{"id":1091,"date":"2009-11-01T17:15:39","date_gmt":"2009-11-01T19:15:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/?p=1091"},"modified":"2026-08-08T20:23:53","modified_gmt":"2026-08-08T23:23:53","slug":"bang-chu-cai-tieng-nhat-gioi-thieu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/vi\/alfabeto-japones-introducao\/","title":{"rendered":"B\u1ea3ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt: c\u00e1ch ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a hiragana, katakana v\u00e0 kanji"},"content":{"rendered":"

C\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ea3ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt<\/strong> ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi ba h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft ch\u00ednh: hiragana<\/strong>, katakana<\/strong> e kanji<\/strong>. Ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi nhau. Trong c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n hi\u1ec7n nay, m\u1ed7i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 ba c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u.<\/p>\n\n

\u201cB\u1ea3ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt\u201d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. Hiragana v\u00e0 katakana l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 kana<\/em>, k\u00fd t\u1ef1, m\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho mora, \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb nh\u1ecbp \u0111i\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef. Kanji l\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u00fd t\u1ef1 c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh cho ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb.<\/p>\n\n

T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a Irodori, c\u1ee7a Japan Foundation<\/a>, gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kanji, hiragana, katakana v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 ch\u1eef Latinh trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. Trong h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd hi\u1ec3u ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f9ng nhau.<\/p>\n\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec t\u1ea1o n\u00ean b\u1ea3ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt?<\/h2>\n\n

M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft ba h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/th>Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh<\/th>V\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Hiragana<\/td>C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p, \u0111u\u00f4i t\u1eeb v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kanji<\/td>\u305f\u3079\u307e\u3059<\/td><\/tr>\n
Katakana<\/td>T\u1eeb vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n, t\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, t\u1eeb t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thanh v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/td>\u30b3\u30fc\u30d2\u30fc<\/td><\/tr>\n
Kanji<\/td>L\u00f5i c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eeb v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng<\/td>Ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n

S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i trong m\u1ecdi t\u1eeb. S\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00f9y theo t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng, phong c\u00e1ch, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh. \u0110i\u1ec3m c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i l\u00e0 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ba c\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp cho b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n\n

N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e2u v\u00e0 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n, h\u00e3y tham kh\u1ea3o c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/a>. \u0110\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a kana, xem th\u00eam ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n

Hiragana: n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng ng\u1eef \u00e2m v\u00e0 ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p<\/h2>\n\n

O hiragana<\/strong> \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho \u00e2m thanh c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt th\u00f4ng qua kana. N\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean trong c\u00e1c tr\u1ee3 t\u1eeb, \u0111u\u00f4i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb v\u00e0 t\u00ednh t\u1eeb, tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1eeb th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kanji.<\/p>\n\n

Trong d\u1ea1ng \u98df\u3079\u307e\u3059 (tabemasu<\/em>, \u201c\u0103n\u201d \u1edf m\u1ee9c l\u1ecbch s\u1ef1), kanji \u98df th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n l\u00f5i t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng, trong khi \u3079\u307e\u3059 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb. Ph\u1ea7n vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng hiragana n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 okurigana<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n

Hiragana c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 ra c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t kanji. Khi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh ho\u1eb7c ph\u00eda tr\u00ean k\u00fd t\u1ef1, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 furigana<\/em>. T\u00ednh n\u0103ng n\u00e0y ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y, v\u0103n b\u1ea3n cho kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3 tr\u1ebb, t\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1eeb c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc kh\u00f3 \u0111o\u00e1n.<\/p>\n\n

C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eeb ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1eb1ng hiragana, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ecdi v\u0103n b\u1ea3n h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kanji, c\u00e1c t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00e2m kh\u00f3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ranh gi\u1edbi th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u00e9m r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n

\u0110\u1ec3 tra c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u1ea1nh nhau, h\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea3ng hiragana v\u00e0 katakana<\/a>. N\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m b\u1ed9 \u00e2m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, c\u00e1c \u00e2m bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i, t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 quy t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n\n

Katakana: t\u1eeb m\u01b0\u1ee3n, t\u00ean ri\u00eang v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/h2>\n\n

O katakana<\/strong> th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u00e2m thanh c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 hiragana, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c. C\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ec3 c\u00e1c t\u1eeb t\u1eeb ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 \u30b3\u30fc\u30d2\u30fc (k\u014dh\u012b<\/em>, \u201cc\u00e0 ph\u00ea\u201d) v\u00e0 \u30c6\u30ec\u30d3 (terebi<\/em>, \u201ctruy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh\u201d).<\/p>\n\n

T\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phi\u00ean \u00e2m theo c\u00e1c \u00e2m c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n trong ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a t\u00ean c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thay th\u1ebf t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1eb1ng kanji. C\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft c\u1ea7n xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t \u00e2m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy \u01b0\u1edbc phi\u00ean \u00e2m.<\/p>\n\n

Katakana c\u0169ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong t\u1eeb t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thanh, t\u00ean khoa h\u1ecdc, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh. Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng, n\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ef1c quan t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 in nghi\u00eang ho\u1eb7c ch\u1eef in hoa, nh\u01b0ng so s\u00e1nh n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00fang: vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a v\u0103n b\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n\n

B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea3ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt<\/a> \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o c\u00e1c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn gi\u1eefa hiragana, katakana v\u00e0 kanji trong c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n\n

Kanji: c\u00e1c k\u00fd t\u1ef1 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb<\/h2>\n\n

C\u00e1c kanji<\/strong> l\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u00fd t\u1ef1 c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 th\u00edch nghi v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt. Ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 b\u1ea3ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i ng\u1eef \u00e2m v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh v\u1ebd bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb \u201csuy ngh\u0129\u201d. Trong m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb, kanji tham gia v\u00e0o h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 ngh\u0129a, c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea3 hai.<\/p>\n\n

C\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t k\u00fd t\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c nhau t\u00f9y theo t\u1eeb. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, \u65e5 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong \u65e5\u672c (Nihon<\/em>, \u201cNh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n\u201d), \u65e5\u66dc\u65e5 (nichiy\u014dbi<\/em>, \u201cCh\u1ee7 nh\u1eadt\u201d) v\u00e0 \u65e5 (hi<\/em>, \u201cng\u00e0y\u201d ho\u1eb7c \u201cm\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi\u201d, t\u00f9y theo ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh). Do \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc kanji ch\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ri\u00eang l\u1ebb th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00e9m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc ch\u00fang trong c\u00e1c t\u1eeb v\u00e0 c\u00e2u.<\/p>\n\n

Danh s\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a j\u014dy\u014d kanji<\/em> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o cho vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c k\u00fd t\u1ef1 trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00f3i chung, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t danh m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c kanji t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. C\u01a1 quan V\u0103n h\u00f3a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/a> hi\u1ec7n ghi nh\u1eadn 2.136 k\u00fd t\u1ef1 trong danh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y. Con s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 1.945, c\u00f3 trong phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n c\u0169 c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2010.<\/p>\n\n

\u0110\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u00fd ngh\u0129a, c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1edb m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng n\u1eafm v\u1eefng m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac, h\u00e3y ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c trong h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 kanji ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n

C\u00e1ch ba h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u<\/h2>\n\n

H\u00e3y quan s\u00e1t m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u ng\u1eafn:<\/p>\n\n

\u79c1\u306f\u30b3\u30fc\u30d2\u30fc\u3092\u98f2\u307f\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/strong>
\n\u0110\u1ecdc: \u308f\u305f\u3057\u306f\u30b3\u30fc\u30d2\u30fc\u3092\u306e\u307f\u307e\u3059\u3002
\nRomaji: Watashi wa k\u014dh\u012b o nomimasu.<\/em>
\nD\u1ecbch: T\u00f4i u\u1ed1ng c\u00e0 ph\u00ea.<\/p>\n\n