{"id":1656,"date":"2009-11-03T04:39:47","date_gmt":"2009-11-03T06:39:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/?p=1656"},"modified":"2026-08-21T22:32:35","modified_gmt":"2026-08-22T01:32:35","slug":"japonca-sahis-zamirleri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/tr\/pronomes-pessoais-em-japones\/","title":{"rendered":"Japonca'da zamirler: \u79c1, \u50d5, \u4ffa ve \u3042\u306a\u305f nas\u0131l kullan\u0131l\u0131r"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Bu <strong>Japonca zamirler<\/strong> \u201cben, sen, o\u201d gibi sabit bir tablo olu\u015fturmaz. Konu\u015fan ki\u015fiye, dinleyene ve di\u011fer insanlara at\u0131fta bulunman\u0131n bir\u00e7ok yolu vard\u0131r ve se\u00e7im ili\u015fkiye, ortama, formalite derecesine ve ki\u015finin iletmek istedi\u011fi imaja g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fir. Ayr\u0131ca Japonca, ba\u011flam kimden bahsedildi\u011fini zaten a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belirtti\u011finde bu ifadeleri s\u0131kl\u0131kla atlar.<\/p>\n\n<p>G\u00fcvenli bir ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 i\u00e7in <span lang=\"ja\">\u79c1<\/span> (<em>watashi<\/em>) n\u00f6tr veya kibar durumlarda \u201cben\u201d i\u00e7in kullan\u0131n. \u201cSen\u201d i\u00e7in <span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u306a\u305f<\/span> (<em>anata<\/em>) otomatik bir yan\u0131t haline getirmeyin: \u00e7o\u011fu zaman terimi atlamak, ad\u0131 <span lang=\"ja\">\u3055\u3093<\/span> ile kullanmak veya <span lang=\"ja\">\u5148\u751f<\/span> (<em>sensei<\/em>gibi bilinen bir unvan kullanmak daha do\u011fald\u0131r. <a href=\"https:\/\/kotoba.ninjal.ac.jp\/qa\/yokuaru\/qa-245\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Japonya Ulusal Dil ve Dilbilim Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc'n\u00fcn muhataba hitap bi\u00e7imleri hakk\u0131ndaki son makalesi<\/a> ikinci \u015fah\u0131s zamirlerinin bir\u00e7ok konu\u015fmada kullan\u0131lmaktan ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Japonca'da ki\u015fi zamirlerinin \u00f6zeti<\/h2>\n\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr><th>Ki\u015fi<\/th><th>Bi\u00e7im<\/th><th>Okuma<\/th><th>Genel kullan\u0131m<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td>Ben<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u79c1<\/span><\/td><td><em>watashi<\/em><\/td><td>N\u00f6tr ve g\u00fcvenli se\u00e7enek, \u00f6zellikle kibar ba\u011flamlarda<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Ben<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u79c1<\/span><\/td><td><em>watakushi<\/em><\/td><td>\u00c7ok resmi; ayn\u0131 kanji farkl\u0131 bir okunu\u015fa sahiptir<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Ben<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u50d5<\/span><\/td><td><em>boku<\/em><\/td><td>Erkek \u00e7ocuklar ve erkekler aras\u0131nda yayg\u0131n; g\u00fcndelik veya orta derecede kibar<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Ben<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u4ffa<\/span><\/td><td><em>ore<\/em><\/td><td>G\u00fcndelik, samimi ve iddial\u0131; erkekler aras\u0131nda yayg\u0131n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Ben<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u2013 Ben<\/span><\/td><td><em>atashi<\/em><\/td><td>G\u00fcndelik; genellikle kad\u0131n konu\u015fmas\u0131yla ili\u015fkilendirilir<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Sen<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u306a\u305f<\/span><\/td><td><em>anata<\/em><\/td><td>Dilbilgisel, ancak genellikle gereksiz veya konu\u015fmada mesafeli<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Sen<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u541b<\/span><\/td><td><em>kimi<\/em><\/td><td>Familiar; pode soar pr\u00f3ximo, superior ou condescendente<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Sen<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u304a\u524d<\/span><\/td><td><em>omae<\/em><\/td><td>Muito familiar ou brusco; n\u00e3o \u00e9 op\u00e7\u00e3o segura para iniciantes<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Ele<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u5f7c<\/span><\/td><td><em>kare<\/em><\/td><td>\u201cEle\u201d; tamb\u00e9m pode significar namorado<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Onun<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u5f7c\u5973<\/span><\/td><td><em>kanojo<\/em><\/td><td>\u201cEla\u201d; tamb\u00e9m pode significar namorada<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<p>Essa tabela \u00e9 um mapa inicial, n\u00e3o uma autoriza\u00e7\u00e3o autom\u00e1tica de uso. Uma pesquisa de corpus apresentada pelo NINJAL mostra que uma mesma pessoa alterna entre <span lang=\"ja\">\u4ffa<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">\u50d5<\/span> e <span lang=\"ja\">\u79c1<\/span> de acordo com interlocutor, ambiente e at\u00e9 assunto. Portanto, g\u00eanero \u00e9 apenas uma tend\u00eancia social entre v\u00e1rios fatores; n\u00e3o explica sozinho a escolha.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Por que o japon\u00eas tem tantas formas de dizer \u201ceu\u201d?<\/h2>\n\n<p>As express\u00f5es de primeira pessoa tamb\u00e9m comunicam postura. Uma pessoa pode soar mais formal, \u00edntima, suave ou assertiva ao escolher uma forma. O <a href=\"https:\/\/kotoba.ninjal.ac.jp\/digest\/03\/d-03-05\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">estudo do NINJAL sobre a altern\u00e2ncia entre <span lang=\"ja\">\u4ffa<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">\u50d5<\/span> e <span lang=\"ja\">\u79c1<\/span><\/a> documenta falantes que mudam de termo conforme a rela\u00e7\u00e3o e a situa\u00e7\u00e3o. Isso \u00e9 mais preciso do que classificar cada palavra como \u201cmasculina\u201d ou \u201cfeminina\u201d de maneira absoluta.<\/p>\n\n<h3><span lang=\"ja\">\u79c1<\/span> \u2014 <em>watashi<\/em><\/h3>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">\u79c1<\/span> \u00e9 a melhor refer\u00eancia inicial. Em ambientes polidos, profissionais e p\u00fablicos, \u00e9 usado por pessoas de diferentes g\u00eaneros. Na conversa casual, a percep\u00e7\u00e3o varia: alguns homens preferem <span lang=\"ja\">\u50d5<\/span> veya <span lang=\"ja\">\u4ffa<\/span>, oysa <span lang=\"ja\">\u79c1<\/span> pode transmitir maior formalidade. Isso n\u00e3o torna <span lang=\"ja\">\u79c1<\/span> \u201cerrado\u201d nem \u201cfeminino demais\u201d.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">Ben \u00f6\u011frenciyim.<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Ben \u00f6\u011frenciyim.<\/em><br \/>\nEu sou estudante.<\/p>\n\n<p>Em contextos muito formais, o mesmo kanji pode ser lido <em>watakushi<\/em>. Essa leitura aparece em apresenta\u00e7\u00f5es cerimoniosas, atendimento e comunica\u00e7\u00e3o institucional.<\/p>\n\n<h3><span lang=\"ja\">\u50d5<\/span> \u2014 <em>boku<\/em><\/h3>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">\u50d5<\/span> \u00e9 frequente entre meninos e homens e costuma soar menos assertivo que <span lang=\"ja\">\u4ffa<\/span>. Pode aparecer em conversas casuais e em situa\u00e7\u00f5es moderadamente polidas, mas a naturalidade depende do falante e do grupo.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u50d5\u306f\u660e\u65e5\u884c\u304d\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Boku wa ashita ikimasu.<\/em><br \/>\nEu vou amanh\u00e3.<\/p>\n\n<p>A termina\u00e7\u00e3o polida <span lang=\"ja\">\u307e\u3059<\/span> kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 zorunlu k\u0131lmaz <span lang=\"ja\">\u79c1<\/span>. C\u00fcmlenin nezaket d\u00fczeyi ve ki\u015fisel referans se\u00e7imi etkile\u015fir, ancak ayn\u0131 \u015fey de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\n<h3><span lang=\"ja\">\u4ffa<\/span> \u2014 <em>ore<\/em><\/h3>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">\u4ffa<\/span> rahat ve iddial\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imdir, \u00e7o\u011funlukla erkek konu\u015fmas\u0131yla ili\u015fkilendirilir. Yak\u0131n arkada\u015flar veya aile \u00fcyeleri aras\u0131nda do\u011fal olabilir, ancak bir i\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmesinde, profesyonel bir sunumda veya yeni tan\u0131\u015f\u0131lan biriyle uygunsuz g\u00f6r\u00fcnebilir. Karakterler aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiyi g\u00f6zlemlemeden <span lang=\"ja\">\u4ffa<\/span> animesinden kopyalamak risklidir.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c\u306f\u4ffa\u306e\u672c\u3060\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Kore wa ore no hon da.<\/em><br \/>\nBu kitap benim.<\/p>\n\n<p>S\u0131ra <span lang=\"ja\">\u4ffa\u306e<\/span> sahiplik olu\u015fturman\u0131n <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/tr\/japoncada-ilgili-isimler\/\">par\u00e7ac\u0131k <span lang=\"ja\">\u306e<\/span><\/a>. K\u0131lavuz <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/tr\/japoncada-iyelik-zamirleri\/\">Japonca'da iyelik zamirleri<\/a> ile yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir <span lang=\"ja\">\u79c1\u306e<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">\u5f7c\u306e<\/span> e <span lang=\"ja\">\u7530\u4e2d\u3055\u3093\u306e<\/span>.<\/p>\n\n<h3><span lang=\"ja\">\u2013 Ben<\/span> gibi yap\u0131lar\u0131 ve di\u011fer bi\u00e7imleri derinle\u015ftirir<\/h3>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">\u2013 Ben<\/span> rahat bir varyant\u0131d\u0131r <span lang=\"ja\">\u308f\u305f\u3057<\/span>, s\u0131kl\u0131kla kad\u0131n konu\u015fmas\u0131yla ili\u015fkilendirilir. Ayr\u0131ca <span lang=\"ja\">\u81ea\u5206<\/span> (<em>jibun<\/em>) gibi bi\u00e7imler de vard\u0131r; bunlar\u0131n de\u011feri b\u00f6lgeye, gruba ve yap\u0131ya g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fir. Yeni ba\u015flayanlar i\u00e7in t\u00fcm olas\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 bir kerede ezberlemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak ak\u0131c\u0131l\u0131ktan \u00e7ok kafa kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yarat\u0131r. <a href=\"https:\/\/kotoba.ninjal.ac.jp\/qa\/yokuaru\/qa-231\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NINJAL s\u00f6zc\u00fck taramas\u0131<\/a> \u00e7e\u015fitli tarihsel ve g\u00fcncel bi\u00e7imleri bir araya getirir ve se\u00e7imin konu\u015fmac\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zelliklerine, yak\u0131nl\u0131\u011fa ve sayg\u0131ya ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131klar.<\/p>\n\n<!--Ads10-->\n\n<h2>Her zaman \u201csen\u201d demeden \"sen\" nas\u0131l denir <span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u306a\u305f<\/span><\/h2>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u306a\u305f<\/span> \u201csen\u201d anlam\u0131na gelir, ancak basit\u00e7e \u201cen resmi bi\u00e7im\u201d de\u011fildir. Ders kitaplar\u0131ndaki sorularda, anketlerde, duyurularda veya genel ifadelerde bu kelime tamamen uygun olabilir. Ancak biriyle do\u011frudan konu\u015furken genellikle gereksizdir ve mesafe, vurgu veya bask\u0131 yaratabilir.<\/p>\n\n<p>Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n:<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u306a\u305f\u306f\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3092\u52c9\u5f37\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Anata wa nihongo o benky\u014d shite imasu ka.<\/em><br \/>\nJaponca m\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorsun?<\/p>\n\n<p>C\u00fcmle dilbilgisel olarak do\u011fru, ancak soru zaten a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a muhataba y\u00f6neltilmi\u015fse bu versiyon genellikle daha do\u011fald\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3092\u52c9\u5f37\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Nihongo o benky\u014d shite imasu ka.<\/em><br \/>\nEstuda japon\u00eas?<\/p>\n\n<p>Quando o nome \u00e9 conhecido, tamb\u00e9m \u00e9 poss\u00edvel dizer:<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u7530\u4e2d\u3055\u3093\u306f\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3092\u52c9\u5f37\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Tanaka-san wa nihongo o benky\u014d shite imasu ka.<\/em><br \/>\nTanaka, voc\u00ea estuda japon\u00eas?<\/p>\n\n<p>Se houver um cargo relevante, ele pode ocupar esse lugar: <span lang=\"ja\">\u5148\u751f<\/span> para professor ou m\u00e9dico em determinados contextos, por exemplo. Isso se relaciona aos <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/tr\/japoncada-hitap-zamirleri\/\">t\u00edtulos e formas de tratamento em japon\u00eas<\/a>, que n\u00e3o s\u00e3o pronomes pessoais no sentido estrito.<\/p>\n\n<p>Com uma pessoa desconhecida, evite adivinhar idade, estado civil ou papel familiar. Uma abertura sem vocativo, como <span lang=\"ja\">\u3059\u307f\u307e\u305b\u3093<\/span> (<em>sumimasen<\/em>, \u201ccom licen\u00e7a\u201d), costuma ser mais segura. Se a conversa continuar, pode-se perguntar <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u3046\u304a\u547c\u3073\u3057\u305f\u3089\u3044\u3044\u3067\u3059\u304b<\/span> (<em>D\u014d oyobi shitara ii desu ka<\/em>), \u201ccomo devo chamar voc\u00ea?\u201d.<\/p>\n\n<h3><span lang=\"ja\">\u541b<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">\u304a\u524d<\/span> e <span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u3093\u305f<\/span><\/h3>\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u541b<\/span> (<em>kimi<\/em>):<\/strong> pode aparecer entre pessoas pr\u00f3ximas, em rela\u00e7\u00f5es assim\u00e9tricas ou em linguagem art\u00edstica. Dependendo da voz e da rela\u00e7\u00e3o, pode soar carinhoso, superior ou condescendente.<\/li>\n<li><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u304a\u524d<\/span> (<em>omae<\/em>):<\/strong> pode ser normal em alguns v\u00ednculos \u00edntimos, mas tamb\u00e9m brusco ou ofensivo. N\u00e3o use como equivalente neutro de \u201cvoc\u00ea\u201d.<\/li>\n<li><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u3093\u305f<\/span> (<em>anta<\/em>):<\/strong> forma familiar de <span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u306a\u305f<\/span>; pode soar direta, impaciente ou rude. O efeito depende muito do falante e do contexto.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>Essas formas aparecem bastante na fic\u00e7\u00e3o porque ajudam a caracterizar personagens. Na vida real, o v\u00ednculo entre as pessoas importa mais do que a tradu\u00e7\u00e3o da legenda.<\/p>\n\n<h2><span lang=\"ja\">\u5f7c<\/span> e <span lang=\"ja\">\u5f7c\u5973<\/span>: \u201cele\u201d e \u201cela\u201d<\/h2>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">\u5f7c<\/span> (<em>kare<\/em>) e <span lang=\"ja\">\u5f7c\u5973<\/span> (<em>kanojo<\/em>) podem significar \u201cele\u201d e \u201cela\u201d. Contudo, tamb\u00e9m podem significar \u201cnamorado\u201d e \u201cnamorada\u201d, respectivamente. O contexto decide:<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u5f7c\u306f\u5927\u5b66\u3067\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3092\u52c9\u5f37\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Kare wa daigaku de nihongo o benky\u014d shite imasu.<\/em><br \/>\nEle estuda japon\u00eas na universidade.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u5f7c\u5973\u304c\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Kanojo ga imasu.<\/em><br \/>\nTenho namorada.<\/p>\n\n<p>Assim como ocorre com \u201ceu\u201d e \u201cvoc\u00ea\u201d, nomes, cargos, express\u00f5es como <span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u306e\u4eba<\/span> (\u201cessa pessoa\u201d) ou a simples omiss\u00e3o podem ser mais naturais do que repetir <span lang=\"ja\">\u5f7c<\/span> e <span lang=\"ja\">\u5f7c\u5973<\/span>. N\u00e3o tente reproduzir em japon\u00eas cada pronome expl\u00edcito de um texto em portugu\u00eas.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Como formar o plural<\/h2>\n\n<p>Os sufixos <span lang=\"ja\">\u305f\u3061<\/span> e <span lang=\"ja\">\u3089<\/span> criam refer\u00eancias a grupos. Eles podem indicar \u201cX e as pessoas associadas a X\u201d, e n\u00e3o apenas uma multiplica\u00e7\u00e3o mec\u00e2nica do pronome:<\/p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u79c1\u305f\u3061<\/span> (<em>watashitachi<\/em>) \u2014 n\u00f3s;<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">(biz),<\/span> \/ <span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u305f\u3057\u305f\u3061<\/span> (<em>bokutachi \/ bokura<\/em>) \u2014 n\u00f3s;<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u4ffa\u3089<\/span> \/ <span lang=\"ja\">Arkada\u015flar\u0131nla konu\u015furken<\/span> (<em>oretachi \/ orera<\/em>) \u2014 n\u00f3s, em registro casual;<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u306a\u305f\u305f\u3061<\/span> (<em>anatatachi<\/em>) \u2014 voc\u00eas, mas a mesma cautela de <span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u306a\u305f<\/span> continua v\u00e1lida;<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u5f7c\u3089<\/span> (<em>karera<\/em>) \u2014 eles ou aquele grupo;<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u5f7c\u5973\u305f\u3061<\/span> (<em>kanojotachi<\/em>) \u2014 elas ou o grupo dela.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">\u7530\u4e2d\u3055\u3093\u305f\u3061<\/span> pode significar \u201cTanaka e as outras pessoas do grupo\u201d. A escolha do plural depende de quem funciona como refer\u00eancia principal.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Pronomes e part\u00edculas<\/h2>\n\n<p>As formas pessoais n\u00e3o mudam para casos como \u201ceu, me, mim, meu\u201d. Part\u00edculas indicam a fun\u00e7\u00e3o na frase:<\/p>\n\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr><th>\u00d6rnek<\/th><th>\u0130\u015flev<\/th><th>Tradu\u00e7\u00e3o aproximada<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u79c1\u306f<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u306f<\/span> marca o t\u00f3pico<\/td><td>quanto a mim \/ eu<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u79c1\u304c<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u304c<\/span> focaliza ou identifica<\/td><td>eu \u00e9 que \/ eu<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u79c1\u3092<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3092<\/span> do\u011frudan nesneyi i\u015faret eder<\/td><td>me \/ a mim<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u79c1\u306b<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u306b<\/span> marca destino ou participante<\/td><td>para mim \/ a mim<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u79c1\u306e<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u306e<\/span> liga a outro nome<\/td><td>meu \/ minha \/ de mim<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<p>Para entender por que o pronome n\u00e3o determina sozinho o papel sint\u00e1tico, revise a <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/tr\/japonca-kelime-sirasi\/\">ordem das palavras e o uso de part\u00edculas<\/a>. A vis\u00e3o geral de <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/tr\/temel-japonca-dilbilgisi\/\">yeni ba\u015flayanlar i\u00e7in Japonca dilbilgisi<\/a> organiza esses componentes numa sequ\u00eancia de estudo.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Quando omitir o pronome<\/h2>\n\n<p>Se o interlocutor e o assunto est\u00e3o claros, a omiss\u00e3o \u00e9 comum. Em vez de repetir \u201cvoc\u00ea\u201d na pergunta e \u201ceu\u201d na resposta, o japon\u00eas pode deixar ambos impl\u00edcitos:<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>A:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3092\u52c9\u5f37\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n<em>Nihongo o benky\u014d shite imasu ka.<\/em><br \/>\nEstuda japon\u00eas?<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>B:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u306f\u3044\u3001\u6bce\u65e5\u52c9\u5f37\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n<em>Hai, mainichi benky\u014d shite imasu.<\/em><br \/>\nSim, estudo todos os dias.<\/p>\n\n<p>Nenhuma das duas frases precisa de <span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u306a\u305f<\/span> veya <span lang=\"ja\">\u79c1<\/span>. K\u0131lavuz <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/tr\/japoncada-cumlelerin-oznesi\/\">sujeito em japon\u00eas e omiss\u00e3o contextual<\/a> explica como recuperar elementos n\u00e3o expressos sem confundir sujeito com t\u00f3pico.<\/p>\n\n<p>O pronome volta quando h\u00e1 contraste, mudan\u00e7a de refer\u00eancia ou risco de ambiguidade:<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u79c1\u306f\u884c\u304d\u307e\u3059\u304c\u3001\u7530\u4e2d\u3055\u3093\u306f\u884c\u304d\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Watashi wa ikimasu ga, Tanaka-san wa ikimasen.<\/em><br \/>\nEu vou, mas Tanaka n\u00e3o vai.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Como escolher uma forma com seguran\u00e7a<\/h2>\n\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Verifique se \u00e9 poss\u00edvel omitir.<\/strong> Se a refer\u00eancia j\u00e1 est\u00e1 clara, n\u00e3o acrescente um pronome apenas porque o portugu\u00eas tem um.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Para falar de si em contexto neutro ou polido, comece com <span lang=\"ja\">\u79c1<\/span>.<\/strong> Observe falantes reais antes de incorporar formas mais marcadas.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Para se dirigir a algu\u00e9m, prefira o nome conhecido, um cargo apropriado ou a omiss\u00e3o.<\/strong> N\u00e3o trate <span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u306a\u305f<\/span> como pronome formal universal.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Considere rela\u00e7\u00e3o, ambiente e efeito.<\/strong> Intimidade, hierarquia, idade, identidade, regi\u00e3o e postura comunicativa podem influenciar a escolha.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Evite imitar personagens sem contexto.<\/strong> A tradu\u00e7\u00e3o n\u00e3o mostra necessariamente a rudeza, a intimidade ou o papel social contido na palavra japonesa.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<h2>Di\u00e1logo de apresenta\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\n\n<p><strong>A:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u306f\u3058\u3081\u307e\u3057\u3066\u3002\u30de\u30ea\u30a2\u3068\u7533\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n<em>Hajimemashite. Maria to m\u014dshimasu.<\/em><br \/>\nPrazer. Chamo-me Maria.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>B:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u7530\u4e2d\u3067\u3059\u3002\u3088\u308d\u3057\u304f\u304a\u9858\u3044\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n<em>Tanaka desu. Yoroshiku onegai shimasu.<\/em><br \/>\nSou Tanaka. Muito prazer.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>A:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u7530\u4e2d\u3055\u3093\u306f\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u5148\u751f\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n<em>Tanaka-san wa daigaku no sensei desu ka.<\/em><br \/>\nTanaka, voc\u00ea \u00e9 professor universit\u00e1rio?<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>B:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u306f\u3044\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3092\u6559\u3048\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n<em>Hai, nihongo o oshiete imasu.<\/em><br \/>\nSim, ensino japon\u00eas.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>A:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u3046\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002\u79c1\u3082\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3092\u52c9\u5f37\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n<em>S\u014d desu ka. Watashi mo nihongo o benky\u014d shite imasu.<\/em><br \/>\nEntendo. Eu tamb\u00e9m estudo japon\u00eas.<\/p>\n\n<p>O di\u00e1logo usa o nome <span lang=\"ja\">\u7530\u4e2d\u3055\u3093<\/span> em vez de <span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u306a\u305f<\/span>. <span lang=\"ja\">\u79c1<\/span> aparece no final porque <span lang=\"ja\">\u3082<\/span> cria o contraste inclusivo \u201ceu tamb\u00e9m\u201d. A estrutura <span lang=\"ja\">\uff5e\u3068\u7533\u3057\u307e\u3059<\/span> consta no <a href=\"https:\/\/www.coelang.tufs.ac.jp\/mt\/ja\/dmod\/class\/ja_04_v.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">m\u00f3dulo de apresenta\u00e7\u00e3o da Tokyo University of Foreign Studies<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Erros comuns<\/h2>\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Traduzir todo \u201cvoc\u00ea\u201d como <span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u306a\u305f<\/span>:<\/strong> o interlocutor costuma ficar impl\u00edcito ou ser indicado pelo nome ou cargo.<\/li>\n<li><strong>iddia etmek <span lang=\"ja\">\u79c1<\/span> \u00e9 feminino:<\/strong> a forma \u00e9 usada por diferentes g\u00eaneros, especialmente em contextos polidos.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Escolher apenas pelo g\u00eanero:<\/strong> rela\u00e7\u00e3o, ambiente, assunto e identidade tamb\u00e9m interferem.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Kullan\u0131m <span lang=\"ja\">\u4ffa<\/span> veya <span lang=\"ja\">\u304a\u524d<\/span> porque aparecem em anime:<\/strong> essas formas podem comunicar intimidade ou rudeza que a legenda apaga.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Repetir o pronome em todas as frases:<\/strong> isso pode deixar a fala pouco natural quando a refer\u00eancia j\u00e1 est\u00e1 clara.<\/li>\n<li><strong>olarak ele almak <span lang=\"ja\">\u5f7c<\/span> e <span lang=\"ja\">\u5f7c\u5973<\/span> como equivalentes perfeitos de \u201cele\u201d e \u201cela\u201d:<\/strong> nomes, cargos e omiss\u00e3o s\u00e3o frequentes, e as palavras tamb\u00e9m podem significar namorado e namorada.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Confundir pronome com t\u00edtulo:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u3055\u3093<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">\u5148\u751f<\/span> e <span lang=\"ja\">\u5148\u8f29<\/span> funcionam de maneira diferente de <span lang=\"ja\">\u79c1<\/span> e <span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u306a\u305f<\/span>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2>Exerc\u00edcio<\/h2>\n\n<ol>\n<li>Qual \u00e9 a op\u00e7\u00e3o inicial mais segura para \u201ceu\u201d em uma apresenta\u00e7\u00e3o polida?<\/li>\n<li>Retire o elemento desnecess\u00e1rio: <span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u306a\u305f\u306f\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3092\u52c9\u5f37\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Complete com uma forma casual e assertiva, comum entre homens: <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c\u306f\uff08\u3000\uff09\u306e\u672c\u3060\u3002<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Como dizer \u201cn\u00f3s\u201d a partir de <span lang=\"ja\">\u79c1<\/span>?<\/li>\n<li>Por que <span lang=\"ja\">\u541b<\/span> n\u00e3o \u00e9 um equivalente neutro de \u201cvoc\u00ea\u201d?<\/li>\n<li>Quais s\u00e3o dois sentidos poss\u00edveis de <span lang=\"ja\">\u5f7c\u5973<\/span>?<\/li>\n<li>Na frase <span lang=\"ja\">\u79c1\u306b\u8a71\u3057\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044<\/span>, qual part\u00edcula marca \u201cpara mim\u201d?<\/li>\n<li>Em uma conversa com uma pessoa chamada Tanaka, que alternativa geralmente \u00e9 mais segura do que repetir <span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u306a\u305f<\/span>?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<p><strong>Cevaplar:<\/strong> 1. <span lang=\"ja\">\u79c1<\/span> (<em>watashi<\/em>); 2. <span lang=\"ja\">\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3092\u52c9\u5f37\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u304b<\/span>; 3. <span lang=\"ja\">\u4ffa<\/span>; 4. <span lang=\"ja\">\u79c1\u305f\u3061<\/span>; 5. porque pode expressar familiaridade, assimetria ou condescend\u00eancia conforme a rela\u00e7\u00e3o; 6. \u201cela\u201d e \u201cnamorada\u201d; 7. <span lang=\"ja\">\u306b<\/span>; 8. <span lang=\"ja\">\u7530\u4e2d\u3055\u3093<\/span>, um cargo apropriado ou a omiss\u00e3o, conforme a situa\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Resumo<\/h2>\n\n<ul>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u79c1<\/span> \u00e9 a refer\u00eancia inicial mais segura para \u201ceu\u201d em situa\u00e7\u00f5es neutras ou polidas.<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u50d5<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">\u4ffa<\/span> e <span lang=\"ja\">\u2013 Ben<\/span> comunicam tend\u00eancias de identidade, intimidade e postura; n\u00e3o s\u00e3o simples tradu\u00e7\u00f5es.<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u306a\u305f<\/span> \u00e9 gramatical, mas frequentemente \u00e9 omitido ou substitu\u00eddo por nome e cargo na conversa.<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u541b<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">\u304a\u524d<\/span> e <span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u3093\u305f<\/span> exigem aten\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 rela\u00e7\u00e3o e n\u00e3o s\u00e3o escolhas neutras.<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u5f7c<\/span> e <span lang=\"ja\">\u5f7c\u5973<\/span> tamb\u00e9m podem significar namorado e namorada.<\/li>\n<li>Part\u00edculas mostram a fun\u00e7\u00e3o da express\u00e3o: <span lang=\"ja\">\u79c1\u306f<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">\u79c1\u3092<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">\u79c1\u306b<\/span> e <span lang=\"ja\">\u79c1\u306e<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li>Quando a refer\u00eancia \u00e9 recuper\u00e1vel, omitir costuma ser mais natural do que repetir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>Agora aplique essas escolhas em ora\u00e7\u00f5es completas. O guia sobre <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/tr\/japonca-cumle-nasil-kurulur\/\">Japonca'da c\u00fcmleler nas\u0131l kurulur<\/a> mostra como combinar t\u00f3pico, complementos e predicado. Para n\u00e3o confundir refer\u00eancias a pessoas com palavras como \u201cisto\u201d, \u201cisso\u201d e \u201caquilo\u201d, consulte tamb\u00e9m o <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/tr\/japoncada-zamir-gostergeleri\/\">sistema kosoado<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<div id=\"rank-math-faq\" class=\"rank-math-block\">\n<div class=\"rank-math-list\">\n<div id=\"faq-question-e48ace0ec920e\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Japoncada 'ben' demek i\u00e7in hangi zamir kullan\u0131l\u0131r?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>\u79c1, lido watashi, tarafs\u0131z veya kibar durumlarda en g\u00fcvenli ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 se\u00e7ene\u011fidir. Watakushi \u00e7ok resmidir; \u50d5, \u4ffa ve \u3042\u305f\u3057 daha spesifik kay\u0131tlar\u0131 ve kimlikleri iletir.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-859b37d18584f\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">\u79c1 sadece kad\u0131nlar taraf\u0131ndan m\u0131 kullan\u0131l\u0131r?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>Hay\u0131r. \u79c1, \u00f6zellikle kibar, profesyonel ve kamusal ortamlarda farkl\u0131 cinsiyetlerden insanlar taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131l\u0131r. G\u00fcnl\u00fck konu\u015fmada baz\u0131 konu\u015fmac\u0131lar ba\u015fka bi\u00e7imleri tercih eder.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-543e6fec59e0d\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">\u79c1, \u50d5 ve \u4ffa aras\u0131ndaki fark nedir?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>\u79c1 n\u00f6tr veya resmi; \u50d5 erkek \u00e7ocuklar ve erkekler aras\u0131nda yayg\u0131nd\u0131r ve daha yumu\u015fak bir izlenim verir; \u4ffa ise g\u00fcndelik, samimi ve iddial\u0131d\u0131r. Se\u00e7im ayr\u0131ca muhataba, ortama ve duru\u015fa ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-011875af9c946\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">\u3042\u306a\u305f, 'voc\u00ea' demek i\u00e7in resmi bir yol mu?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>Evrensel bir resmi zamir de\u011fildir. \u3042\u306a\u305f dilbilgisel olarak do\u011frudur, ancak do\u011frudan konu\u015fmada gereksiz, mesafeli veya vurgulu olabilir. \u0130sim art\u0131 \u3055\u3093, unvan veya atlama genellikle daha g\u00fcvenli alternatiflerdir.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-347d72e088905\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Japonca'da do\u011fal bir \u015fekilde 'sen' nas\u0131l denir?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>Referans a\u00e7\u0131k oldu\u011funda, atlay\u0131n. Ad\u0131n\u0131 biliyorsan\u0131z, \u3055\u3093 ile kullan\u0131n; uygun bir unvan varsa, o da i\u015fe yarar. Yabanc\u0131larla, \u3059\u307f\u307e\u305b\u3093, bir hitap tahmin etmeden ba\u015flaman\u0131za olanak tan\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-d076890ed61bb\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">\u5f7c e \u5f7c\u5973 sadece o ve o anlam\u0131na m\u0131 gelir?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>Hay\u0131r. \u5f7c, o veya erkek arkada\u015f anlam\u0131na gelebilir ve \u5f7c\u5973, o veya k\u0131z arkada\u015f anlam\u0131na gelebilir. Ba\u011flam anlam\u0131 netle\u015ftirir ve isimler, unvanlar veya atlamalar daha do\u011fal olabilir.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-7123075a07dc7\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Japonca'da 'n\u00f3s' ve 'voc\u00eas' nas\u0131l olu\u015fturulur?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>\u305f\u3061 ve \u3089 gruplara referans olu\u015fturur: \u79c1\u305f\u3061, \u50d5\u305f\u3061 veya \u50d5\u3089, \u4ffa\u305f\u3061 veya \u4ffa\u3089 ve \u3042\u306a\u305f\u305f\u3061. Grup, belirtilen ki\u015fi ve onunla ili\u015fkili olanlar\u0131 ifade edebilir.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-8f1f56eaf5687\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">Japoncada zamirler neden atlan\u0131r?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>\u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc konu\u015fmac\u0131lar ve konu, g\u00f6nderimi geri getirilebilir k\u0131lar. Zamir, kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015faretlemek, g\u00f6ndergeyi de\u011fi\u015ftirmek veya belirsizli\u011fi \u00f6nlemek gerekti\u011finde yeniden ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Japonca'da zamirleri anlay\u0131n ve ba\u011flama, formaliteye ve ki\u015filer aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiye g\u00f6re \u79c1, \u50d5, \u4ffa, \u3042\u306a\u305f, \u5f7c ve \u5f7c\u5973 aras\u0131ndan se\u00e7im yap\u0131n.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":23,"featured_media":1658,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[49,72,60],"tags":[2,3],"class_list":["post-1656","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-curso-de-japones-gratis","category-pronomes-em-japones","category-vocabulario-japones","tag-idioma-japones","tag-nihongo","resize-featured-image"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1656","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/23"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1656"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1656\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4455,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1656\/revisions\/4455"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1658"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1656"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1656"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1656"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}