Japanese verbal expressions: 3 essential patterns

The verbal expressions in japanese combine verbs, particles, adjectives, or other verbs to communicate ideas like “to become,” “to go do something,” and “to do something for someone.” Instead of memorizing each phrase in isolation, you can learn the pattern, understand the perspective, and create your own examples.

In this guide, we will study three frequent structures: Aく/ANに/Nに + なる for changes, Vに + 行く/来る for the purpose of a trip, and あげる/くれる/もらう to give, receive, and present actions from different points of view.

Summary of the three patterns

IdeaPatternExample
Change of stateAく/ANに/Nに + なる寒くなる — to become cold
Purpose of movementstem of ます + に + 行く/来る本を買いに行く — to go buy a book
To give or receive somethingあげる/くれる/もらう本をもらう — to receive a book
Action for someone's benefitform て + あげる/くれる/もらう教えてもらう — to receive help from someone who teaches

You will get more out of the article if you already recognize the Verb groups in Japanese and the ます form. Examples include the plain and polite forms to show that the pattern remains the same when the register changes.

1. How to use なる to say become or turn into

The verb なる (naru) presents a change and the resulting state. Depending on the context, it can be translated as “become,” “turn into,” “get,” or “come to be.” The word that describes the new state changes form before なる.

TypeFormationExample
Adjective remove and add くなる寒い → 寒くなる
Adjective add になる to the stem静か → 静かになる
Nounadd になる先生 → 先生になる

THE Japan Foundation explains Aく/ANに/Nになります as a pattern that presents the resulting state of a change. This logic is more useful than trying to associate なる with a single Portuguese translation.

い adjectives + くなる

Remove the final and add くなる:

  • 寒い → 寒くなる (samui → samuku naru) — get cold;
  • 難しい → 難しくなる (muzukashii → muzukashiku naru) — get difficult;
  • 新しい → 新しくなる (atarashii → atarashiku naru) — become new, be renewed.

いい is an important exception: use よくなる, “improve” or “get better”, because the inflections start from よい.

天気が暖かくなりました。
Tenki ga atatakaku narimashita.
The weather got warmer.

な-adjectives and nouns + になる

With adjectives , do not place the before なる. Use the stem followed by :

  • 静かになる (shizuka ni naru) — to become quiet;
  • 元気になる (genki ni naru) — to get well, to recover;
  • 有名になる (yūmei ni naru) — to become famous.

Nouns use the same connection:

  • 先生になる (sensei ni naru) — to become a teacher;
  • 春になる (haru ni naru) — spring arrives, to become spring;
  • 三年生になる (sannensei ni naru) — to move up to the third year.

If you still confuse the two classes of adjectives, review how to distinguish い and な adjectives.

Basic conjugation of なる

FormPlain formPolite form
Non-past affirmativeなるなります
Non-past negativeならないなりません
Affirmative pastなったなりました
negative pastならなかったなりませんでした

These lines do not represent “four verb tenses.” They combine non-past or past, affirmative or negative, and plain or polite register.

なる and する: change or deliberate action

なる presents the change of the subject. する can present someone producing that change:

部屋がきれいになりました。
Heya ga kirei ni narimashita.
The room became clean.

部屋をきれいにしました。
Heya o kirei ni shimashita.
I made the room clean.

Don't mechanically transform every verb into する trocando する per になる. 勉強になる, for example, is an expression that means something “serves as learning” or “is instructive”: この話は勉強になりました — “That conversation was very instructive.” It does not simply mean “to become studied.”.

2. How to say going or coming to do something

To explain the purpose of a trip, use the stem of the form ます, add the particle and end with a verb of movement:

destination + へ/に + object + + stem of ます + に + 行く/来る/帰る

THE Japan Foundation describes に of purpose as the particle that marks the action or noun that constitutes the objective of the movement.

How to form the stem before に

Start from the polite form and remove ます:

ます formRadicalExpression
買います買い買いに行く — to go buy
食べます食べ食べに行く — to go eat
見ます見に来る — to come see
勉強します勉強し勉強しに来る — to come study

本屋へ日本語の辞書を買いに行きます。
Hon’ya e nihongo no jisho o kai ni ikimasu.
I’m going to the bookstore to buy a Japanese dictionary.

友だちがうちへ遊びに来ました。
Tomodachi ga uchi e asobi ni kimashita.
A friend came to my house to hang out with me.

忘れ物を取りに帰ります。
Wasuremono o tori ni kaerimasu.
I'll go back to get something I forgot.

The tense comes from the verb of motion: 来る it is “comes” or “will come,” while 来た/来ました is “came.” Do not translate a non-past form as past without a reason in the context.

Activity nouns + に

Some nouns that represent activities can appear directly before :

  • 買い物に行く — to go shopping;
  • 散歩に行く — to go for a walk;
  • 勉強に来る — to come to study.

In this pattern, does not only mark the destination; it marks the purpose. The article about the particle に in Japanese shows how context separates purpose, destination, time, and other uses.

3. Giving and receiving: あげる, くれる, and もらう

The verbs あげる, くれる and もらう describe transfers, but they choose different perspectives. It is not enough to ask “who gives?”; also observe who is presented as close to the speaker.

VerbPerspectiveBasic pattern
あげるsomething goes from the speaker or another person outwardTHE B object をあげる
くれるsomething comes to the speaker or someone in their groupTHE が/は speaker object をくれる
もらうthe receiver is the point of view of the sentencerecebedor THE に/から object をもらう

O módulo da Tokyo University of Foreign Studies sobre dar e receber explica que esses verbos podem apresentar o mesmo acontecimento sob pontos de vista diferentes.

私は妹に本をあげました。
Watashi wa imōto ni hon o agemashita.
Dei um livro à minha irmã mais nova.

木村さんが私に本をくれました。
Kimura-san ga watashi ni hon o kuremashita.
Kimura me deu um livro.

私は木村さんに本をもらいました。
Watashi wa Kimura-san ni hon o moraimashita.
Recebi um livro de Kimura.

As duas últimas frases podem descrever a mesma transferência. Com くれる, Kimura é o sujeito e o objeto vem em direção ao falante. Com もらう, o falante é o sujeito e apresenta a ação como recebimento. Em frases com もらう, a origem também pode ser marcada por から: 木村さんから本をもらいました.

Forma て + あげる, くれる e もらう

Quando esses verbos vêm depois da て-form, a “transferência” passa a ser uma ação realizada em benefício de alguém ou recebida com ajuda de alguém:

PatternPonto de vistaExample
Vてあげるo sujeito faz algo para outra pessoa友だちに日本語を教えてあげた
Vてくれるalguém faz algo para mim ou para meu grupo友だちが日本語を教えてくれた
Vてもらうrecebo ou solicito a ação de alguém友だちに日本語を教えてもらった

友だちが宿題を手伝ってくれました。
Tomodachi ga shukudai o tetsudatte kuremashita.
Um amigo me ajudou com a tarefa.

私は先生に作文を直してもらいました。
Watashi wa sensei ni sakubun o naoshite moraimashita.
Pedi ao professor que corrigisse minha redação e recebi essa ajuda.

Vてあげる pode soar como se o falante estivesse destacando o favor que fez. Ao falar diretamente com quem recebeu a ação, nem sempre é a escolha mais discreta. Em contexto formal, formas como Vてくださる and Vていただく expressam respeito, mas pertencem a uma etapa posterior do estudo.

Diálogo com os três padrões

A: 日本語が上手になりましたね。
Nihongo ga jōzu ni narimashita ne.
Seu japonês melhorou, não é?

B: ありがとうございます。毎週、先生に会話を教えてもらっています。
Arigatō gozaimasu. Maishū, sensei ni kaiwa o oshiete moratte imasu.
Obrigado. Toda semana, recebo aulas de conversação do professor.

A: 今日も勉強しに行きますか。
Kyō mo benkyō shi ni ikimasu ka.
Hoje você também vai estudar?

B: はい。先生が駅まで迎えに来てくれます。
Hai. Sensei ga eki made mukae ni kite kuremasu.
Sim. O professor virá me buscar na estação.

O diálogo usa 上手になる para mudança, 勉強しに行く and 迎えに来る para finalidade, além de 教えてもらう and 来てくれる para ações apresentadas como ajuda.

Erros comuns

  • To use before なる: say 静かになる, not 静かなになる.
  • Esquecer a forma especial de いい: “ficar melhor” é よくなる.
  • To replace する per になる mecanicamente: expressões como 勉強になる têm significado próprio.
  • Usar o verbo na forma do dicionário antes de に de finalidade: say 食べに行く, not 食べるに行く.
  • Always translate 来る como “veio”: o passado é 来た/来ました.
  • Escolher あげる, くれる e もらう apenas pela tradução: observe quem dá, quem recebe e de qual perspectiva a frase é construída.
  • Treating Vてあげる como forma neutra de gentileza: ela pode destacar o favor e requer atenção à relação entre as pessoas.

Exercise

  1. Transform 暑い em “ficar quente”.
  2. Transform genki em “ficar bem”.
  3. Complete: 映画を見( )行きます。
  4. Diga “Minha amiga veio estudar japonês”.
  5. Escolha o verbo: 田中さんが私にお菓子を(あげました/くれました)。
  6. Reescreva “O professor corrigiu minha redação para mim” usando Vてもらう.

Answers: 1. 暑くなる; 2. 元気になる; 3. , graduating 映画を見に行きます; 4. 友だちが日本語を勉強しに来ました; 5. くれました, porque o objeto veio para o falante; 6. 私は先生に作文を直してもらいました.

Summary

  • Aく/ANに/Nに + なる apresenta uma mudança e o estado resultante.
  • O radical de ます + に + 行く/来る/帰る apresenta a finalidade de um movimento.
  • あげる, くれる and もらう descrevem dar e receber sob perspectivas diferentes.
  • Depois da forma , esses verbos mostram uma ação realizada ou recebida como benefício.

Esses padrões ficam mais fáceis quando você analisa a função de cada elemento, em vez de traduzir palavra por palavra. Para praticar a ordem dos componentes e a omissão do sujeito, continue pelo guia sobre how to form sentences in japanese.

What are verbal expressions in Japanese?

They are patterns that combine verbs with particles, adjectives, nouns, or other verbs to communicate ideas such as change, purpose, transfer, and benefit.

How to use なる in Japanese?

なる presents a change and the resulting state. Use い-adjective without the い + くなる, な-adjective + になる, or noun + になる.

How to say get better in Japanese?

Use よくなる. Although いい means ‘good’, its inflections come from よい; therefore, the correct form is よくなる, not いくなる.

How to say going to do something in Japanese?

Remove ます from the verb, add に, and end with a movement verb. For example, 買います becomes 買いに行く, ‘to go buy’.

What is the difference between あげる and くれる?

あげる presents something being given by the giver and usually away from the speaker's perspective. くれる presents something coming to the speaker or to someone in their group.

What is the difference between くれる and もらう?

With くれる, the giver is the subject and the transfer comes toward the speaker. With もらう, the receiver is the subject and presents the same event as receiving.

How to use Vてあげる, Vてくれる and Vてもらう?

Add あげる, くれる, or もらう to the て form. The pattern shows an action done for someone, done for the speaker, or received with someone's help, respectively.

What does 勉強になる mean?

勉強になる means that something serves as a learning experience, is instructive, or teaches something useful. It is not a general rule for transforming any verb ending in する.

How to Learn Japanese
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