{"id":1661,"date":"2009-11-03T04:41:50","date_gmt":"2009-11-03T06:41:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/?p=1661"},"modified":"2026-08-09T22:10:12","modified_gmt":"2026-08-10T01:10:12","slug":"japoncada-cumlelerin-oznesi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/tr\/sujeito-das-frases-em-japones\/","title":{"rendered":"Japonca'da \u00f6zne: nas\u0131l tan\u0131mlan\u0131r ve ne zaman atlan\u0131r"},"content":{"rendered":"

O Japonca'da \u00f6zne<\/strong> y\u00fcklemin bir iddiada bulundu\u011fu \u00f6\u011fedir. Bir eylemi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirebilir, bir durumu sunabilir veya bir \u00f6zellikle tan\u0131mlanabilir. Genellikle \u304c<\/strong>, ile birlikte g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr, ancak \u306f<\/strong> ile i\u015faretlenen konu ile \u00e7ak\u0131\u015fabilir veya ba\u011flam kimden bahsedildi\u011fini zaten a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belirtti\u011finde tamamen atlanabilir.<\/p>\n\n

Bu nedenle, sadece \u306f<\/strong> \u00f6\u011fesinden \u00f6nce bir kelime aramak g\u00fcvenli bir y\u00f6ntem de\u011fildir. \u00d6zneyi tan\u0131mlamak i\u00e7in y\u00fcklemi, par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131 ve konu\u015fmada payla\u015f\u0131lan bilgiyi g\u00f6zlemleyin.<\/p>\n\n

Japonca bir c\u00fcmlenin \u00f6znesi nedir?<\/h2>\n\n

\u00d6zne dilbilgisel bir i\u015flevdir. Basit bir c\u00fcmlede, y\u00fcklemin ifade etti\u011fi durum, \u00f6zellik veya olayla kimin veya neyin ili\u015fkili oldu\u011funu belirtir.<\/p>\n\n

\u732b\u304c\u7a93\u306e\u305d\u3070\u3067\u5bdd\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/strong>
\n\u306d\u3053\u304c \u307e\u3069\u306e \u305d\u3070\u3067 \u306d\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002
\nNeko ga mado no soba de nete imasu.<\/em>
\nKedi pencerenin yan\u0131nda uyuyor.<\/p>\n\n

Bu \u00f6rnekte, \u732b<\/strong> (kedi) \u5bdd\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059<\/strong> (uyuyor) eyleminin \u00f6znesidir ve \u304c<\/strong> bu ili\u015fkiyi g\u00f6sterir. Temel SOV d\u00fczeni, y\u00fcklemi sonda bulmaya yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur, ancak Japonca varyasyonlara ve atlamalara izin verir. Bu temeli g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irmek i\u00e7in Japonca kelime s\u0131ras\u0131<\/a>. rehberine bak\u0131n. NINJAL taraf\u0131ndan sa\u011flanan dilbilimsel bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, temel SOV d\u00fczenini ve ifade edilmemi\u015f arg\u00fcmanlar\u0131n olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klar<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n

\u00d6zne, eyleyen ve konu ayn\u0131 \u015fey de\u011fildir<\/h2>\n\n

\u00dc\u00e7 kavram s\u0131kl\u0131kla kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
Kavram<\/th>\u0130\u015flev<\/th>Yararl\u0131 soru<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
\u00d6zne<\/td>Y\u00fcklemin uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6\u011fe<\/td>Y\u00fcklem dilbilgisel olarak kimden veya neden bahsediyor?<\/td><\/tr>\n
Fail<\/td>Kim kas\u0131tl\u0131 bir eylem ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirir<\/td>Eylemi kim ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiriyor?<\/td><\/tr>\n
Konu<\/td>Yorum almak i\u00e7in sunulan konu<\/td>Ne hakk\u0131nda konu\u015fuyoruz?<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n

\u00d6zne her zaman bir fail de\u011fildir. \u96e8\u304c\u964d\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059<\/strong> (Ame ga futte imasu<\/em>, \u201cYa\u011fmur ya\u011f\u0131yor\u201d), \u96e8<\/strong> \u00f6znedir, ancak kas\u0131tl\u0131 bir eylem ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmez. Edilgen \u00e7at\u0131 gibi daha ileri yap\u0131larda, \u00f6zne bir eylemin etkilerini alan ki\u015fi olabilir; Japan Foundation bu rol de\u011fi\u015fimini edilgen c\u00fcmle \u00f6rnekleriyle g\u00f6sterir<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n

\u304c \u00f6zneyi belirlemeye nas\u0131l yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur<\/h2>\n\n

Yeni ba\u015flayanlar i\u00e7in, \u304c<\/strong> \u00f6zne i\u00e7in en do\u011frudan ipucudur. Bir bilgi sunuldu\u011funda, tan\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda veya odak olarak se\u00e7ildi\u011finde s\u0131kl\u0131kla g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n

\u7530\u4e2d\u3055\u3093\u304c\u6765\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/strong>
\n\u305f\u306a\u304b\u3055\u3093\u304c \u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002
\nTanaka-san ga kimashita.<\/em>
\nTanaka geldi.<\/p>\n\n

C\u00fcmle \u015fu soruyu yan\u0131tlayabilir: \u3060\u308c\u304c\u6765\u307e\u3057\u305f\u304b<\/strong> (Dare ga kimashita ka?<\/em>, \u201cKim geldi?\u201d). Yan\u0131t se\u00e7er \u7530\u4e2d\u3055\u3093<\/strong> aranan bilgi:<\/p>\n\n

\u7530\u4e2d\u3055\u3093\u304c\u6765\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/strong>
\nGelen Tanaka'yd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n

Bu, her \u304c<\/strong> olu\u015fumunun ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde \u00e7evrilebilece\u011fi anlam\u0131na gelmez. Par\u00e7ac\u0131k bir dilbilgisel ili\u015fkiyi i\u015faretler ve do\u011fal \u00e7eviri y\u00fckleme ve ba\u011flama ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Japonca'da par\u00e7ac\u0131klar<\/a> k\u0131lavuzu, en s\u0131k i\u015flevlere genel bir bak\u0131\u015f sunar.<\/p>\n\n

\u306f neden basit\u00e7e bir \u00f6zne par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011fildir<\/h2>\n\n

\u306f<\/strong>, par\u00e7ac\u0131k olarak i\u015flev g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde wa<\/em> olarak telaffuz edilir, konuyu i\u015faretler: sonraki yorum i\u00e7in konu olarak sunulan \u00f6\u011fe. Japan Foundation'\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 materyali Irodori, \u306f'y\u0131 konu i\u015faretleyicisi olarak tan\u0131mlar<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n

\u3053\u306e\u732b\u306f\u6bce\u671d\u65e9\u304f\u8d77\u304d\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/strong>
\n\u3053\u306e \u306d\u3053\u306f \u307e\u3044\u3042\u3055 \u306f\u3084\u304f \u304a\u304d\u307e\u3059\u3002
\nKono neko wa maiasa hayaku okimasu.<\/em>
\nBu kediye gelince, her sabah erken kalkar.<\/p>\n\n

Bu c\u00fcmlede, \u3053\u306e\u732b<\/strong> konudur ve ayn\u0131 zamanda \u201ckalkmak\u201d eyleminin \u00f6znesine anlamsal olarak kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelir. Bu \u00e7ak\u0131\u015fma yayg\u0131nd\u0131r, ancak \u306f<\/strong> evrensel bir \u00f6zne i\u015faretleyicisine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmez.<\/p>\n\n

Konu ve \u00f6znenin ayr\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bir durumu g\u00f6zlemleyin:<\/p>\n\n

\u79c1\u306f\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u304c\u597d\u304d\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/strong>
\n\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306f \u306b\u307b\u3093\u3054\u304c \u3059\u304d\u3067\u3059\u3002
\nWatashi wa nihongo ga suki desu.<\/em>
\nJaponcay\u0131 severim.<\/p>\n\n

\u79c1\u306f<\/strong> \u201cbana gelince'yi konu olarak belirler; yorum i\u00e7inde, \u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u304c\u597d\u304d\u3067\u3059<\/strong> be\u011fenilen \u015feyi sunar. Portekizce do\u011fal \u00e7eviri ili\u015fkiyi yeniden d\u00fczenler ve bu yap\u0131y\u0131 kelime kelime g\u00f6stermez. Par\u00e7ac\u0131klar aras\u0131ndaki s\u00f6ylemsel kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 derinle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in, \u306f ve \u304c'ya ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f makaleye bak\u0131n<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n

Quando o sujeito pode ser omitido<\/h2>\n\n

O japon\u00eas costuma omitir o sujeito e outros elementos quando eles j\u00e1 podem ser recuperados pela situa\u00e7\u00e3o ou pelas frases anteriores. Isso n\u00e3o significa que a frase esteja \u201csem sentido\u201d: a informa\u00e7\u00e3o continua impl\u00edcita.<\/p>\n\n

Her g\u00fcn Japonca \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorum.<\/strong>
\n\u307e\u3044\u306b\u3061\u3001\u306b\u307b\u3093\u3054\u3092 \u3079\u3093\u304d\u3087\u3046\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002
\nHer g\u00fcn Japonca \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorum.<\/em>
\nHer g\u00fcn Japonca \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorum.<\/p>\n\n

Se a conversa j\u00e1 \u00e9 sobre quem fala, n\u00e3o \u00e9 necess\u00e1rio repetir \u79c1\u306f<\/strong>. A pr\u00f3pria Japan Foundation observa, em um exemplo com V-\u3066\u3082\u3089\u3046<\/strong>, que \u79c1\u306f costuma ser omitido quando o sujeito \u00e9 recuper\u00e1vel<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n

A omiss\u00e3o \u00e9 adequada quando n\u00e3o cria ambiguidade. Se duas pessoas est\u00e3o sendo comparadas ou se o interlocutor pode interpretar outro sujeito, expresse o elemento necess\u00e1rio:<\/p>\n\n

\u79c1\u306f\u884c\u304d\u307e\u3059\u304c\u3001\u5c71\u7530\u3055\u3093\u306f\u884c\u304d\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002<\/strong>
\n\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306f \u3044\u304d\u307e\u3059\u304c\u3001\u3084\u307e\u3060\u3055\u3093\u306f \u3044\u304d\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002
\nWatashi wa ikimasu ga, Yamada-san wa ikimasen.<\/em>
\nEu vou, mas Yamada n\u00e3o vai.<\/p>\n\n

Um m\u00e9todo pr\u00e1tico para encontrar o sujeito<\/h2>\n\n
    \n
  1. Localize o predicado.<\/strong> Veja qual verbo, adjetivo ou express\u00e3o nominal encerra a ideia principal.<\/li>\n
  2. Procure \u304c.<\/strong> O elemento marcado por essa part\u00edcula \u00e9 frequentemente o sujeito expl\u00edcito.<\/li>\n
  3. Identifique o t\u00f3pico com \u306f.<\/strong> Pergunte se ele tamb\u00e9m participa do predicado ou apenas delimita o assunto.<\/li>\n
  4. Considere o contexto.<\/strong> O sujeito pode ter aparecido antes ou ser \u00f3bvio na situa\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/li>\n
  5. Evite traduzir part\u00edcula por part\u00edcula.<\/strong> Reconstrua a rela\u00e7\u00e3o completa em portugu\u00eas natural.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n

    Esse processo complementa o m\u00e9todo de Japonca c\u00fcmle olu\u015fturma y\u00f6ntemini<\/a> ve Japonca dilbilgisinin temelleri<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n

    Di\u00e1logo curto: sujeito expl\u00edcito e omitido<\/h2>\n\n

    A:<\/strong> \u3060\u308c\u304c\u3053\u306e\u30b1\u30fc\u30ad\u3092\u4f5c\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u304b\u3002
    \nDare ga kono k\u0113ki o tsukurimashita ka?<\/em>
    \nQuem fez este bolo?<\/p>\n\n

    B:<\/strong> \u4f50\u85e4\u3055\u3093\u304c\u4f5c\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002
    \nSat\u014d-san ga tsukurimashita.<\/em>
    \nSat\u014d fez.<\/p>\n\n

    A:<\/strong> \u6bce\u9031\u4f5c\u308a\u307e\u3059\u304b\u3002
    \nMaish\u016b tsukurimasu ka?<\/em>
    \n(Ela) faz toda semana?<\/p>\n\n

    B:<\/strong> \u306f\u3044\u3001\u4f5c\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002
    \nHai, tsukurimasu.<\/em>
    \nSim, faz.<\/p>\n\n

    Na primeira resposta, \u4f50\u85e4\u3055\u3093\u304c<\/strong> identifica quem fez o bolo. Depois que Sat\u014d se torna a refer\u00eancia compartilhada, o sujeito pode ser omitido. O guia sobre Japonca sorular<\/a> explica a forma\u00e7\u00e3o interrogativa usada no di\u00e1logo.<\/p>\n\n

    Yorumlu al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma<\/h2>\n\n

    Identifique o t\u00f3pico, o sujeito expl\u00edcito ou o sujeito omitido:<\/p>\n\n

      \n
    1. \u9ce5\u304c\u7a7a\u3092\u98db\u3093\u3067\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/strong> \u2014 \u9ce5<\/strong> \u00e9 o sujeito expl\u00edcito, marcado por \u304c.<\/li>\n
    2. \u3053\u306e\u753a\u306f\u51ac\u304c\u5bd2\u3044\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/strong> \u2014 \u3053\u306e\u753a<\/strong> \u00e9 o t\u00f3pico; \u51ac<\/strong> \u00e9 o elemento marcado por \u304c dentro do coment\u00e1rio.<\/li>\n
    3. \u6628\u65e5\u3001\u56f3\u66f8\u9928\u3078\u884c\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/strong> \u2014 o sujeito est\u00e1 omitido e precisa ser recuperado pelo contexto.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n

      A ideia principal \u00e9 simples: \u304c<\/strong> oferece uma pista forte de sujeito, \u306f<\/strong> estabelece o t\u00f3pico, e nenhum dos dois precisa aparecer quando o contexto j\u00e1 fornece a informa\u00e7\u00e3o. Identificar o predicado antes de procurar r\u00f3tulos torna a an\u00e1lise mais segura.<\/p>\n\n

      \n
      \n
      \n

      Japoncada \u00f6zneyi hangi par\u00e7ac\u0131k i\u015faretler?<\/h3>\n
      \n\n

      \u304c, \u00f6zellikle bilgi sunuldu\u011funda veya tan\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131k \u00f6zne i\u00e7in en do\u011frudan ipucudur. Ancak \u00f6zne, \u306f ile i\u015faretlenmi\u015f bir konuyla \u00e7ak\u0131\u015fabilir veya ba\u011flam onu netle\u015ftirdi\u011finde atlanabilir.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

      \n

      \u00d6zneyi i\u015faretleyebilir mi?<\/h3>\n
      \n\n

      \u306f konuyu i\u015faretler, ana i\u015flevi \u00f6zne de\u011fildir. Bir\u00e7ok c\u00fcmlede konu anlamsal olarak \u00f6zneye de kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelir, ancak konu ve \u00f6znenin farkl\u0131 \u00f6\u011feler oldu\u011fu yap\u0131lar da vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

      \n

      Japoncada \u00f6zne neden atlan\u0131r?<\/h3>\n
      \n\n

      Japonca, geri kazan\u0131labilir bilgileri tekrarlamaktan ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131r. Kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar ve konu konu\u015fmada zaten a\u00e7\u0131k oldu\u011funda, \u00f6zne anla\u015f\u0131lmay\u0131 bozmadan \u00f6rt\u00fck kalabilir.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

      \n

      \u00d6zne g\u00f6r\u00fcnmedi\u011finde eylemi kimin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 nas\u0131l anlar\u0131z?<\/h3>\n
      \n\n

      Ba\u011flam\u0131 kullan\u0131n: \u00f6nceki c\u00fcmlelere, duruma, bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131na ve olas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131klara dikkat edin. Birden fazla yorum h\u00e2l\u00e2 makul g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyorsa, tek ba\u015f\u0131na c\u00fcmle ger\u00e7ekten belirsiz olabilir.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

      \n

      \u00d6zne ve etken her zaman ayn\u0131 \u015fey midir?<\/h3>\n
      \n\n

      Hay\u0131r. Eyleyen, kas\u0131tl\u0131 bir eylem ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirirken, \u00f6zne dilbilgisel bir i\u015flevdir. \u00d6rne\u011fin do\u011fa olaylar\u0131nda ve edilgen c\u00fcmlelerde \u00f6zne, eyleyen olmayabilir.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      Japonca'da \u00f6znenin ne oldu\u011funu, konu ve eyleyenden nas\u0131l ay\u0131rt edilece\u011fini, \u304c ne zaman kullan\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00f6znenin neden atlanabilece\u011fini anlay\u0131n.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":23,"featured_media":287,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[49,70],"tags":[27,71,2,3],"class_list":["post-1661","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-curso-de-japones-gratis","category-gramatica-japonesa","tag-gramatica","tag-gramatica-japonesa","tag-idioma-japones","tag-nihongo","resize-featured-image"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1661","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/23"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1661"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1661\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4407,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1661\/revisions\/4407"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/287"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1661"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1661"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1661"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}