{"id":1083,"date":"2009-11-06T06:09:33","date_gmt":"2009-11-06T08:09:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/?p=1083"},"modified":"2026-08-08T21:12:07","modified_gmt":"2026-08-09T00:12:07","slug":"%e6%97%a5%e6%9c%ac%e5%ad%97%e6%af%8d%e8%b5%b7%e6%ba%90","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/zh\/alfabeto-japones-origem\/","title":{"rendered":"\u65e5\u6587\u5b57\u6bcd\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\uff1a\u6f22\u5b57\u3001\u5e73\u5047\u540d\u548c\u7247\u5047\u540d\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u7522\u751f\u7684"},"content":{"rendered":"

O chamado alfabeto japon\u00eas n\u00e3o surgiu de uma \u00fanica inven\u00e7\u00e3o nem apareceu pronto em um momento espec\u00edfico. A escrita usada hoje foi formada ao longo de s\u00e9culos: primeiro vieram os caracteres chineses, depois diferentes maneiras de adapt\u00e1-los ao japon\u00eas e, por fim, os sistemas de kana conhecidos como hiragana e katakana.<\/p>\n\n

Entender a \u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u6e90<\/strong> ajuda a perceber por que o idioma combina escritas diferentes. Esta hist\u00f3ria tamb\u00e9m corrige explica\u00e7\u00f5es simplificadas, como a ideia de que monges trouxeram sozinhos toda a escrita ao Jap\u00e3o ou de que o formato curvo do hiragana nasceu de uma suposta influ\u00eancia feminina.<\/p>\n\n<\/span>\n

Antes dos kana: quando o japon\u00eas come\u00e7ou a ser escrito<\/h2>\n\"\u65e5\u672c\u5b57\u6bcd\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\"\n\n

A l\u00edngua japonesa existia antes de possuir um sistema pr\u00f3prio de escrita. Os primeiros contatos com caracteres chineses ocorreram por meio de objetos vindos do continente asi\u00e1tico. Mais tarde, por volta do s\u00e9culo V, inscri\u00e7\u00f5es produzidas no arquip\u00e9lago j\u00e1 registravam nomes de pessoas e lugares com caracteres chineses.<\/p>\n\n

O dom\u00ednio da leitura e da escrita se ampliou sobretudo entre os s\u00e9culos VI e VII. Esse processo acompanhou rela\u00e7\u00f5es com a China e a pen\u00ednsula coreana, a circula\u00e7\u00e3o de pessoas e documentos e a incorpora\u00e7\u00e3o de conhecimentos ligados \u00e0 administra\u00e7\u00e3o, ao confucionismo e ao budismo. Portanto, os textos religiosos tiveram import\u00e2ncia, mas n\u00e3o explicam sozinhos a chegada e a difus\u00e3o da escrita.<\/p>\n\n

O panorama apresentado pelo \u570b\u7acb\u570b\u8a9e\u7814\u7a76\u6240<\/a> mostra essa passagem gradual: do contato com caracteres inscritos em objetos \u00e0 exist\u00eancia de grupos capazes de ler e escrever textos em chin\u00eas cl\u00e1ssico.<\/p>\n\n

Como os caracteres chineses foram adaptados ao japon\u00eas<\/h2>\n\n

Adotar os caracteres n\u00e3o resolvia tudo. Chin\u00eas e japon\u00eas possuem vocabul\u00e1rio, sons e estruturas gramaticais diferentes. Por isso, escrever em chin\u00eas e registrar a l\u00edngua japonesa eram tarefas relacionadas, mas n\u00e3o id\u00eanticas.<\/p>\n\n

Uma solu\u00e7\u00e3o foi desenvolver conven\u00e7\u00f5es para ler textos chineses em uma ordem compat\u00edvel com o japon\u00eas. Esse conjunto de pr\u00e1ticas est\u00e1 ligado \u00e0 tradi\u00e7\u00e3o do kanbun<\/em> e da leitura interpretativa conhecida como kundoku<\/em>. N\u00e3o se tratava simplesmente de trocar cada caractere por uma palavra japonesa: sinais, ordem de leitura e conhecimento gramatical ajudavam a reconstruir a frase.<\/p>\n\n

Outra solu\u00e7\u00e3o foi usar caracteres chineses pelo som, e n\u00e3o apenas pelo significado. Esse emprego fon\u00e9tico ficou conhecido como man\u2019y\u014dgana<\/strong> (\u4e07\u8449\u4eee\u540d). O nome remete ao Man\u2019y\u014dsh\u016b<\/em>, colet\u00e2nea de poemas compilada entre os s\u00e9culos VII e VIII, na qual os sons do japon\u00eas podiam ser representados somente com caracteres chineses.<\/p>\n\n

O man\u2019y\u014dgana n\u00e3o era um alfabeto simples: diferentes caracteres podiam representar o mesmo som. Ainda assim, ele foi decisivo porque demonstrou que era poss\u00edvel registrar elementos fon\u00e9ticos do japon\u00eas e abriu caminho para formas mais econ\u00f4micas de escrita. Para entender como essa hist\u00f3ria resultou no sistema misto atual, veja tamb\u00e9m a vis\u00e3o geral sobre hiragana, katakana e kanji<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n

Como surgiu o hiragana<\/h2>\n\n

O hiragana se desenvolveu a partir de formas cursivas de caracteres usados foneticamente. Com a escrita r\u00e1pida e cont\u00ednua, os tra\u00e7os foram sendo abreviados e estilizados at\u00e9 adquirirem formas reconhec\u00edveis como kana.<\/p>\n\n

\u9019\u500b\u904e\u7a0b\u4e0d\u61c9\u6b78\u56e0\u65bc\u55ae\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u3002\u6839\u64da \u570b\u7acb\u570b\u8a9e\u7814\u7a76\u6240<\/a>, \uff0c\u8b49\u64da\u6307\u5411\u4e5d\u4e16\u7d00\u7684\u96c6\u9ad4\u767c\u5c55\u3002\u5df2\u77e5\u6700\u65e9\u5e36\u6709\u5e73\u5047\u540d\u7684\u6587\u737b\u662f\u5728867\u5e74\u7531\u85e4\u539f\u5728\u654f\u6240\u5beb\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u8207\u5730\u65b9\u884c\u653f\u6709\u95dc\u7684\u4eba\u7269\u3002.<\/p>\n\n

\u5e73\u5047\u540d\u5f8c\u4f86\u8207\u5bae\u5ef7\u5973\u6027\u806f\u7e6b\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5973\u6027\u4f5c\u5bb6\u5728\u65e5\u8a18\u3001\u6558\u4e8b\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u91cd\u8981\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u5b83\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u53c3\u8207\u5c0d\u65e5\u672c\u6587\u5b78\u81f3\u95dc\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u4f46\u9019\u4e0d\u540c\u65bc\u8072\u7a31\u5973\u6027\u5275\u9020\u4e86\u5e73\u5047\u540d\u6216\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4e86\u5176\u5f4e\u66f2\u7684\u5916\u89c0\u3002\u5713\u6f64\u7684\u5f62\u72c0\u4e3b\u8981\u8207\u6e90\u982d\u6f22\u5b57\u7684\u8349\u66f8\u5beb\u6cd5\u6709\u95dc\u3002.<\/p>\n\n

\u5982\u4eca\uff0c\u60f3\u7814\u7a76\u73fe\u4ee3\u5b57\u5f62\u7684\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u67e5\u95b1 \u5e73\u5047\u540d\u548c\u7247\u5047\u540d\u8868<\/a>, \uff0c\u4e0d\u8981\u5c07\u73fe\u4ee3\u8868\u683c\u8207\u6b77\u53f2\u4e0a\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8b8a\u9ad4\u6df7\u6dc6\u3002.<\/p>\n\n

\u7247\u5047\u540d\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u51fa\u73fe\u7684<\/h2>\n\n

\u7247\u5047\u540d\u4e5f\u6e90\u65bc\u7528\u65bc\u8868\u793a\u8072\u97f3\u7684\u6f22\u5b57\u7684\u6539\u7de8\uff0c\u4f46\u8d70\u7684\u662f\u53e6\u4e00\u689d\u5716\u5f62\u8def\u5f91\u3002\u5728\u8a31\u591a\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u53ea\u5229\u7528\u4e86\u6f22\u5b57\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u7e2e\u5beb\u5728\u95b1\u8b80\u7b46\u8a18\u4e2d\u5f88\u6709\u7528\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5728\u4e2d\u6587\u6587\u672c\u7684\u9801\u908a\u7a7a\u767d\u8655\u3002.<\/p>\n\n

\u8207\u5e73\u5047\u540d\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u7247\u5047\u540d\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u7531\u55ae\u4e00\u767c\u660e\u8005\u5b8c\u6574\u5275\u9020\u7684\u3002\u8207\u95b1\u8b80\u4e2d\u6587\u6587\u672c\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u50e7\u4fb6\u548c\u5b78\u8005\u53c3\u8207\u4e86\u5176\u767c\u5c55\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u7a69\u5b9a\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5b57\u5f62\u6709\u6240\u8b8a\u5316\u3002 \u65e5\u672c\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a<\/a> \u7684\u5165\u9580\u6750\u6599\u5c07\u5e73\u5047\u540d\u548c\u7247\u5047\u540d\u7684\u5275\u9020\u7f6e\u65bc\u5e73\u5b89\u6642\u4ee3\u521d\u671f\uff0c\u4e26\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u5169\u8005\u90fd\u6e90\u81ea\u6f22\u5b57\u3002.<\/p>\n\n

\u7247\u5047\u540d\u7684\u7528\u9014\u4e5f\u96a8\u8457\u6642\u9593\u800c\u6539\u8b8a\u3002\u5b83\u5728\u501f\u8a5e\u3001\u5916\u570b\u4eba\u540d\u548c\u5716\u5f62\u6548\u679c\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u73fe\u4ee3\u529f\u80fd\u4e0d\u61c9\u81ea\u52d5\u6295\u5c04\u5230\u65e9\u671f\u5e7e\u500b\u4e16\u7d00\u3002\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u5c08\u9580\u7684\u9801\u9762\u4ecb\u7d39 \u7247\u5047\u540d\u7684\u73fe\u4ee3\u548c\u6b77\u53f2\u5b57\u5f62<\/a>, \uff0c\u61c9\u55ae\u7368\u7814\u7a76\u3002.<\/p>\n\n

\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u5047\u540d\u6c92\u6709\u53d6\u4ee3\u6f22\u5b57<\/h2>\n\n

\u5e73\u5047\u540d\u548c\u7247\u5047\u540d\u4fc3\u9032\u4e86\u8072\u97f3\u548c\u8a9e\u6cd5\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u8a18\u9304\uff0c\u4f46\u4e26\u672a\u62b9\u53bb\u9069\u61c9\u65e5\u8a9e\u7684\u6f22\u5b57\u3002\u9019\u4e09\u7a2e\u7cfb\u7d71\u958b\u59cb\u767c\u63ee\u4e92\u88dc\u529f\u80fd\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u7d44\u5408\u9010\u6f38\u978f\u56fa\uff0c\u6700\u7d42\u9054\u5230\u4e86\u6f22\u5b57\u548c\u5047\u540d\u6df7\u5408\u7684\u6587\u672c\u6a19\u6e96\u3002.<\/p>\n\n

\u6f22\u5b57\u6709\u52a9\u65bc\u5340\u5206\u610f\u7fa9\u55ae\u4f4d\u548c\u540c\u97f3\u8a5e\uff1b\u5e73\u5047\u540d\u8a18\u9304\u8a5e\u5f62\u8b8a\u5316\u3001\u52a9\u8a5e\u548c\u5404\u7a2e\u8a5e\u8a9e\uff1b\u7247\u5047\u540d\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u7368\u7279\u7684\u7528\u9014\uff0c\u5982\u501f\u8a5e\u548c\u5f37\u8abf\u3002\u95dc\u65bc \u4f55\u6642\u4f7f\u7528\u5e73\u5047\u540d\u3001\u7247\u5047\u540d\u548c\u6f22\u5b57<\/a> \u7684\u9801\u9762\u89e3\u91cb\u4e86\u9019\u4e9b\u73fe\u4ee3\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u800c \u6f22\u5b57\u6307\u5357<\/a> \u5247\u6df1\u5165\u63a2\u8a0e\u8b80\u97f3\u3001\u8a5e\u5f59\u548c\u5b78\u7fd2\u7b56\u7565\u3002.<\/p>\n\n

\u65e5\u8a9e\u66f8\u5beb\u7684\u6642\u9593\u7dda<\/h2>\n\n