{"id":1680,"date":"2009-11-03T04:51:12","date_gmt":"2009-11-03T06:51:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/?p=1680"},"modified":"2026-08-21T20:38:21","modified_gmt":"2026-08-21T23:38:21","slug":"%e6%97%a5%e8%af%ad%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e6%8c%87%e7%a4%ba%e4%bb%a3%e8%af%8d","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/zh_cn\/pronomes-demonstrativos-em-japones\/","title":{"rendered":"\u65e5\u8bed\u4e2d\u7684\u3053\u305d\u3042\u3069\u7cfb\u7edf\uff1a\u6307\u793a\u8bcd\u6307\u5357"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>O <strong>sistema kosoado em japon\u00eas<\/strong> organiza demonstrativos e palavras interrogativas em quatro s\u00e9ries: <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053<\/span> para o campo do falante, <span lang=\"ja\">\u305d<\/span> para o campo do ouvinte ou uma refer\u00eancia retomada, <span lang=\"ja\">\u3042<\/span> para algo distante e <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069<\/span> para perguntas. Depois de entender essa l\u00f3gica, fica mais f\u00e1cil escolher entre <span lang=\"ja\">\u8fd9\u4e2a<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">\u8fd9\u4e2a<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3053<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3061\u3089<\/span> e outras palavras da mesma fam\u00edlia.<\/p>\n\n<p>Embora muitas explica\u00e7\u00f5es chamem todo o conjunto de \u201cpronomes demonstrativos\u201d, as palavras n\u00e3o t\u00eam a mesma fun\u00e7\u00e3o. <span lang=\"ja\">\u8fd9\u4e2a<\/span> pode ocupar sozinho o lugar de uma coisa; <span lang=\"ja\">\u8fd9\u4e2a<\/span> precisa vir antes de um substantivo; <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3053<\/span> aponta um lugar. Este guia mostra as diferen\u00e7as com tabelas, exemplos, di\u00e1logo e exerc\u00edcios.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Resumo do sistema kosoado<\/h2>\n\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr><th>\u529f\u80fd<\/th><th>S\u00e9rie \u3053<\/th><th>S\u00e9rie \u305d<\/th><th>S\u00e9rie \u3042<\/th><th>S\u00e9rie \u3069<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td>Coisas<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u8fd9\u4e2a<\/span><br \/><em>kore\u7b80\u4f53\u4e2d\u6587\uff08\u5927\u9646\uff09<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u90a3\u4e2a<\/span><br \/><em>sore<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u308c<\/span><br \/><em>are<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u54ea\u4e2a<\/span><br \/><em>dore<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Antes de substantivo<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u8fd9\u4e2a<\/span><br \/><em>kono<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u90a3\u4e2a<\/span><br \/><em>sono<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u90a3\u4e2a<\/span><br \/><em>ano<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u54ea\u4e2a<\/span><br \/><em>dono<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Lugares<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3053<\/span><br \/><em>koko<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u3053<\/span><br \/><em>soko<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u90a3\u91cc<\/span><br \/><em>asoko<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u3053<\/span><br \/><em>doko<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Dire\u00e7\u00e3o ou forma cort\u00eas<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3061\u3089<\/span><br \/><em>kochira<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u3061\u3089<\/span><br \/><em>sochira<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u3061\u3089<\/span><br \/><em>achira<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u3061\u3089<\/span><br \/><em>dochira<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Tipo ou caracter\u00edstica<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u8fd9\u6837\u7684<\/span><br \/><em>konna<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u90a3<\/span><br \/><em>sonna<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u90a3\u4e2a<\/span><br \/><em>\u5b89\u5a1c<\/em><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684<\/span><br \/><em>\u5510\u5a1c<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<p>O <a href=\"https:\/\/a1.marugotoweb.jp\/en\/appendix_03.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">quadro de demonstrativos do Marugoto, da Japan Foundation<\/a>, re\u00fane as fam\u00edlias de coisas, lugares, dire\u00e7\u00e3o e modifica\u00e7\u00e3o de substantivos. A <a href=\"https:\/\/www.coelang.tufs.ac.jp\/mt\/ja\/gmod\/courses\/c01\/lesson04\/step4\/card\/014.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Tokyo University of Foreign Studies tamb\u00e9m apresenta a correspond\u00eancia entre \u3053\u308c, \u3053\u3053, \u3053\u306e e suas s\u00e9ries<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<p>Essas palavras aparecem desde o n\u00edvel iniciante e se combinam com estruturas b\u00e1sicas de <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/zh_cn\/%e6%97%a5%e8%af%ad%e5%9f%ba%e7%a1%80%e8%af%ad%e6%b3%95\/\">\u65e5\u8bed\u8bed\u6cd5<\/a>. Para ler os exemplos como frases completas, tamb\u00e9m ajuda reconhecer o papel das <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/zh_cn\/%e6%97%a5%e8%af%ad%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%9f%ba%e6%9c%ac%e7%b2%92%e5%ad%90\/\">\u306f\u3001\u304c\u3001\u3092\u3001\u306b\u3001\u3067 \u52a9\u8bcd\u6307\u5357<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Como escolher entre \u3053, \u305d, \u3042 e \u3069<\/h2>\n\n<p>A escolha n\u00e3o depende apenas de uma tradu\u00e7\u00e3o fixa como \u201cisto\u201d, \u201cisso\u201d ou \u201caquilo\u201d. Ela depende da rela\u00e7\u00e3o entre o referente, o falante e o ouvinte.<\/p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>S\u00e9rie \u3053:<\/strong> aponta algo no campo do falante ou percebido como pr\u00f3ximo dele.<\/li>\n<li><strong>S\u00e9rie \u305d:<\/strong> aponta algo no campo do ouvinte. Na conversa, tamb\u00e9m pode retomar uma informa\u00e7\u00e3o que o interlocutor acabou de mencionar.<\/li>\n<li><strong>S\u00e9rie \u3042:<\/strong> aponta algo distante dos dois. Em usos de mem\u00f3ria, pode remeter a algo que falante e ouvinte reconhecem como compartilhado.<\/li>\n<li><strong>S\u00e9rie \u3069:<\/strong> pergunta qual coisa, lugar, dire\u00e7\u00e3o, pessoa ou tipo est\u00e1 em quest\u00e3o.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>Quando falante e ouvinte est\u00e3o lado a lado, a s\u00e9rie <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053<\/span> cobre o que est\u00e1 perto dos dois, <span lang=\"ja\">\u305d<\/span> pode indicar uma zona intermedi\u00e1ria e <span lang=\"ja\">\u3042<\/span> aponta a zona distante. Quando est\u00e3o frente a frente, <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053<\/span> tende a marcar o lado do falante, <span lang=\"ja\">\u305d<\/span> o lado do ouvinte e <span lang=\"ja\">\u3042<\/span> o que est\u00e1 longe de ambos. Essa distin\u00e7\u00e3o espacial \u00e9 explicada no <a href=\"https:\/\/www.coelang.tufs.ac.jp\/mt\/ja\/gmod\/contents\/explanation\/011.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">m\u00f3dulo oficial da TUFS sobre \u3053\u308c, \u305d\u308c e \u3042\u308c<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<h2>\u3053\u308c, \u305d\u308c, \u3042\u308c e \u3069\u308c: demonstrar coisas<\/h2>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">\u8fd9\u4e2a<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">\u90a3\u4e2a<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u308c<\/span> e <span lang=\"ja\">\u54ea\u4e2a<\/span> apontam coisas sem precisar repetir o substantivo. Por isso, podem aparecer diretamente com uma part\u00edcula ou com <span lang=\"ja\">\u3067\u3059<\/span>.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c\u306f\u4f55\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>\u8fd9\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f.<\/em><br \/>\n\u8fd9\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u308c\u306f\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306e\u8f9e\u66f8\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Sore wa nihongo no jisho desu.<\/em><br \/>\nIsso \u00e9 um dicion\u00e1rio de japon\u00eas.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u308c\u306f\u99c5\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Are wa eki desu.<\/em><br \/>\nAquilo \u00e9 a esta\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u7530\u4e2d\u3055\u3093\u306e\u5098\u306f\u3069\u308c\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Tanaka-san no kasa wa dore desu ka.<\/em><br \/>\nQual \u00e9 o guarda-chuva de Tanaka?<\/p>\n\n<p>\u5728\u5e26\u6709 <span lang=\"ja\">\u4f55<\/span>, a leitura muda conforme o que vem depois. O guia sobre <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/zh_cn\/%e4%bd%95%e6%97%b6%e4%bd%bf%e7%94%a8nan%e6%88%96nani\/\">quando usar <span lang=\"ja\">\u306a\u3093<\/span> \u6216 <span lang=\"ja\">\u306a\u306b<\/span><\/a> explica por que <span lang=\"ja\">\u4f55\u3067\u3059\u304b<\/span> \u00e9 lido <em>nan desu ka<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n<p>Se voc\u00ea quiser praticar especificamente o contraste espacial desse trio, veja tamb\u00e9m a li\u00e7\u00e3o curta sobre <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/zh_cn\/kore-sore-are-%e3%81%93%e3%82%8c-%e3%81%9d%e3%82%8c-%e3%81%82%e3%82%8c\/\"><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c\u30fb\u305d\u308c\u30fb\u3042\u308c<\/span><\/a>. Aqui, o objetivo \u00e9 entender o sistema completo e comparar fam\u00edlias com fun\u00e7\u00f5es diferentes.<\/p>\n\n<h2>\u3053\u306e, \u305d\u306e, \u3042\u306e e \u3069\u306e: apontar um substantivo<\/h2>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">\u8fd9\u4e2a<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">\u90a3\u4e2a<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">\u90a3\u4e2a<\/span> e <span lang=\"ja\">\u54ea\u4e2a<\/span> n\u00e3o substituem o substantivo: elas v\u00eam imediatamente antes dele. A <a href=\"https:\/\/www.coelang.tufs.ac.jp\/mt\/ja\/gmod\/contents\/explanation\/013.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">TUFS classifica a constru\u00e7\u00e3o como <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306eN\uff0f\u305d\u306eN\uff0f\u3042\u306eN<\/span><\/a>, em que <span lang=\"ja\">N<\/span> representa o nome indicado.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e\u672c\u306f\u304a\u3082\u3057\u308d\u3044\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Kono hon wa omoshiroi desu.<\/em><br \/>\n\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u5f88\u6709\u8da3\u3002.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u306e\u304b\u3070\u3093\u306f\u79c1\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Sono kaban wa watashi no desu.<\/em><br \/>\nEssa bolsa \u00e9 minha.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u306e\u4eba\u306f\u5c71\u7530\u5148\u751f\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Ano hito wa Yamada-sensei desu.<\/em><br \/>\nAquela pessoa \u00e9 o professor Yamada.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u306e\u96fb\u8eca\u304c\u6771\u4eac\u3078\u884c\u304d\u307e\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Dono densha ga T\u014dky\u014d e ikimasu ka.<\/em><br \/>\nQual trem vai para T\u00f3quio?<\/p>\n\n<p>A diferen\u00e7a essencial \u00e9 sint\u00e1tica:<\/p>\n\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr><th>\u5f62\u5f0f<\/th><th>Correta<\/th><th>Incorreta<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td>Substitui a coisa<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c\u306f\u672c\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e\u306f\u672c\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Vem antes do nome<\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e\u672c\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/td><td><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c\u672c\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<p>Para pessoas, prefira uma express\u00e3o com substantivo, como <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e\u4eba<\/span> (\u201cesta pessoa\u201d) ou a forma respeitosa <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e\u65b9<\/span>. Usar <span lang=\"ja\">\u8fd9\u4e2a<\/span> para apontar uma pessoa normalmente soa inadequado.<\/p>\n\n<!--Ads10-->\n\n<h2>\u3053\u3053, \u305d\u3053, \u3042\u305d\u3053 e \u3069\u3053: demonstrar lugares<\/h2>\n\n<p>A fam\u00edlia <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3053\u30fb\u305d\u3053\u30fb\u3042\u305d\u3053\u30fb\u3069\u3053<\/span> aponta lugares. Ela segue a mesma divis\u00e3o espacial das outras s\u00e9ries.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3059\u307f\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3001\u30c8\u30a4\u30ec\u306f\u3069\u3053\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Sumimasen, toire wa doko desu ka.<\/em><br \/>\nCom licen\u00e7a, onde fica o banheiro?<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u30c8\u30a4\u30ec\u306f\u3042\u305d\u3053\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Toire wa asoko desu.<\/em><br \/>\nO banheiro fica l\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3053\u306b\u5ea7\u3063\u3066\u3082\u3044\u3044\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Koko ni suwatte mo ii desu ka.<\/em><br \/>\nPosso me sentar aqui?<\/p>\n\n<p>\u8bf7\u6ce8\u610f <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3053<\/span> pode ser o tema em <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3053\u306f\u6559\u5ba4\u3067\u3059<\/span> (\u201caqui \u00e9 a sala de aula\u201d) ou receber a part\u00edcula de localiza\u00e7\u00e3o em <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3053\u306b\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059<\/span> (\u201cest\u00e1 aqui\u201d). Isso mostra por que \u00e9 melhor compreender a fun\u00e7\u00e3o das part\u00edculas do que decorar uma tradu\u00e7\u00e3o isolada.<\/p>\n\n<p>Para mais exemplos s\u00f3 com lugares, consulte a li\u00e7\u00e3o sobre <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/zh_cn\/%e8%bf%99%e9%87%8c%e9%82%a3%e9%87%8c%e9%82%a3%e9%87%8c\/\"><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3053\u30fb\u305d\u3053\u30fb\u3042\u305d\u3053<\/span><\/a>. A <a href=\"https:\/\/www.coelang.tufs.ac.jp\/mt\/ja\/gmod\/courses\/c02\/lesson07\/step2\/explanation\/012.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">explica\u00e7\u00e3o da TUFS sobre essa fam\u00edlia<\/a> confirma a divis\u00e3o entre a \u00e1rea do falante, a do ouvinte e a regi\u00e3o distante dos dois.<\/p>\n\n<h2>\u3053\u3061\u3089, \u305d\u3061\u3089, \u3042\u3061\u3089 e \u3069\u3061\u3089: dire\u00e7\u00e3o e cortesia<\/h2>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3061\u3089<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u3061\u3089<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u3061\u3089<\/span> e <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u3061\u3089<\/span> podem indicar dire\u00e7\u00e3o ou lado. Em atendimento e outras situa\u00e7\u00f5es polidas, tamb\u00e9m servem como formas mais corteses para \u201caqui\u201d, \u201ca\u00ed\u201d, \u201cl\u00e1\u201d e \u201conde\u201d. Dependendo do contexto, <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u3061\u3089<\/span> ainda pode perguntar \u201cqual dos dois\u201d ou, com respeito, \u201cquem\u201d.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u53d7\u4ed8\u306f\u3053\u3061\u3089\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Uketsuke wa kochira desu.<\/em><br \/>\nA recep\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 por aqui.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u30a8\u30ec\u30d9\u30fc\u30bf\u30fc\u306f\u3042\u3061\u3089\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Ereb\u0113t\u0101 wa achira desu.<\/em><br \/>\nO elevador fica por ali.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3054\u51fa\u8eab\u306f\u3069\u3061\u3089\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Goshusshin wa dochira desu ka.<\/em><br \/>\nDe onde voc\u00ea \u00e9?<\/p>\n\n<p>N\u00e3o traduza <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u3061\u3089<\/span> sempre da mesma maneira. Em <span lang=\"ja\">\u30b3\u30fc\u30d2\u30fc\u3068\u304a\u8336\u3068\u3001\u3069\u3061\u3089\u304c\u3044\u3044\u3067\u3059\u304b<\/span>, a pergunta \u00e9 \u201cqual dos dois voc\u00ea prefere?\u201d. Em <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u3061\u3089\u3055\u307e\u3067\u3059\u304b<\/span>, pergunta-se respeitosamente quem \u00e9 a pessoa.<\/p>\n\n<h2>\u3053\u3093\u306a, \u305d\u3093\u306a, \u3042\u3093\u306a e \u3069\u3093\u306a: tipo ou caracter\u00edstica<\/h2>\n\n<p>Essa fam\u00edlia descreve \u201calgo deste tipo\u201d, \u201cdesse tipo\u201d, \u201cdaquele tipo\u201d ou pergunta \u201cque tipo de\u201d. Normalmente aparece antes de um substantivo e se refere a caracter\u00edsticas, modo ou classe, n\u00e3o apenas \u00e0 dist\u00e2ncia f\u00edsica.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3093\u306a\u672c\u3092\u63a2\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Konna hon o sagashite imasu.<\/em><br \/>\nEstou procurando um livro deste tipo.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u3093\u306a\u3053\u3068\u306f\u8a00\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Sonna koto wa itte imasen.<\/em><br \/>\nEu n\u00e3o disse uma coisa dessas.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u3093\u306a\u5e97\u306b\u306f\u884c\u304d\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Anna mise ni wa ikimasen.<\/em><br \/>\nN\u00e3o vou a uma loja como aquela.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u3093\u306a\u97f3\u697d\u304c\u597d\u304d\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Donna ongaku ga suki desu ka.<\/em><br \/>\nDe que tipo de m\u00fasica voc\u00ea gosta?<\/p>\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\">\u54ea\u4e2a<\/span> e <span lang=\"ja\">\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684<\/span> fazem perguntas diferentes. <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u306e\u672c<\/span> pede que voc\u00ea identifique qual livro entre op\u00e7\u00f5es; <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u3093\u306a\u672c<\/span> pergunta o tipo ou as caracter\u00edsticas do livro.<\/p>\n\n<h2>O uso de \u305d\u308c e \u3042\u306e em uma conversa<\/h2>\n\n<p>As s\u00e9ries tamb\u00e9m organizam refer\u00eancias no discurso. Quando o interlocutor apresenta uma informa\u00e7\u00e3o, <span lang=\"ja\">\u90a3\u4e2a<\/span> \u6216 <span lang=\"ja\">\u90a3\u4e2a<\/span> frequentemente a retoma:<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>A\uff1a<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u6765\u9031\u3001\u8a66\u9a13\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n<em>Raish\u016b, shiken ga arimasu.<\/em><br \/>\nNa pr\u00f3xima semana, haver\u00e1 uma prova.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>B\uff1a<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u308c\u306f\u5927\u5909\u3067\u3059\u306d\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n<em>Sore wa taihen desu ne.<\/em><br \/>\nIsso \u00e9 complicado, n\u00e3o \u00e9?<\/p>\n\n<p>Quando os dois reconhecem uma lembran\u00e7a ou refer\u00eancia compartilhada, a s\u00e9rie <span lang=\"ja\">\u3042<\/span> pode soar natural:<\/p>\n\n<p><strong><span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u306e\u5e97\u3092\u899a\u3048\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Ano mise o oboete imasu ka.<\/em><br \/>\nVoc\u00ea se lembra daquela loja?<\/p>\n\n<p>Esses usos dependem do que falante e ouvinte consideram acess\u00edvel na conversa. Para iniciantes, a regra espacial \u00e9 o primeiro passo; depois, observe como o contexto cria proximidade informacional.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Di\u00e1logo em uma loja<\/h2>\n\n<p><strong>Cliente:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u3059\u307f\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3001\u3053\u306e\u6642\u8a08\u306f\u3044\u304f\u3089\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n<em>Sumimasen, kono tokei wa ikura desu ka.<\/em><br \/>\nCom licen\u00e7a, quanto custa este rel\u00f3gio?<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Atendente:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u308c\u306f\u4e09\u5343\u5186\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n<em>Sore wa sanzen-en desu.<\/em><br \/>\nEsse custa 3.000 ienes.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Cliente:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u306e\u9ed2\u3044\u6642\u8a08\u306f\u3069\u3046\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n<em>Ano kuroi tokei wa d\u014d desu ka.<\/em><br \/>\nE aquele rel\u00f3gio preto?<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Atendente:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u308c\u306f\u4e94\u5343\u5186\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n<em>Are wa gosen-en desu.<\/em><br \/>\nAquele custa 5.000 ienes.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Cliente:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069\u3061\u3089\u304c\u4eba\u6c17\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n<em>Dochira ga ninki desu ka.<\/em><br \/>\nQual dos dois \u00e9 mais popular?<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Atendente:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3061\u3089\u306e\u6642\u8a08\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><br \/>\n<em>Kochira no tokei desu.<\/em><br \/>\n\u00c9 este rel\u00f3gio aqui.<\/p>\n\n<p>O di\u00e1logo alterna uma forma que acompanha o nome (<span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e\u6642\u8a08<\/span>) e outra que o substitui (<span lang=\"ja\">\u90a3\u4e2a<\/span>). Essa altern\u00e2ncia \u00e9 comum porque evita repetir o mesmo substantivo. O guia sobre <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/zh_cn\/%e5%a6%82%e4%bd%95%e7%94%a8%e6%97%a5%e8%af%ad%e9%80%a0%e5%8f%a5\/\">\u5982\u4f55\u7528\u65e5\u8bed\u9020\u53e5<\/a> ajuda a analisar a ordem e os elementos omitidos pelo contexto.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Erros comuns com os demonstrativos<\/h2>\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u653e\u7f6e <span lang=\"ja\">\u8fd9\u4e2a<\/span> antes de um nome:<\/strong> \u8bf4 <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e\u672c<\/span>, \uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c\u672c<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u4f7f\u7528 <span lang=\"ja\">\u8fd9\u4e2a<\/span> sozinho:<\/strong> se n\u00e3o houver substantivo, use <span lang=\"ja\">\u8fd9\u4e2a<\/span> ou recupere o nome pelo contexto com outra estrutura.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Traduzir apenas por isto, isso e aquilo:<\/strong> considere a posi\u00e7\u00e3o do falante, do ouvinte e a refer\u00eancia na conversa.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Confundir <span lang=\"ja\">\u54ea\u4e2a<\/span> e <span lang=\"ja\">\u54ea\u4e2a<\/span>:<\/strong> <span lang=\"ja\">\u54ea\u4e2a<\/span> aparece sozinho; <span lang=\"ja\">\u54ea\u4e2a<\/span> exige um substantivo.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Confundir <span lang=\"ja\">\u54ea\u4e2a<\/span> e <span lang=\"ja\">\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684<\/span>:<\/strong> o primeiro identifica uma op\u00e7\u00e3o; o segundo pergunta o tipo ou a caracter\u00edstica.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u4f7f\u7528 <span lang=\"ja\">\u8fd9\u4e2a<\/span> para pessoas:<\/strong> \u5728\u793c\u8c8c\u8bed\u4f53\u4e2d\u5e94\u4f18\u5148\u4f7f\u7528 <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e\u4eba<\/span>, <span lang=\"ja\">\u305d\u306e\u4eba<\/span> ou formas corteses com <span lang=\"ja\">\u65b9<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u5c06 <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3061\u3089<\/span> apenas como \u201caqui\u201d:<\/strong> ela pode indicar dire\u00e7\u00e3o, pessoa, lado ou uma de duas op\u00e7\u00f5es, conforme o contexto.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2>\u7ec3\u4e60<\/h2>\n\n<ol>\n<li>Voc\u00ea segura um livro. Complete: <span lang=\"ja\">\uff08\u3000\uff09\u306f\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306e\u672c\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/li>\n<li>O livro est\u00e1 perto do ouvinte. Complete: <span lang=\"ja\">\uff08\u3000\uff09\u672c\u306f\u3060\u308c\u306e\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Pergunte \u201cQual \u00e9 o seu guarda-chuva?\u201d sem repetir o substantivo na resposta esperada.<\/li>\n<li>Pergunte onde fica a esta\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/li>\n<li>Complete com a palavra que pergunta o tipo: <span lang=\"ja\">\uff08\u3000\uff09\u6620\u753b\u304c\u597d\u304d\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Corrija a frase: <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c\u304b\u3070\u3093\u306f\u79c1\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<p><strong>\u7b54\u6848\uff1a<\/strong> 1. <span lang=\"ja\">\u8fd9\u4e2a<\/span>; 2. <span lang=\"ja\">\u90a3\u4e2a<\/span>; 3. <span lang=\"ja\">\u3042\u306a\u305f\u306e\u5098\u306f\u3069\u308c\u3067\u3059\u304b<\/span>; 4. <span lang=\"ja\">\u99c5\u306f\u3069\u3053\u3067\u3059\u304b<\/span>; 5. <span lang=\"ja\">\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684<\/span>; 6. <span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e\u304b\u3070\u3093\u306f\u79c1\u306e\u3067\u3059<\/span>.<\/p>\n\n<h2>\u603b\u7ed3<\/h2>\n\n<ul>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053<\/span> se relaciona ao campo do falante; <span lang=\"ja\">\u305d<\/span>, ao do ouvinte ou a uma retomada; <span lang=\"ja\">\u3042<\/span>, ao que est\u00e1 distante ou compartilhado na mem\u00f3ria; <span lang=\"ja\">\u3069<\/span> forma perguntas.<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u308c\u30fb\u305d\u308c\u30fb\u3042\u308c\u30fb\u3069\u308c<\/span> apontam coisas e podem aparecer sem substantivo.<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u306e\u30fb\u305d\u306e\u30fb\u3042\u306e\u30fb\u3069\u306e<\/span> precisam vir antes de um substantivo.<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3053\u30fb\u305d\u3053\u30fb\u3042\u305d\u3053\u30fb\u3069\u3053<\/span> apontam lugares.<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3061\u3089\u30fb\u305d\u3061\u3089\u30fb\u3042\u3061\u3089\u30fb\u3069\u3061\u3089<\/span> indicam dire\u00e7\u00e3o, lado e formas corteses.<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ja\">\u3053\u3093\u306a\u30fb\u305d\u3093\u306a\u30fb\u3042\u3093\u306a\u30fb\u3069\u3093\u306a<\/span> descrevem ou perguntam tipo e caracter\u00edstica.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>Em vez de memorizar cinco listas separadas, use duas perguntas: \u201cqual \u00e9 a fun\u00e7\u00e3o desta palavra?\u201d e \u201cde qual campo ou refer\u00eancia estou falando?\u201d. Depois, aplique a resposta \u00e0 <a href=\"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/zh_cn\/%e6%97%a5%e8%af%ad%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e8%af%8d%e5%ba%8f\/\">\u65e5\u8bed\u8bed\u5e8f<\/a> e \u00e0s part\u00edculas exigidas pela frase.<\/p>\n\n<div id=\"rank-math-faq\" class=\"rank-math-block\">\n<div class=\"rank-math-list\">\n<div id=\"faq-question-5707ee28724f8\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">\u65e5\u8bed\u4e2d\u7684\u3053\u305d\u3042\u3069\u7cfb\u7edf\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>\u8fd9\u662f\u7531\u3053\u3001\u305d\u3001\u3042\u548c\u3069\u7cfb\u5217\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u6307\u793a\u8bcd\u548c\u7591\u95ee\u8bcd\u7684\u96c6\u5408\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u8868\u793a\u6240\u6307\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e0e\u8bf4\u8bdd\u8005\u3001\u542c\u8bdd\u8005\u3001\u8ddd\u79bb\u4ee5\u53ca\u7591\u95ee\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-82212807ae2b8\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">\u3053\u308c\u548c\u3053\u306e\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u533a\u522b\uff1f<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>\u3053\u308c \u66ff\u4ee3\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u5e26\u540d\u8bcd\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u5982 \u3053\u308c\u306f\u672c\u3067\u3059\u3002\u3053\u306e \u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u540d\u8bcd\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5982 \u3053\u306e\u672c\u3067\u3059\u3002.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-2e464e1b5dbfb\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">\u305d\u308c\u548c\u3042\u308c\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u533a\u522b\uff1f<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>\u305d\u308c \u6307\u4ee3\u542c\u8bdd\u4eba\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\u7684\u67d0\u7269\uff0c\u6216\u56de\u6307\u542c\u8bdd\u4eba\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u67d0\u4e2a\u53c2\u7167\u3002\u3042\u308c \u6307\u4ee3\u8fdc\u79bb\u8bf4\u8bdd\u4eba\u548c\u542c\u8bdd\u4eba\u7684\u67d0\u7269\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u6307\u4ee3\u4e00\u4e2a\u5171\u4eab\u7684\u53c2\u7167\u3002.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-8eb6417e96787\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">\u3069\u308c\u548c\u3069\u306e\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u533a\u522b\uff1f<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>\u3069\u308c \u610f\u4e3a\u2018\u54ea\u4e2a\u2019\uff0c\u5355\u72ec\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u540e\u9762\u4e0d\u63a5\u540d\u8bcd\u3002\u3069\u306e \u4e5f\u8be2\u95ee\u2018\u54ea\u4e2a\u2019\uff0c\u4f46\u5fc5\u987b\u653e\u5728\u540d\u8bcd\u524d\u9762\uff0c\u5982 \u3069\u306e\u672c\uff0c\u5373\u2018\u54ea\u672c\u4e66\u2019\u3002.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-8d5a831235a7e\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528\u3053\u3053\u3001\u305d\u3053\u3001\u3042\u305d\u3053\u548c\u3069\u3053\uff1f<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528\u3053\u3053\u8868\u793a\u8bf4\u8bdd\u4eba\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u305d\u3053\u8868\u793a\u542c\u8bdd\u4eba\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u3042\u305d\u3053\u8868\u793a\u79bb\u4e24\u8005\u90fd\u8fdc\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u3069\u3053\u7528\u4e8e\u8be2\u95ee\u5730\u70b9\u3002.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-d0e23b0307f1d\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">\u3053\u3061\u3089\u3001\u305d\u3061\u3089\u3001\u3042\u3061\u3089 \u548c \u3069\u3061\u3089 \u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u610f\u601d\uff1f<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>\u5b83\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u8868\u793a\u65b9\u5411\u6216\u4fa7\u9762\uff0c\u5e76\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8fd9\u91cc\u3001\u90a3\u91cc\u3001\u90a3\u8fb9\u548c\u54ea\u91cc\u7684\u793c\u8c8c\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u6839\u636e\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\uff0c\u3069\u3061\u3089\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8be2\u95ee\u4e24\u8005\u4e2d\u7684\u54ea\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u8c01\u3002.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-075afa9574627\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528 \u3053\u3093\u306a, \u305d\u3093\u306a, \u3042\u3093\u306a \u548c \u3069\u3093\u306a?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bcd\u63cf\u8ff0\u6216\u8be2\u95ee\u7c7b\u578b\u548c\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u3053\u3093\u306a\u8868\u793a\u8fd9\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u305d\u3093\u306a\u90a3\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u3042\u3093\u306a\u90a3\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u3069\u3093\u306a\u8be2\u95ee\u4ec0\u4e48\u7c7b\u578b\u3002.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-33ec9c6d5e8d3\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u3053\u308c\u6765\u8c08\u8bba\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5417\uff1f<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>\u901a\u5e38\u4e0d\u4f1a\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4eba\uff0c\u8bf7\u4f7f\u7528\u5e26\u540d\u8bcd\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5982 \u3053\u306e\u4eba\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4eba \u548c \u3042\u306e\u4eba\uff0c\u6216\u66f4\u793c\u8c8c\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f \u65b9\u3002.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u7406\u89e3\u65e5\u8bed\u4e2d\u7684\u3053\u305d\u3042\u3069\u7cfb\u7edf\uff1a\u3053\u308c\u3001\u3053\u306e\u3001\u3053\u3053\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u7cfb\u5217\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u533a\u522b\u3001\u4f8b\u53e5\u3001\u5bf9\u8bdd\u3001\u5e38\u89c1\u9519\u8bef\u548c\u7ec3\u4e60\u3002.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":1682,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[49,70,72,60],"tags":[27,71,2,3],"class_list":["post-1680","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-curso-de-japones-gratis","category-gramatica-japonesa","category-pronomes-em-japones","category-vocabulario-japones","tag-gramatica","tag-gramatica-japonesa","tag-idioma-japones","tag-nihongo","resize-featured-image"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/zh_cn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1680","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/zh_cn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/zh_cn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/zh_cn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/18"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/zh_cn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1680"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/zh_cn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1680\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4451,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/zh_cn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1680\/revisions\/4451"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/zh_cn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1682"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/zh_cn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1680"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/zh_cn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1680"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/comoaprenderjapones.net\/zh_cn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1680"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}