f6rekomma utan substantiv, som i \u3053\u308c\u306f\u672c\u3067\u3059. \u3053\u306e kommer f\u00f6re ett substantiv, som i \u3053\u306e\u672c\u3067\u3059.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-2e464e1b5dbfb\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Vad \u00e4r skillnaden mellan \u305d\u308c och \u3042\u308c?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>\u305d\u308c pekar p\u00e5 n\u00e5got inom lyssnarens omr\u00e5de eller \u00e5terknyter till en referens som lyssnaren har presenterat. \u3042\u308c pekar p\u00e5 n\u00e5got som \u00e4r avl\u00e4gset fr\u00e5n b\u00e5de talaren och lyssnaren och kan ocks\u00e5 h\u00e4nvisa till en delad referens.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-8eb6417e96787\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Vad \u00e4r skillnaden mellan \u3069\u308c och \u3069\u306e?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>\u3069\u308c betyder \u2018vilken\u2019 och f\u00f6rekommer utan substantiv. \u3069\u306e fr\u00e5gar ocks\u00e5 \u2018vilken\u2019, men m\u00e5ste komma f\u00f6re ett substantiv, som i \u3069\u306e\u672c, \u2018vilken bok\u2019.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-8d5a831235a7e\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Hur man anv\u00e4nder \u3053\u3053, \u305d\u3053, \u3042\u305d\u3053 och \u3069\u3053?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>Anv\u00e4nd \u3053\u3053 f\u00f6r talarens plats, \u305d\u3053 f\u00f6r lyssnarens plats, \u3042\u305d\u3053 f\u00f6r en plats l\u00e5ngt fr\u00e5n b\u00e5da och \u3069\u3053 f\u00f6r att fr\u00e5ga var.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-d0e23b0307f1d\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Vad betyder \u3053\u3061\u3089, \u305d\u3061\u3089, \u3042\u3061\u3089 och \u3069\u3061\u3089?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>De kan indikera riktning eller sida och fungera som artiga former av h\u00e4r, d\u00e4r, d\u00e4r borta och var. Beroende p\u00e5 sammanhanget fr\u00e5gar \u3069\u3061\u3089 ocks\u00e5 vilken av de tv\u00e5 eller vem.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-075afa9574627\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Hur man anv\u00e4nder \u3053\u3093\u306a, \u305d\u3093\u306a, \u3042\u3093\u306a och \u3069\u3093\u306a?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>Dessa orden beskriver eller fr\u00e5gar om typ och egenskap. \u3053\u3093\u306a indikerar n\u00e5got av denna typ, \u305d\u3093\u306a av den typen, \u3042\u3093\u306a av den d\u00e4r typen och \u3069\u3093\u306a fr\u00e5gar vilken typ.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-33ec9c6d5e8d3\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Kan jag anv\u00e4nda \u3053\u308c f\u00f6r att prata om en person?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>Normalt, nej. F\u00f6r personer, anv\u00e4nd ett uttryck med substantiv, som \u3053\u306e\u4eba, \u305d\u306e\u4eba och \u3042\u306e\u4eba, eller den mer respektfulla formen \u65b9.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>F\u00f6rst\u00e5 kosoado-systemet p\u00e5 japanska: \u3053\u308c, \u3053\u306e, \u3053\u3053 och andra familjer, med skillnader, exempel, dialog, vanliga misstag och \u00f6vningar.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":23,"featured_media":1682,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[49,70,72,60],"tags":[27,71,2,3],"class_list":["post-1680","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-curso-de-japones-gratis","category-gramatica-japonesa","category-pronomes-em-japones","category-vocabulario-japones","tag-gramatica","tag-gramatica-japonesa","tag-idioma-japones","tag-nihongo","resize-featured-image"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1680","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/23"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1680"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1680\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4451,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1680\/revisions\/4451"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1682"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1680"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1680"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/sv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1680"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}